Graphics card definition and function pdf

The PNY Verto Geforce 6600GT Graphics Card Graphics Card (also called map display, graphics card, display adapter, or graphics adapter) is a map extension that generates a output image channel on the device's display (such as a computer monitor). They are often advertised as discrete or
highlighted graphics, emphasizing the difference between these and integrated graphics. At the heart of both is the GPU, which is the main part that does actual calculations, but should not be confused with the graphics card as a whole, although the GPU is often used to refer to graphics cards. Most
graphics cards are not limited to simply displaying. Their integrated GPU can perform additional processing by removing this task from the computer's CPU. For example, Nvidia and AMD (formerly ATI) produced maps that transmit the OpenGL and DirectX graphics pipeline at the hardware level. In the
late 2010s, there was also a tendency to use the computational capabilities of the GPU to solve non-graphic tasks, which can be done with OpenCL and CUDA. Video cards can also be used for AI training. Typically, the graphics card is made in the form of a circuit board (expansion board) and inserted
into the extension slot, universal or specialized (AGP, PCI Express). Some of them were made using dedicated enclosures that are connected to the computer through a docking station or cable. They are known as eGPUs. Graphic cardsConnects toMotherboard via one of: ISA MCA VLB PCI AGP PCI-X
PCI Express Other display through one of: VGA connector digital visual interface Composite Video S-Video Component VIDEO HDMI DMS-59 DisplayPort Other standards, such as MDA, CGA, HGC, Tandy, PGC, EGA, VGA, MCGA, 8514 or XGA were introduced from 1982 to 1990 and supported by
various equipment manufacturers. 3dfx Interactive was one of the first companies to develop a 3D-accelerating GPU (with the Voodoo series) and the first to develop a 3D graphics chipset, but without 2D support (which therefore required a 2D card to work). Now most modern graphics cards are built with
either AMD-sources or Nvidia-sources of graphics chips. Until 2000, 3dfx Interactive was also an important and often innovative manufacturer. Most graphics cards offer a variety of features, such as faster 3D scene visualization and 2D graphics, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, TV output, or the ability to
connect multiple monitors (multicontrol). Video cards also have the ability to sound-display - along with video for connected TVs or monitors with integrated speakers. In the industry, graphics cards are sometimes referred to as graphic add-ons, abbreviated AIBs, and the word graphics is usually omitted.
Dedicated vs. Graphics Classic desktop architecture with a separate graphics card over PCI Express. Typical bandwidth for these missing memory technologies is memory latency. A zero copy between the GPU and processor is not possible, as both have their own special physical memories. The data
must be copied from one to the other for sharing. Integrated graphics with separated core memory: Part of the system memory is allocated exclusively to the GPU. A zero copy is not possible, the data must be copied, through the bus memory system, from one section to another. Integrated graphics with a
single core memory can be found in AMD Kaveri or PlayStation 4 (HSA). Alternatively, the video card can be integrated into the parent board, processor or system on the chip. Both approaches can be called integrated graphics. Motherboard implementation is sometimes referred to as board video.
Almost all motherboards of integrated graphics desktops allow you to disable the integrated graphics chip in BIOS, and have a PCI, or PCI Express (PCI-E) slot to add a higher-performance graphics card instead of integrated graphics. The ability to disable the integrated graphics sometimes also allows
you to continue to use the motherboard on which the onboard video failed. Sometimes you can use both integrated graphics and a special graphics card to serve individual displays at the same time. The main advantages of integrated graphics are cost, compactness, simplicity and low energy
consumption. The lack of performance of integrated graphics arises from the fact that the GPU shares system resources with the processor. The special graphics card has its own random access memory (RAM), its own cooling system and special power controls, with all components designed specifically
for video processing. Upgrading to a dedicated graphics card unloads the CPU and system RAM, so not only will graphics processing be faster, but your overall performance will improve significantly. This is often necessary for playing video games, working with 3D animation, or editing videos. Both AMD
and Intel have introduced motherboard processors and chipsets that support the integration of the GPU into the same processor. AMD sells integrated graphics processors under the Accelerate Processing Unit (APU) brand, while Intel sells similar technology under the Intel HD Graphics and Iris brands.
