University of Birmingham

Achieving Static and Dynamic Balance and Why it is Important

William Lubiantoro

Student ID: 1891452

Mechatronics and Robotics Engineering

Personal Tutor: Peter Jankovic

Mechanics Laboratory Session – Group 1C

AM 2.3 Static and Dynamic Balancing

Lab Date: December 11, 2019

Lab Coordinator: Carol Kong

1
 Assessment and Feedback
Previous Feedback from previous assignment, areas needed for improvement:

• Don’t get distracted and go off topic, write only what is important and don’t be too wordy.
• Provide strong conclusions and applications related to the experiment to back-up your results.
• Address figures and tables in the report as evidence and back-up your discussion. Provide
reference if taken from somewhere else.

How I attempted to act on previous feedback:

• Kept looking back at the aim and objectives to see what goal is and based conclusion on it.
• Searched for similar reports to provide useful applications and summarized the aims and
objectives in the conclusion.
• All figures and tables are addressed in the main body of the report as well as the methods.

Feedback on this assignment that would be helpful:

• Structure, presentation of results as there not many to provide from the actual experiment.
• Issues, improvements and suggestions as discussed in the discussion. Resources are limited and
unreliable.
• How concise and important is the theory and methodology of getting the results in the
experiments using the machine (TM1002).

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Abstract

This report was written to examine the methods of statically and dynamically balancing a rotating system.
This experiment focuses on a more theoretical approach of balancing using the machine provided by
TecQuipment’s Static and Dynamic Balancing (TM1002). Unbalance is the problem for many current and
past operating machines as it produces unwanted vibrations that decrease the life of machines and parts.
Vibrations can even lead to catastrophic failures and dangerous situations. In fact, the faster something
rotates, the more force it creates (centripetal force equation), so it is even more important to be balanced
on higher speeds. Different experiments along with theories using the machine was conducted to prove
that a statically balanced system does not mean it is automatically dynamically balanced. There are two
types of moments in a rotating system and in this experiment, they are stated as (i) Block moment
(rotation on horizontal axis) and the (ii) Twisting Moment (centrifugal force or couple). To achieve
dynamic balance, both (i) and (ii) need to equal to zero, which is also referred to as ‘balance’. Rotating
systems with two, three and four masses were used as examples in this experiment to show how a system
is statically and dynamically balanced just by using the moments equation and looking at which direction
the force is heading towards. Blocks attached to shafts with angles on them require more calculation than
symmetrical configurations as the block moment and twisting moments becomes a lot more complex.
Therefore, drawing vector diagrams and moment triangles/ polygons can help visualize the angles more
easily. This report concluded that static and dynamic balancing are important factors to consider for
engineers building vehicles or machines with any rotating parts as balancing them can help reduce risks of
damage and improve its functionality. Static and dynamic balancing can be calculated using moments
equation and understanding the difference between both can help engineers create a better and safer
machine.

3
Introduction

Machines and vehicles use a lot of rotating parts and ‘unbalance is the most common source of vibration
in machines with rotating parts’ [1]. Unbalance happens when the mass is distributed unevenly on a
rotating object that produces unwanted vibration. Vibrations are naturally bad for rotating objects as it
decreases their useful life a lot faster than normal and at excessive vibrations, the damage can be
detrimental. To avoid creating vibrations, the rotating object must have balance. Balance is created by
improving the mass distribution by calculating the angles and ‘adding or removing weight from the
rotating element’ [2]. There are two types of balancing: static and dynamic balancing. Static balancing is
when an object stays in any angular position without rotating. Dynamic balancing is when an object
rotates at any speed without vibrating or any resultant centrifugal force and couple. Knowing the
difference between the two allows engineers to position correctly different points of mass in a rotating
object to negate unbalance. The equation for centripetal force is expressed as:

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 (Equation 1)

This shows that ‘the force caused by unbalancing increases by the square of speed’ [3]. Doubling the
speed quadruples the force. Therefore, balancing is a very important factor to consider when building
machines and vehicles with rotating parts, ‘especially where high speed and reliability are significant
considerations’, as it increases a product's lifetime and safety [1].

