cÖkœ 51| †Kv‡bv †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy 15 NÈv| H e¯‘i

cÖviw¤¢K fi 2 gm n‡j 45 N›Uv cv Gi KZUzKz Aewk÷ _vK‡e?

mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
− λt
GLv‡b, Aa©vqy, T 1
2
=15 h
N=N 0 e

0.693
cÖviw¤¢K fi, N =2 g 0
λ=
Avevi, T1
2 mgq, t=45 h
0.693
¿
15 h
=0.0462 h−1 ∴ Aewkó fi, N=?
myZivs, N=N
−1

e− λt =2 g× e−(0.462 h × 45h )
0

¿ 2 ×0.1250 g

¿ 0.25 g

AZGe, 0.25 g Aewkó _vK‡e|

cÖkœ 52| A u198 Gi Aa©vqy 2.7 w`b| GK A u198 Gi 25 % ÿq n‡Z KZ mgq

jvM‡e?
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b, Aa©vqy, T =2.7 d
N=N 0 e− λt
Avgiv Rvwb, ÿq aªæeK,
3
ev, 4
N 0=N 0 e− λt λ=
0.693 0.693
T
=
2.7 d
=0.257 d−1

3
ev, −0.257 t=ln 4 Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v,
3 75 3
ln
4
N=N 0 Gi 75 %=N 0 × = N
100 4 0
∴ t= d=1.12 d
0.257

AZGe, cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq 1.12 d|0

53 . GKwU †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_© Aa©vqy 15 w`b| KZ w`‡b H
c`v‡_© 65 % ÿqcÖvß n‡e?
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b, Aa©vqy, T =15 d
N=N 0 e− λt Avgiv Rvwbg ÿq aªæeK,
7 0.693
ev, 20
N 0=N 0 e− λt λ=
15 d
=0.0462 d−1

ev,
7
=e− λt Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v,
20
35 7
7 N=N 0 Gi 35 %=N 0 × = N
100 20 0
ev, ln =−0.0462 t
20
7
ln
20
∴ t= d=22.72 d
−0.0462

AZGe, cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq 22.72 d|

cÖkœ 54| †Kv‡bv GKwU †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy 3.8 w`b|

AvU w`b ci H c`v‡_©i kZKiv KZ Ask Aewkó _vK‡e?
GLv‡b, Aa©vqy, T =3.8 d
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
t=8 d
0.693
T=
λ
0.693
8 w`b ci c`v‡_©i Aewkóvsk, N=?
ev, λ=
T
0.693
¿ =0.18237 d−1
3.8 d

awi, wUªwUqv‡gi cÖviw¤¢K cigvYyi msL¨v N0 Ges t=8 w`b ci G‡Z N

msL¨K cigvYy Aewkó _vK‡e?
∴ N =N 0 e− λt

N −0.18237× 8
e =0.232
N0

ev, N=N Gi 23.2 %

0

AZGe, kZKiv 23.2 % Aewkó _vK‡e|

cÖkœ 55| 1 kg f‡i †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji GKwU e¯‘i g‡a¨ 48 w`b ci H
†gŠ‡ji gvÎ 0.25 kg cvIqv hvq| †gŠjwUi Aa©vqy KZ?
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
− λt
GLv‡b,
N=N 0 e
cÖviw¤¢K fi, N =1 kg 0
N
ev, N0
=e−λ t
Aewkó fi, N=0.25 kg
0.25 kg −λt
ev, 1 kg
=e
mgq, t=48 d
1 −λ t
ev, 4
=e Aa©vqy, T =?
1
ev, ln 4 =−48 λ
1
ln
ev, λ=
4 −1
d =0.02888 d
−1
−48
0.693
Avgiv Rvwb, Aa©vqy, T = 0.02888 d −1
=24 d

AZGe, ‡gŠjwUi Aa©vqy, 24 d|

cÖkœ 56| †ZRw¯Œq †iW‡ii Aa©vqy 3.8 w`b| Avw` cigvYyyi

msL¨v 30 % ÿq n‡Z KZ mgq jv‡M?
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b, Aa©vqy,
T =3.8 d

N=N 0 e− λt Avgiv Rvwb, ÿq aªæeK,

0.693 0.693
7 λ= = =0.18237 d
ev, 10
N 0=N 0 e− λt T 3.8 d

7 Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v,

ev, 10
=e− λt
70 7
7
N=N 0 Gi 35 %=N 0 × = N
100 10 0
ev, ln =−0.18237 t
10
7
ln
10
∴ t= d=1.95 d
−0.18237