With 8th-generation processors, intel has announced a series of integrated Intel UHD graphics to better support 4K displays. While they are still not equivalent to the performance of discrete solutions, the Intel HD Graphics platform provides approaching discrete mid-graphics, and AMD APU technology
has been adopted by both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One game consoles. Demand for electricity As much as you can to negate the processing power of video cards so has their demand for electricity. Today's high-performance graphics cards tend to consume a large amount of energy. For example, the
thermal design (TDP) power for GeForce Titan RTX is 280 W. When tested during the game, the GeForce RTX 2080 Ti Founder's Edition averages 300 W energy consumption. While processors and power manufacturers have recently moved to higher efficiency, the electricity needs of GPUs continue to
grow, so graphics cards can have the highest power consumption of any single part of the computer. Although power sources are also increasing their capacity, the bottleneck is due to the PCI-Express connection, which is limited to 75 watts. Modern graphics cards with an energy consumption of more
than 75 W usually include a combination of six thousand (75 W) or 8,000 (150 W) sockets that connect directly to the power supply. Providing adequate cooling becomes a problem in such computers. Computers with multiple graphics cards can require power over 750 W. Heat extraction becomes a
major design consideration for computers with two or more high-quality graphics cards. The size of the graphics card for desktop computers come in one of two size profiles that can allow graphics cards to be added even for small PCs. Some graphics cards are not the usual size, and are thus classified
as low profile. Video card profiles are based only on height, with low-profile maps occupying less height than the PCIe slot, some of which may be as low as half height. The length and thickness can vary greatly, with high-quality cards typically occupying two or three extension slots, and dual GPU cards
such as the Nvidia GeForce GTX 690- usually exceeding 250 mm (10 inches) long. Typically, most users would prefer a card with a lower profile if the goal is to match multiple cards or they will have design problems with other motherboard components such as DIMM or PCIE slots. This can be fixed with
a large case that comes in sizes like the middle of the tower and the full tower. Full towers can usually fit large motherboards in sizes like ATX and micro ATX. The larger the case, the larger the motherboard, the larger the graphics card or several other components that will purchase the property. Multi-
card scaling Some graphics cards can be linked to each other to allow scaling graphics processing on multiple maps. This is done with a PCIe bus on the motherboard or, more often than not, a data bridge. Typically, the cards must be the same model that will be linked, Most low power cards cannot be
connected in this way. AMD and Nvidia have their own scaling methods, CrossFireX for AMD and SLI (with the Turing generation renamed NVLink) for Nvidia. Maps of different chipset manufacturers or architectures cannot be used together to scale multicards. If the graphics card has Memory sizes, the
lowest value will be used, with higher values ignored. Currently, you can scale consumer-grade cards using up to four cards. The use of four cards requires a large motherboard with the proper configuration. Nvidia's GeForce GTX 590 graphics card can be configured in this four-card configuration. As
mentioned above, users will want to stick to the same performance card for optimal use. Motherboards such as ASUS Maximus 3 Extreme and Gigabyte GA EX58 Extreme are certified to work with this configuration. To run cards in SLI or CrossFireX, you need a certified large power supply. Electricity
requirements must be known before the proper supply is installed. To configure four cards, you need a watt of 1,000 watts. Examples include acBel PC8055-000G and Corsair AX1200. With any relatively powerful graphics card, thermal control cannot be missed. Video cards require a well-cut chassis and