Aim

The Experiment aims to further understand the methods to achieve static and dynamic balancing with
different amounts of masses and prove that a dynamically balanced system is automatically statically
balanced, but a statically balanced system is not always dynamically balanced. It is also crucial to
understand the importance of balance in a rotating object practically using real-world examples.

Objectives

• Further understand static balancing using moment equations and derivations

• Compare dynamic and static balancing and how it differs by calculating its forces
• Test balancing using the TecQuipment’s Static and Dynamic Balancing (TM1002) machine and
record the results.
• Using previous results and knowledge of moments and forces for dynamic balancing, find angular
and horizontal positions (using vector drawings) for a four-mass system and test results to see if
static and dynamic balancing is achieved.
• Discuss real-life applications where achieving static and dynamic balance is of the utmost
importance.

4
Methods and Apparatus

Removable
Protective Dome

Extension
Pulley

Figure 2: Method of attaching the balance

Weight Hanger blocks onto the horizontal shaft
and Masses
Figure 1: Static and Dynamic Balancing (TM1002) by TecQuipment. All images are
taken from the TM1002 User Guide: http://www.robotgrubu.com/robo/wp-
content/uploads/2017/03/TM1002-User-Guide_0215.pdf

Figure 1 shows the equipment that was used in the experiment. Motors turn the horizontal shaft in the
center using a pulley system that can hold up to four balance blocks in any position along the shaft
longitudinally and angularly. Figure 2 shows how the balanced blocks are attached to the shaft.

To find the static balance for the horizontal shaft, the total moment (anticlockwise + clockwise) must be
equal to zero. The moment is expressed as

𝑀 = 𝐹∙𝑑 = 𝑊∙𝑟 (Equation 2)

Where 𝑊 is the weight of the balancing block in Newtons,

and 𝑟 is the distance to the center of the mass of the block in meters.

To calculate the moment of one balancing block, the extension pulley

is attached to the end of the shaft so that the weight hanger hanged to
a cord can be used to lift the block 90 degrees (to equilibrium). Figure
3 shows how this looks like from the side. Weights of 10g are added
to the weight hanger until the block becomes perpendicular to the
hanging weight, which means the total moment is zero, and the
moment of one balancing block is calculated.

Experiment 1 uses a two-mass system and it examines how statically

Figure 3: method of using the
extension pulley to find Wr of one
balancing block
balanced systems are not necessarily a dynamically balanced system.
Using equation 2 to get a total momentum of zero in the system,
Figure 4 shows how 𝑊1 would turn the shaft clockwise while 𝑊2
would balance it by turning the shaft anticlockwise. Figure 5 is the
result of attaching balanced blocks following Figure 4 to get a
statically balanced system because the moments would equal each
other since moments 1 and 2 are known due to the previous method
of calculating the moment of one balancing block.

𝑊1 𝑟1 = 𝑊2 𝑟2

5
 Twisting Moment

1 2

Block Moment

Figure 4: Static Balancing of a two- Figure 5: Front view of the shaft after Figure 6: Twisting Moment about the
mass system. Shows block moments for attaching the balancing blocks. Blocks center of the shaft for a two-mass
both blocks for a statically balanced 1 and 2 are labeled. system (experiment 1).
system.

Experiment 2 examines the dynamic balancing of a three-mass system using four balancing blocks, with
the two middle blocks simulated as one big block for twice the mass. The configuration is as seen in
Figure 7. Similarly, experiments 3 and 4 examines and tests a four-mass system for static and dynamic
balancing using two different configurations as seen in Figures 8 and 9 respectively.

---------------------------------------
--------------------

1 22 3 1 2 3 4

Figure 7: Block configuration for Figure 8: Block configuration for Figure 9: Block configuration for
experiment 2 of a three-mass system experiment 3 of a four-mass system experiment 4 of a four-mass system after
calculation of blocks 3 and 4’s angles
and position.

Experiment 4 uses four blocks with different block moments as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Block moment for blocks 1 – 4 in experiment 4

Results

Weight of Hanger and Masses for block to 84g

become Equilibrium
Radius of block 0.04𝑚
Block Moment (Wr) for 1 balancing block 3.30 × 10−3 𝑁𝑚
Table 2: Result of block moment using the extension pulley in experiments 1,2 and 3 as in Figure 3. Experiment 4 uses different
blocks.