AZGe, cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq 1.95 d |

cÖkœ 57| †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©j Aa©Rxeb 5 eQi| H c`v‡_©i †Kv‡bv e¯‘
L‡Ûi 15 eQi ci KZ Ask ÿq cv‡e?
T 1 =5 y
mgvavbt GLv‡b, †Kv‡bv †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©Rxeb, 2

mgq, t=15 y
∴ ÿqcÖvß cigvYyi msL¨v, ∆ N =?
Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v N n‡j ∆ N =N −N 0

wKš‘, N=N 0 e− λt

0.693 0.693
λ= = =0.1386 y−1
Aeÿq aªæeK, T1 5y
2

∴ N =N 0 e− λt =1× e−(0.1386 ×15)=0.125

∴ ∆ N=N 0−N=1−0.125=0.8749

∴ 15 eQi ci ÿq cv‡e ( 0.8749 ×100 ) %=87.5 %

AZGe, 87.5 % ÿq cv‡e|

cÖkœ 58| GKLÛ †iwWqvg 5000 eQi †ZRw¯Œq wewKiY wbtmiY K‡i
GK-cÂgvs‡k cwiYZ nq| ‡iwWqv‡gi Aeÿq aªæeK wbY©q K‡iv|
mgvavbt GLv‡b, t=5000 eQi
awi, †iwWqv‡gi cÖv_wgK cigvYy msL¨v ¿ N 0

5000 eQi ci Dcw¯’wZ cigvYyi msL¨v ¿ N

N0
GLv‡b, N= 5

Avgiv Rvwb, N=N 0 e− λt

N0
ev, 5
=N 0 e
−λ t

ev, e λt
=5

ev, λ t=ln 5
ln 5 1.6094 −1
ev, λ= t
=
5000
y =3.22 ×1 0−4 y−1

AZGe, Aeÿq aªæeK, 3.22 ×1 0 −4

y −1 |
cÖkœ 59| †iW‡bi Aa©Rxeb 5 w`b| KZw`b c‡i g~j As‡ki GK-`kgvsk
c‡o _K‡e?
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
N=N 0 e− λt
‡iW‡bi Aa©vqy, T =5 w`b
N 0.693 0.693
ev, =e−λ t λ= = =0.1386 d−1
N0 T 5
1 N0
ev, 10
=e− λt Aewkó cgvYyi msL¨v, N= 10
ev, λ t=ln 10
ln 10
ev, t= λ
2.302
∴ t= d=16.61 d
0.1386

AZGe, 16.61 d ci g~j As‡ki GK `kgvsk c‡o _vK‡e|

cÖkœ 60| †_vwiqv‡gi Aa©Rxeb 1.4 ×1 0 10

yrs| wbw`©ó cwigvY †_vwiqv‡gi
10 % ÿq n‡Z KZ mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb?

mgvavbt GLv‡b, †_vwiqv‡gi, T =1.4 ×1 0 10

y

0.693 0.693
ÿq aªæeK, λ= T
=
1.4 × 1 0 10
y−1=4.95× 10−11 y−1

100 % ÿq n‡j Aewkó _vK‡e 90 %

N 0 ×90
myZivs N= 100
9
ev, N= 10 N 0

ev, N=N 0 e− λt

9 N0
ev, 10
=N 0 e
−λ t

ev, ln 9−ln 10=−λ t

ev, −0.1056=−λ t
0.1056
ev, t= 4.95 ×1 0 −11
y=2.1 ×1 09 y

AZGe, cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq 2.1 ×1 0 9

y
cÖkœ 61| †iwWqv‡gi Aa©Rxeb 260 eQi| KZ eQ‡i 1 MÖvg
†iwWqvg †_‡K 1 †mw›UMÖvg ÿq n‡e Ges KZ eQi c‡i 1
†mw›UMÖvg Aewkó _vK‡e?
mvgavbt GLv‡b, †iwWqv‡gi Aa©Rxeb T =260 y
Ges N =1 g 0

cÖkœg‡Z, 1 †mw›UMÖvg ÿq n‡j Aewkó _vK‡e 100 †m.MÖvg −1

†m.MÖvg ¿ 99 †m.MÖvg ¿ 0.99 †m. MÖvg
0.693
Avgiv Rvwb, λ= 260 y =2.66 ×1 0
−3
y−1