thermal solution. Air or cooling water is usually required, although low power GUS can use passive cooling, large configurations to use water solutions or cooling immersion to achieve proper performance without heat regulation. SLI and Crossfire are increasingly rare, as most games do not fully use
multiple GPUs, as most users can't afford them. Several GPUs are still used on supercomputers (as in Summit), on workstations for video acceleration and 3D rendering, 31 33 34 euros for VFX and for modeling, and in AI acceleration, acceleration, acceleration and modeling, acceleration of AI,
acceleration of learning, acceleration of AI, acceleration and for modeling, acceleration of AI, acceleration and acceleration of AI, acceleration and simulation, acceleration of AI, acceleration and acceleration of learning, acceleration and acceleration of learning, acceleration of AI, acceleration of AI,
acceleration of AI, acceleration of AI. as in the case of the Nvidia DGX line of workstations and servers. A 3D graphic API Graphic Driver usually supports one or more cards by the same provider and must be specifically written for the operating system. In addition, an operating system or an additional
software package can provide certain programming APIs for applications to perform 3D rendering. 3D rendering API availability across operating systems OS Vulkan Direct X GNMX Metal OpenGL OpenGL ES Windows 10 Nvidia/AMD Microsoft No No Yes Yes macOS MoltenVK No No Apple Apple No
GNU/Linux Yes Via Wine No No Yes Yes Android Yes No No No Nvidia Yes iOS MoltenVK No No Apple No Apple Tizen In development No No No No Yes Sailfish OS In development No No No No Yes Xbox One No Yes No No No Orbis OS (PS4) No No Yes No No No Nintendo Switch Yes No No No
Yes Yes Usage specific GPU Some GPUs are designed with specific usage in mind: Gaming GeForce GTX GeForce RTX Nvidia Titan Radeon HD Radeon R5, R7 , R9 и RX серии Облачные игры Nvidia Grid Radeon Sky Workstation Nvidia Квадро Nvidia Nvidia Titan X AMD FirePro Radeon Pro
Cloud Workstation Nvidia Tesla AMD FireStream Искусственный интеллект Облако Nvidia Tesla Radeon Instinct Автоматизированный/ Driverless автомобиль Nvidia Drive PX промышленности По состоянию на 2016 год, основные поставщики GPUs (видео чипы или чипсы) используется в
видео чипы чипы AMD and Nvidia. In the third quarter of 2013, AMD's market share was 35.5%, while Nvidia's market share was 64.5%, according to Jon Peddie Research. In economics, this industry structure is called a duopoly. AMD and Nvidia also create and sell graphics cards called graphic add-
ons (AIBs) in the industry. (See comparison of Nvidia graphics processing units and comparison of AMD graphics processing units.) In addition to marketing their own graphics cards, AMD and Nvidia sell their GPUs to authorized AIB suppliers, whom AMD and Nvidia call partners. The fact that Nvidia and
AMD compete directly with their customers/partners complicates relationships in the industry. It should also be noted that AMD and Intel are direct competitors in the field of processors, as AMD-based graphics cards can be used in computers with Intel processors. Intel's move to APUs could weaken
AMD, which has so far received a significant portion of its revenue from graphics components. As of the second quarter of 2013, there were 52 AIB suppliers. These AIB vendors can sell graphics cards under their own brands or produce graphics cards for private brands or produce graphics cards for
computer manufacturers. Some AIB providers, such as MSI, create graphics cards based on AMD and Nvidia. Others, such as EVGA, only build Nvidia-based graphics cards, while the XFX now only builds GRAPHICS cards based on AMD. Several AIB suppliers are also suppliers of the motherboard.
AIB's largest suppliers, based on the global retail market share for graphics cards, Include Taiwanese Palit Microsystems, Hong Kong PC Partner (which sells AMD-based graphics cards under its Sapphire brand and Nvidia-based graphics card under the sotac brand), Taiwanese computer maker Asustek
Computer (Asus), Taiwanese Micro-Star International (MSI), Taiwanese Micro-Star International (MSI), Taiwanese-based company California-based EVGA (which also sells U.S.-based EVGA) (The parent company XFX is based in Hong Kong.) In 1999, Market Video card shipments reached 114 million.