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Experiment 1 – Two-mass system

Type of Moment Direction

Block Moment Clockwise
Block 1
Twisting Moment Clockwise
Block Moment Anti-clockwise
Block 2
Twisting Moment Clockwise
Table 3: Direction of the moment for blocks 1 and 2 from Figures 4, 5 and 6 with the same weight for experiment 1 – two-mass
system. Figure 4 show the block moment while Figure 6 shows the twisting moment.

Experiment 2 – Three-mass system

Type of Moment Direction

Block Moment Clockwise
Block 1
Twisting Moment Clockwise
Block Moment Anti-clockwise
Block 2
Twisting Moment -
Block Moment Clockwise
Block 3
Twisting Moment Anti-clockwise
Table 4: Direction of the moment for experiment 2. It is assumed that block 1 is turned clockwise. Taken from Figure 7.

Experiment 3 – Simple four-mass system

Type of Moment Direction

Block Moment Clockwise
Block 1
Twisting Moment Clockwise
Block Moment Anti-clockwise
Block 2
Twisting Moment Anti-clockwise
Block Moment Anti-clockwise
Block 3
Twisting Moment Clockwise
Block Moment Clockwise
Block 4
Twisting Moment Anti-clockwise
Table 5: Direction of the moment for experiment 3. It is assumed that block 1 is turned clockwise. Taken from Figure 8.

Experiment 4 – Four-mass system with two initial block placements

Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block Order (Left to

Configuration 𝜽°𝟏 𝒙𝟏 mm 𝜽°𝟐 𝒙𝟐 mm 𝜽°𝟑 𝒙𝟑 mm 𝜽°𝟒 𝒙𝟒 mm Right)
1 0 20 100 120 192 5 272 147 3124
2 0 5 150 105 190 24 337 148 1324
3 0 5 160 85 195 56 353 159 1324
Table 6: Theoretical angles and positions of the balancing block given the positions and angles of blocks 1 and 2. These are
calculated to achieve a statically and dynamically balanced system. See Figure 9. 𝑥 represents the distance from the left end of
the shaft while 𝜃 ° represents the angular position of the balancing block. All the working out is in the appendix.

Balancing methods and theories were used to calculate the angles of the balancing blocks and the
horizontal positions.

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Discussion

To achieve dynamic balancing, two forces need to be balanced; the block moment or net dynamic force
on the shaft must be equal to zero’ (condition for static balancing) and the twisting moment (from
centrifugal force) of the shaft must be equal to zero as seen in Figure 6. This means, from Figure 6, the
left-hand moment and the right-hand moment must be equal but opposite to each other. Figure 4, 5 and 6
are essentially the same system, with the force going in the same direction resulting in unbalance because
the total twisting moment would not be zero and is expressed by:

𝑀 = 𝐿1 𝐹𝑐1 + 𝐿2 𝐹𝑐2 (Equation 3)

Where 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑟𝜔2

Experiment 1 with two masses is statically balanced but dynamically unbalanced. From Table 2, the block
moment when added equals to zero because they are opposite to each other. On the other hand, it is
dynamically unbalanced because the twisting moments are additive and are heading towards the same
direction, proving that a statically balanced system does not mean it is automatically a dynamically
balanced system. When the configuration of Figure 5 was tested on the machine, small vibrations could
be seen when the balancing blocks are rotating. Experiment 1 was reliable because only static balancing
was tested. So, as long as the shaft was not swaying left and right when the balancing blocks were
attached, it was already statically balanced.

From Table 3 and Figure 7 the total block moment is zero because block two has double the mass of
blocks 1 and 3. Clockwise, in this case, would be positive and anti-clockwise is negative. The total block
moment is 𝑀 = 𝑊1 𝑟1 − 2𝑊2 𝑟2 + 𝑊3 𝑟3 = 0, Assuming all the weights are the same. However, the
dynamic balancing for this configuration would be considered balanced because the net twisting moment
is zero because blocks 1 and 3 cancel each other as seen in Figure 7. From Table 3, the twisting moment
of block 2 is negligible because block 2 is in the center and is symmetric, that part is already balanced.
Therefore, the twisting moment is 𝑀 = 𝐿1 𝐹𝑐1 − 𝐿3 𝐹𝑐3 = 0 (Clockwise is positive). Experiment 2 with 3
balancing blocks is both statically and dynamically balanced. Attaching this configuration in the machine
would produce rotations with very little to no vibration if attached correctly and accurately. Comparing
experiments 1 and 2, it can be seen clearly that there are fewer vibrations in experiment 2. These
balancing theories are helpful and accurate but actual experiments can be a little different every time as
there can be human error when placing and attaching the balancing blocks to the shaft as the slightest
error in placement can produce unwanted vibrations. The human eye can also be unreliable, so to further
increase the accuracy of this experiment, a third-party device may be needed to record the vibrations
digitally and record the results in table form over a period of time, but it was not provided. Using a device
to measure the vibration instead of just using human eyes can improve the accuracy and reliability of the
experiments drastically. This issue applies to all the experiments done using this TM1002 machine.