Avgiv Rvwb,
N=N 0 e− λt

ev, 0.99=e −λ t

ev, ln ⁡(0.99)=−λ t
0.01005
ev, t= 2.66 ×1 0 −3
y =3.78 y

Avevi, Aewkó _vK‡e cÖkœg‡Z 1 †mw›UMÖvg

myZivs, N=N =100 †mw›UMÖvg 0

N=N 0 e− λt

1
ev, e
− λt
= =.01
100

ev, −λ t=ln0.01
−4.605
ev, t= −2.66 ×1 0 −3
y =1731.20 y

AZGe, 1731.20 y c‡i 1 †mw›UMÖvg Aewkó _vK‡e|

cÖkœ 62| †iW‡bi Aa©vqy 3.80 w`b| †iW‡bi †ZRw¯Œq aªæe‡Ki
1
gvb KZ? KZ w`b ci †iW‡bi g~j As‡ki 10 Ask c‡o _vK‡e?
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
0.693 0.693
λ= = =0.1824 d−1
T 3.8 d
N0
Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v, N= 10
Avgiv Rvwb, N=N 0 e− λt

ev,
N0
=N 0 e
−λ t
GLv‡b, Aa©vqy, T =3.80 d
10
N 0 −λ t ‡ZRw¯Œq aªæeK, λ=?
ev, 10
=e

ev, 0.1824 t=ln 1−ln 10

−ln 10
ev, t= −0.1824 y=12.624 d
1
AZGe, †ZRw¯Œq aªæe‡Ki gvb 0.1824 d−1 Ges 12.624 d c‡i 10 Ask c‡o _vK‡e|

cÖkœ 63| †iwWqv‡gi GKwU LÛ 500 eQi ci †ZRw¯Œq wewKiY

wbtmiY K‡i GK-PZz_©vs‡k cwiYZ nq| †iwWqv‡gi Aeÿq aªæeK
wbY©q K‡iv|
mgvavbt awi †iwWqv‡gi cÖv_wgK cigvYyi msL¨v ¿ N 0

500 eQi ci Dcw¯ÍwZ cigvYyi msL¨v ¿ N

N0
∴N=
4 GLv‡b, mgq, t=500 y
Avgiv Rvwb, N=N 0 e− λt
Aeÿq aªæeK, λ=?
N0
ev, 4
=N 0 e
−λ t

ev, e λt
=4

ln 4
ev, λ= 500 y =2.77 × 10
−3
y −1

AZGe, Aeÿq aªæeK 2.77 ×1 0 −3

y −1|
cÖkœ 64| cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv e¯‘L‡Û hw` 1 0 msL¨v †iWb 8

cigvYy _v‡K, Zvn‡j GKw`‡b KZ msL¨K †iWb cigvYy †f‡O

hv‡e? †iW‡bi Aa©vqy 3.82 w`b|
mgvavbt GLv‡b, cÖviw¤¢K cigvYyi msL¨v, N =1 0 0
8

mgq, t=1 d ; Aa©vqy, T 1

2
=3.8 d

‡f‡O Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v N n‡j, ∆ N =N −N 0

Avevi, N=N 0 e− λt

0.693
ÿq aªæeK, λ= 3.82d =0.1814 d
−1

∴ N =1 08 ×e−0.1815

¿ 1 08 × 0.834=8.34 ×1 07

∴ ∆ N=1 08 −( 8.34 ×1 07 ) =1.66 ×1 07

AZGe, GKw`‡b 1.66 ×1 0 msL¨K †iWb cigvYy †f‡O hv‡e|

7

cÖkœ 65| †iwWqv‡gi Aa©vqy 1620 eQi| KZ eQ‡i 1 MÖvg

†iwWqvg †_‡K 1 †mw›UMÖvg ÿq n‡e Ges 1 †mw›UMÖvg
Aewkó _vK‡e?
mgvavYt GLv‡b, †iwWqv‡gi Aa©vqy, T 1
2
=1620 y

0.693 0.693
λ=
Avgiv Rvwb, †ZRw¯Œq aªyeK, T1
=
1620 y
2

1 1620 y
ev, =
λ 0.693

awi, t mgq c‡i 1 g †iwWqvg †_‡K 1 †mw›UMÖvg ev, 0.01 g bó n‡jv|

∴ Awekó †iwWqv‡gi cwigvY, N= (1−0.01 ) g=0.99 g
GLb, N=N 0 e− λt
ev, log e N=log e ( N 0 × e−λt ) =log e N 0 −λ t

N 1
ev, =e−λ t = λt
N0 e
N
ev, =e λ t
N0

ev, log ( NN )=log ( e )=λ t

e
0
e
λt

N
ev, λ t=log ( N ) e
0

1 N
ev, t= λ log ( N ) e
0

1620 1
¿
0.693
×(2.303)× log 10
0.99 ( )
¿ 2337.66 ×2.303 ×0.00436

∴ t =23.47 y

Avevi, hLb 1 †m, MÖvg ev 0.01 g Aewkó _v‡K A_©vr N=0.01 g ZLb
( i ) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvIqv hvq