For comparison, in the third quarter of 2013 they amounted to 14.5 million units, which is 17% more than in the third quarter of 2012, and 44 million units in 2015. Video card sales have declined as integrated graphics technology has improved; The high-quality, INTEG-based graphics processor can be
competitive with low-productivity graphics. At the same time, video card sales grew in the high-end segment as manufacturers shifted their focus to the priorities of the gaming market and enthusiasts. In addition to the game and multimedia segments, video cards are increasingly general-purpose
computing, such as big data processing. The growth of cryptocurrency has led to a sharp increase in demand for high-quality graphics cards, especially in large large because of their advantages in the mining process. In January 2018, mid-range and high-end graphics cards experienced a big price
increase, with many retailers experiencing a shortage of shares due to significant demand in this market. The company's video cards have produced mining-specific maps designed to work 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and without port-specific models. Parts of the Radeon HD 7970 with the main
heats source removed, showing the main components of the map. A large, sloping silver GPU object die that is surrounded by RAM chips that are covered with extruded aluminum heats. The power delivery scheme is installed next to the RAM, next to the right side of the map. A modern graphics card
consists of a circuit board with components installed on it. These include: Graphic processor Main Article: GPU processing of graphics units (GPU), also sometimes called Visual Processing Unit (VPU), is a specialized electronic scheme designed to quickly manipulate and change memory to accelerate
the creation of images in the buffer frame designed to be displayed on display. Because of the highly programmable computational complexity for such a task, the modern graphics card is also a computer to itself. The heat sink is installed on the most modern graphics maps. The heat drain evenly
distributes the heat generated by the GPU throughout the heat sink and the device itself. The heatser usually has a fan installed as well as a cooling heats and a GPU. Not all cards have heats, such as some liquid cooling cards and instead have a water block; In addition, maps from the 1980s and early
1990s did not produce much heat or require a heat drain. Most modern graphics cards need the right thermal solution. It can be a liquid solution or heat drain with an additional connected heat pipe, usually made of copper for better thermal transport. The right case; Either the Mid-Tower or Full-Tower or
some other derivatives should be properly configured for thermal control. This can be enough space with a proper push-pull or opposite configuration, as well as fluid with a radiator either instead or with a fan setup. Video BIOS Video BIOS or firmware contains a minimal program for initial setting and
managing the graphics card. It can contain information about memory time, speed, and voltage of the GPU, RAM, and other parts that can sometimes be altered. Modern Video BIOS does not support all of the graphics card functions, being sufficient to identify and initiate the card to display one of several
frame buffer modes or text displays. He supports YUV for RGB translation, video scaling, pixel copying, composition, or any of the many other 2D and 3D graphics card features. Memory Watch Memory Type Memory Type (MHz) Bandwidth (GB/s) DDR 200-400 1.6-3.2 DDR2 400-1066.67 3.2-8.533
DDR3 800-2133.33 6.4-17.066 DDR4 1600-4866 12.8-25.6 GDDR4 3000-400 0 160-256 GDDR5 1000-2000 288-336.5 GDDR5X 1000-1750 160-67 GDDR6 1365-1770 336-672 HBM 250-1000 512-1024 Memory capacity of most modern graphics cards ranges from 2GB to 24GB. But with up to 32GB
as of the 2010s, apps to use graphics are becoming more powerful and common. Since video footage needs access to the GPU and display circuit, it often uses special high-speed or multiport memory such as VRAM, WRAM, SGRAM, etc. During and after this year, manufacturers switched to DDR2,
GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, GDDR5X and GDDR6. The effective memory frequency in modern maps is usually from 2 GHz to 15 GHz. Video memory can be used to store other data, as well as a screen image, such as a buffer that controls depth coordinates in 3D graphics, textures, top buffers, and
drafted tenter programs. RAMDAC RAMDAC, or casual digital memory access to analog converter, converts digital signals into analog signals for use on a computer display that uses analog inputs such as cathode beam tube (CRT) displays. RAMDAC is a kind of RAM chip that regulates the functioning
of a graphics card. Depending on the number of bits used and the RAMDAC data rate, the converter will be able to maintain different speeds of computer display update. With CRT displays, it's best to work over 75Hz and never under 60 Hz to minimize flickering. (With LCD displays, flickering is not a
problem. citation is necessary) Due to the growing popularity of digital computer displays and the integration of RAMDAC on THE GPU die, it has largely disappeared as a discrete component. All current LCD/plasma monitors and TVs and projectors with only digital connections work in a digital domain
and do not require RAMDAC for these connections. There are displays that have analog inputs (VGA, component, SCART, etc.) only. They require RAMDAC, but they recheck the analog signal back into digital before they can display it, with the inevitable loss of quality arising from this digital to analog-
digital transformation. With the VGA standard gradually in favor of digital, RAMDACs are beginning to disappear from video cards. (necessary citation) Exit Video Interfaces in Video Out (VIVO) for S-Video (TV-out), Digital Visual Interface (DVI) for High Definition Television (HDTV) and DE-15 for
Videographic Array (VGA) The most common systems of connection between a graphics card and a computer display are: VideoGraphy Array (VGA) Video Graphics Array (VGA) Main article: VGA is an analog standard adopted at the end of the end is designed for CRT, also called the VGA connector.