Experiment 3 is similar to experiment 2 with the only difference being block 2 is split up into 2 different
blocks. Using the center of the shaft as a reference, it can be seen from Figure 8 and Table 4 that the
system is statically and dynamically balanced. The clockwise and anti-clockwise directions cancel each
other to give a moment of zero for both the block and twisting moment. This further proves that a
dynamically balanced system will automatically be a statically balanced system. So far, the distance and
the angle between each block have been negligible because they are symmetrical from the center of the
shaft. But in the case where the distance and the angles are asymmetric and random, other actions such as

8
adding or removing weights are necessary to make the rotating system statically and dynamically
balanced.

The moment polygon of experiment 4, configuration 1 is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10: moment polygon and angular positions Figure 11: Example of rearranging a complex
of the angles of experiment 4, configuration 1. moment polygon diagram into one big loop.

As seen from Figure 10, when trying to achieve static balance, adding the angles together will result in the
angles going back to where it started. A statically balanced system will not have any net moment
therefore the angles will cancel each other out and therefore return to where it started, producing a net
moment of zero. This also applies to three and above mass systems that have angles. Experiments 1, 2 and
3 do not have diagrams for their angles because their directions are 180 degrees apart. Vector diagrams
are only applicable when the masses have an angle to them so that can loop back to the beginning. The
order does not have to be specifically one to four, as seen in Figure 11. When their directions are 180
degrees apart, the clockwise and anti-clockwise direction needs to be equal.

To achieve a dynamic balance, the twisting moment of the entire system must also be equal to zero. This
can be calculated using equation 3 to calculate the length between all the blocks and a chosen reference
block, which in this case is block 1 for experiment 4. Figure 9 shows the block configuration of Table 6
clearly. This time there is no centerline since the configuration is not symmetric around the center, so
block 1 was used as a reference since its angular position was at 0˚. Therefore, the twisting moment on
the right side of block 1 needs to be equal to that of the left-side. Given the angles and positions of blocks
1 and 2 allows the angles and positions of blocks 3 and 4 to be found theoretically. The methods are
presented in the appendix. There are of course many possibilities and configurations using the same
starting 2 blocks that can achieve a statically and dynamically balanced system, but not all of them have
realistic distances between the blocks or not fitting into the shaft. Some calculations may require trial and
error using different correct possibilities and this is the limit to using this machine.

Many vehicles and machines require dynamic and static balancing to properly work at its best and be
safely used. Unbalancing produces unwanted vibration that can cause fatal damage and decrease in life to
the object that is rotating and its surroundings. One example is a turbopump that runs at 40,000 rpm.
‘Vibrations can cause a rub to occur’ which results in ‘catastrophic failure’, as vibration forces can ‘be
many times the gravitational load’ that bearings or any other small parts cannot handle, which causes
‘early bearing failure’ [4]. Parts of machinery and vehicles have a certain lifetime and wears the more it is
used. Vibrations due to unbalance speeds this up and builds up contamination in the parts, making it break
faster. Proper control of balance can help extend the life of machines and parts, it can also improve the
functionality of many machines by making it more efficient and safer.

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Conclusion

Static and dynamic balancing are both an important factor in many current and upcoming machines and
vehicles with rotary parts. Balancing reduces the risk of damage and improves the functionality of many
parts and machines. Both static and dynamic balancing can be calculated mathematically using methods
of balancing the (i) block moment and the (ii) twisting moment. To dynamically balance a system, both
(i) and (ii) need to be zero. Experiment 1 shows that a statically balanced system does not automatically
mean that it is a dynamically balanced system as the twisting moment acts differently and can be additive.
Understanding the difference between both types of balancing allows engineers to create a safer and more
efficient machine with rotating parts.