λ t=log e ( 0.01 )
1 1
ev, t= λ × log ( 0.01 ) e

¿ 2337.66 ×2.303 ×0.00436

∴ t=10767 y

AZGe, 23.47 eQ‡i GK MÖvg †_‡K 1 †mw›UMÖvg ÿq n‡e| Ges

10767 eQ‡i 1 †mw›UMÖvg Aewkó _vK‡e|
cÖkœ 66| GKLÛ †iwWqvg 5000 eQi †ZRw¯Œq wewKiY wbtmiY
K‡i GK-Aógvs‡k cwiYZ nq| †iwWqv‡gi Aeÿq aªæeK wbY©q
K‡iv|
mgvavbt awi, †iwWqv‡gi cÖv_wgK cigvYyi msL¨v ¿ N 0

5000 eQi ci Dcw¯’wZ cigvYyi msL¨v ¿ N

N0
∴N=
8 GLv‡b,
Avevi, N=N 0 e− λt
mgq, t=5000 y
N0 N0
ev, =
8 e−λt Aeÿq aªæeK, λ=?
ev, e λt
=8

ev, λ t=ln 8
ln 8 2.07944 −1
∴ λ= = y
t 5000

¿ 4.16 × 10−4 y−1

AZGe, Aeÿq aªæeK 4.16 × 10 −4

y−1

cÖkœ 67| cÖ_g µg wewµqvq Aa©vqy 50 †m‡KÛ, 75 % wewµqv ‡kl Ki‡Z KZ mgq
jvM‡e?
mgvavbt GLv‡b, Aa©vqy, T =50 s
0.693 0.693
Aeÿq aªæeK, λ= T
=
50 s
=0.01386 s−1

wewµqv Aewkó _v‡K ¿ ( 100−75 ) %=25 %

∴ N =N 0 Gi 25 %
25 1
ev, N=N 0 × 100 = 4 N 0

Avgiv Rvwb, N=N 0 e− λt

1
N 0=N 0 e−0.01386 t
4
1
ev, −0.01386 t=ln 4
1
ln
ev, t=
4
s=100 s AZGe, cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq 100 s |
0.01386
cÖkœ 68| 24
11 Na Gi Aa©Rxeb 15 NÈv|
(K) GB wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDUªb msL¨v wbY©q K‡iv|
(L) Gi B‡jKUªb msL¨v wbY©q K‡iv|
(M) 45 NÈvq 1 g 24
11 Na Gi KZ Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e?
mgvavbt
(K) wbDUªb msL¨v ¿ fi msL¨v ‡cÖvUb msL¨v ¿ ( 24−11) =13
(L) B‡jKUªb msL¨v = †cÖvUb msL¨v ¿ 11
(M) Avgi Rvwb,
0.693 0.693
λ=
T1
=
15 h
=0.0462h−1
GLv‡b, Aa©vqy, T 1
2
=15 h
2

mgq, t=45 h
Avevi, N=N 0 e− λt
N
N AcwiewZ©Z Ask ?
ev, N0
=e−0.0462× 45 N0

N
ev, N0
=0.125

AZGe, 0.125 Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

cÖkœ 69| 198
Au Gi Aa©vqy 2.7 w`b n‡j Gi 70 % ÿq n‡Z KZ mgq
jvM‡e?
0.693
λ=
mgvavbt GLb, Aeÿq aªæeK T1
2

0.693
¿
2.7 d

¿ 0.2567 d −1

Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v N=N Gi 30 % 0

30
¿ N0 ×
100 GLv‡b, Aa©vqy, T 1
2
=2.7 d

3 N 3
ev, N= 10 N ev,
0
=
N 0 10 cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq, t=?
N
Avgiv Rvwb, N0
=e−λ t

3
ev, 10
=e−0.2567× t

3
ev, ln 10 =−0.2567 ×t
3
ln
ev, t=
10
d=4.69 d
−0.2567

AZGe, cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq 4.69 d

cÖkœ 70| 24
11 Na Gi Aa©vqy 15 NÈv| 50 NÈv ci Gi KZ Ask Aewkó
_vK‡e?
0.693 0.693
λ= =0.0462h−1
mgavbt Aeÿq aªæeK, T1
=
15 h
2

GLv‡b, Aa©vqy, T 1 =15 h

Avgiv Rvwb, 2

N
=e−λ t
mgq, t=50 h
N0
N
1 Aewkóvs N0
=?
¿ e−0.0462× 50=0.1=
10
1
AZGe, 10 Ask Aewkó _vK‡e|