Some problems with this standard are electric noise, image distortion and sampling error when evaluating pixels. Today, the VGA analog interface is used for high-definition video, including 1080p and above. While the VGA bandwidth is high enough to maintain even higher playability resolution, image
quality can deteriorate depending on cable quality and length. How distinguishable this difference in quality depends on the person's vision and display; When using a DVI or HDMI connection, especially on larger LCD/LED monitors or TVs, the decrease in quality, if available, is noticeable. Blu-ray
playback at 1080p is possible with the VGA analog interface if the Image Constraint (ICT) token is not included on Blu-ray. Digital Visual Interface (DVI) Digital Visual Interface (DVI-I) Home article: Digital visual interface is a digital standard designed for displays such as flat panel displays (LCDs, plasma
screens, wide high-definition television displays) and video projectors. In some rare cases, high-quality CRT monitors also use DVI. It avoids image distortion and electrical noise by matching every pixel from the computer to the display pixel using its original resolution. It's worth noting that most
manufacturers include a DVI-I connector that allows (through a simple adapter) a standard RGB signal output on an old CRT or LCD monitor with VGA input. Video in Video Out (VIVO) for S-Video, Composite Video and Video Component Home Article: S-Video included to connect with TVs, DVD
players, VCRs and game consoles. They often come in two 10-pin mini-DIN connector variations, and the VIVO splitter cable usually comes with either 4 connectors (S-video in and out of the composite video in and out), or 6 connectors (S-Video's and from the PB component of the PR component of
component Y of also composite out). High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) Home article: HDMI HDMI is a compact audio/video interface to transmit uncompressed video data and compressed/uncopressed digital audio data from HDMI-compatible
devices (device source) to a compatible digital audio device, computer monitor, video projector, or digital television. HDMI is a digital replacement for existing analog video stations. HDMI supports copy protection through HDCP. DisplayPort DisplayPort Home article: DisplayPort DisplayPort is a digital
display interface developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). The interface is mainly used to connect the video source to a display device, such as a computer monitor, although it can also be to transmit audio, USB and other forms of data. The VESA specification has no royalties.
VESA developed it to replace VGA, DVI and LVDS. Inverse compatibility VGA and DVI using the key adapter allows consumers to use displayPort installed video sources without replacing existing display devices. Although DisplayPort has a lot of bandwidth than HDMI, it is expected to complement the
interface rather than replace it. Other types of connection systems composite video analog systems with a resolution below 480i use the RCA connector. One pin connector carries all the resolution, brightness and color information, making it the lowest quality dedicated video connection. Component
video it uses three cables, each with an RCA connector (YCBCR for the digital component, or YPBPR for the analog component); It is used in old projectors, game consoles, DVD players. It can carry SDTV 480i and EDTV 480p resolutions, and HDTV resolutions 720p and 1080i, but not 1080p because
of industry concerns about copy protection. Contrary to popular belief, it looks like the equal HDMI for the resolutions it carries, but for better performance from Blu-ray, other 1080p sources like PPV, and 4K Ultra HD, a digital display connector is required. DB13W3 Is an Analog Standard that was once
used by Sun Microsystems, SGI and IBM. The DMS-59 connector that provides two DVI or VGA outputs on one connector. Motherboard Interfaces Main Articles: Bus (computing) and map extension chronologically, the system of connections between the graphics card and the motherboard were,