Reference

1. MacCamhaoil, M. (2016) ‘Static and Dynamic Balancing of Rigid Rotors’, BruelKjaer

application notes, BO 0276-12, pp.1-20.
2. Lyons, J. (1998) ‘Causes, Corrections and Consequences’, Primer on Dynamic Balancing, p.6.
3. Alsalaet, J. (2015) Dynamic Balancing and Shaft Alignment. Basrah: College of Engineering-
University of Basrah.
4. Norfield, D. (2006) Practical Balancing of Rotating Machinery. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 35-37.

10
Appendix

Finding block moment for experiments 1, 2 and 3

Using Figure 3, the block moment can be calculated.

The weight of the hanger plus the mass is 84g.

So, 𝑊ℎ = 84 × 9.807 × 10−3 𝑁 = 0.824 N

The radius of the extension pullet to the hanging mass 𝑟𝑝 = 40mm

So, 𝑊𝑟 = 𝑊ℎ 𝑟𝑝 = 0.824 × 0.04 = 3.30 × 10−3 Nm

3.30 × 10−3 𝑁𝑚 is the block moment of one balancing block. This

moment is balanced by attaching balancing blocks to both sides so that
the equal weight cancel’s each other and balances the shaft statically.
Figure 3: method of using the
extension pulley to find Wr of one
balancing block
Experiment 4 Calculation and Method of getting results.

Using configuration 2 as an example, the angles are calculated first to statically balance the system.

To calculate the angles of

Figure 12 shows the theory of calculating the angle for four balancing blocks with different angles. These
four balancing blocks each show a direction its weight is going to.
To statically balance this system, the moment caused by blocks 1
and 2 must equal to moment caused by blocks 3 and 4 since they
are in opposite direction. Blocks 1 and 2 are going anti clockwise,
blocks 3 and 4 are going clockwise. This is because the center of
gravity is along the axis of rotation of shaft.

The moment for mass 1 = 𝑊1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 (anticlockwise)

The moment for mass 2 = 𝑊2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 (anticlockwise)

Figure 12: Example of how to calculate block

The moment for mass 3 = 𝑊3 𝑟3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3 (clockwise)
moment of a four-mass system
The moment for mass 4 = 𝑊4 𝑟4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼4 (clockwise)

Therefore, for static balance, clockwise and anti-clockwise directions must be equal to each other, so:

𝑊1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 + 𝑊2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 = 𝑊3 𝑟3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3 + 𝑊4 𝑟4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼4 (Equation 4)

Experiment 4 configuration 2 already provided all the necessary information to calculate the angles of the
remaining 2 blocks using the block moments from table 1 and the angles of blocks 1 and 2. Using the
theory above, the angles of blocks 3 and 4 can be calculated.

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Block 1 has an angle of 0∘ and block 2 has an angle of 150∘ . The angles were chosen at random. Block 1
is at 0∘ because it will be used as a reference point and make the calculations easier. The block moment
for all the blocks are also known as stated in Table 1. Inputting the numbers into Equation 4.

(clockwise) 𝑊1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 + 𝑊4 𝑟4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼4 = 𝑊3 𝑟3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3 + 𝑊2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 (anticlockwise) Equation 4.1

𝑊2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 is on the right side because when it is 30∘ it is going

opposite of 𝑊1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 . 𝑊3 𝑟3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3 will be going the same direction
as 𝑊2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 and 𝑊1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 as 𝑊4 𝑟4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼4

0.0380𝑐𝑜𝑠0∘ + 0.0286𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼4 = 0.0337𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3 + 0.0360𝑐𝑜𝑠30∘

Table 1: Block moment for blocks 1 – 4 in
experiment 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 is 𝑐𝑜𝑠30∘ because 𝑐𝑜𝑠 is measured from the horizontal line,
and 180 − 150 = 30∘

Then choose an angle for 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3 that is below the horizontal line, say at 10∘ below the horizontal
line.

0.0380𝑐𝑜𝑠0∘ + 0.0286𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼4 = 0.0337𝑐𝑜𝑠10∘ + 0.0360𝑐𝑜𝑠30∘

0.0286𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼4 = 0.0264 after moving 0.0380𝑐𝑜𝑠0∘ to the right side

Therefore 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼4 = 0.922

𝛼4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.922) = 22.8∘ = 23∘

So, the angles, from 0∘ , are; 𝛼1 = 0∘ , 𝛼2 = 150∘ , 𝛼3 = 190 ∘ , 𝛼4 = 337∘ . Visually, this can be seen from
Figure 13.

The system is now statically balanced. To dynamically balance the

system, the twisting moment must also equal to 0. Similar to the
previous calculation, this method involves a different plane as seen
from Figure 14. Instead of the weight going straight down, the force
is heading outwards of the block to where it is pointing. This is
because it calculates the centrifugal force and it is the force when
the shaft is rotating.

Figure 13: Visual and angle diagram for

experiment 4 configuration 2. Angles are
calculated from static balancing and used to
calculate dynamic balancing.
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 The theory is also similar. To calculate the twisting moment, the vertical
and horizontal component of this moment must be equal to zero. The
moments are taken with respect to mass 1, making mass 1 negligible in
calculation.

Horizontally, the moments from Figure 14 are:

𝐿2 𝐹𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 = 𝐿3 𝐹𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3 + 𝐿4 𝐹𝑐4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼4 (Equation 5)

Vertically:

Figure 14: Visual and angle 𝐿2 𝐹𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 + 𝐿3 𝐹𝑐3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼3 = 𝐿4 𝐹𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼4 (Equation 6)
diagram for calculating twisting
Since 𝐹𝑐𝑥 is proportional to 𝑊𝑥 𝑟𝑥 , values of 𝑊𝑥 𝑟𝑥 can be used. Where 𝐿𝑥 is
moment
the distance from block 1 to block 𝑥 in meters.

Solving horizontally using the known angles from Figure 13, Equation 5 can be solved. The length or
distance from the left end of the shaft for blocks 1 and 2 are already given. From the left end of the shaft
block 1 is 5mm and block 2 is 105mm, therefore 𝐿2 = 100mm or 0.1m. Using the angles from Figure
13, Equation 5 becomes:

0.1𝐹𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠60∘ = 𝐿3 𝐹𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠80∘ + 𝐿4 𝐹𝑐4 𝑐𝑜𝑠67∘

0.1𝑊2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠60∘ = 𝐿3 𝑊3 𝑟3 𝑐𝑜𝑠80∘ + 𝐿4 𝑊4 𝑟4 𝑐𝑜𝑠67∘

0.1(0.0360)𝑐𝑜𝑠60∘ = 𝐿3 (0.0337)𝑐𝑜𝑠80∘ + 𝐿4 (0.0286)𝑐𝑜𝑠67∘

1.80×10−3−(5.852×10−3)𝐿3
Rearranging in terms of 𝐿4 = 0.0112
(Equation 5.1)

From Equation 6:

0.1𝐹𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛60∘ + 𝐿3 𝐹𝑐3 𝑠𝑖𝑛80∘ = 𝐿4 𝐹𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛67∘

0.1𝑊2 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛60∘ + 𝐿3 𝑊3 𝑟3 𝑠𝑖𝑛80∘ = 𝐿4 𝑊4 𝑟4 𝑠𝑖𝑛67∘

0.1(0.0360)𝑠𝑖𝑛60∘ + 𝐿3 (0.0337)𝑠𝑖𝑛80∘ = 𝐿4 (0.0286)𝑠𝑖𝑛67∘

3.118×10−3 +(0.0332)𝐿3
Rearranging in terms of 𝐿4 = (Equation 6.1)
0.0263

Equate Equation 5.1 and 6.1 together to get:

1.80 × 10−3 − (5.852 × 10−3 )𝐿3 3.118 × 10−3 + (0.0332)𝐿3

=
0.0112 0.0263
4.734 × 10−5 − (1.539 × 10−4 )𝐿3 = 3.492 × 10−5 + (3.718 × 10−4 )𝐿3

1.242 × 10−5 = (5.257 × 10−4 )𝐿3

𝐿3 = 0.0236m = 23.6mm

Therefore, 𝐿4 = 0.148m = 148mm

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