basically: S-100 bus: Developed in 1974 as part of the Altair 8800, this is the first standard bus for the microcomputer industry. ISA: Introduced in 1981 by IBM, it became dominant in the market in the 1980s. It's an 8- or 16-bit bus clocked at 8 MHz. NuBus: Used in the Macintosh II, this 32-bit bus with an
average capacity of 10 to 20 MB/S. MCA: Introduced in 1987 IBM is a 32-bit bus with a clock speed of 10 MHz. EISA: Released in 1988 to compete with IBM's MCA, it was compatible with the previous ISA bus. This is a 32-bit bus with a clock speed of 8.33 MHz. VLB: ISA extension, it is a 32-bit bus
clocked at 33 MHz. Also referred to as VESA. PCI: EISA, ISA, MCA and VESA have been replaced since 1993. The PCI allowed a dynamic connection between the devices, avoiding the manual adjustments required with the jumpers. This is a 32-bit bus with a clock speed of 33 MHz. UPA: Interconnect
bus architecture introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1995. It is a 64-bit bus with a frequency of 67 or 83 MHz USB: Although mainly used for various devices such as secondary storage devices and toys, USB displays and display adapters exist. AGP: First used in 1997, it is a special graphics bus. This is
a 32-bit bus with a clock speed of 66 MHz. PCI-X: Bus expansion it was introduced in 1998. It improves PCI by extending the width of the tire to 64 bits and the clock frequency to 133 MHz. PCI Express: Shortened as a PCIe, this is a point-point interface released in 2004. In 2006, twice as many AGP
speed. It should not be confused with PCI-X, an extended version of the original PCI specification. The following table is a comparison between the selection of features of some of these interfaces. See also: Device Bandwidth List - ATI Computer Buses Graphic Solution Rev 3 from 1985/1986, supporting
Hercules graphics. As seen from the PCB layout was made in 1985, while the marking on the central chip CW16800-A says 8639, which means that the chip was manufactured week 39, 1986. This map uses an 8-bit ISA (XT) interface. Bus Width (bits) Clock rate (MHz) Bandwidth (MB/s) Style ISA XT 8
4.77 8 Parallel ISA AT 16 8.33 16 Parallel MCA 32 10 20 Parallel NUBUS 32 10 10–40 Parallel EISA 32 8.33 32 Parallel VESA 32 40 160 Parallel PCI 32–64 33–100 132–800 Parallel AGP 1x 32 66 264 Parallel AGP 2x 32 66 528 Parallel AGP 4x 32 66 1000 Parallel AGP 8x 32 66 2000 Parallel PCIe x1
1 2500 / 5000 250 / 500 Serial PCIe x4 1 × 4 2500 / 5000 1000 / 2000 Serial PCIe x8 1 × 8 2500 / 5000 2000 / 4000 Serial PCIe x16 1 × 16 2500 / 5000 4000 / 8000 Serial PCIe x1 2.0[55] 1 500 / 1000 Serial PCIe x4 2.0 1 x 4 2000 / 4000 Serial PCIe x8 2.0 1 x 8 4000 / 8000 Serial PCIe x16 2.0 1 × 16
5000 / 10000 8000 / 16000 Serial PCIe X1 3.0 1 1000 / 2000 Serial PCIe X4 3.0 1 x 4 4000 / 8000 Serial PCIe X8 3.0 1 x 8 8000 / 16000 Serial PCIe X16 3.0 1 x 16 16 16000 / 32000 Serial See also LIST of computer equipment ATI - defunct GPU company (merged with AMD) AMD, NVIDIA - Duopoly
3D chip GPU and video card designers Computer display standards - a detailed list of standards like SVGA, WXGA, WUXGA, etc. Diamond Multimedia - Alternative GeForce, Radeon - examples of GPGPU graphics cards (i.e.: CUDA, AMD FireStream) Free and open source device drivers: graphics -
about available drivers of FOSS devices for Framebuffer graphics chips - computer memory ExplainingComputers.com used to store Hercules screen image - monochrome list of video screen manufacturers Video Out (VIVO www.explainingcomputers.com) Received 2017-12-11. b OpenGL vs DirectX -
Cprogramming.com. www.cprogramming.com. Received 2017-12-11. Graphics card components. pctechguide.com 2011-09-23. Received 2017-12-11. - b c d Add to the board market down in 2, AMD gets market share Press Release . John Paddy Research. August 16, 2013. Received on November
30, 2013. Intel HD Graphics: 2018 Guide to Integrated Graphics. Technological Centurion. 2018-05-21. Recovery 2018-05-21. Intel HD Graphics Guide. Laptop magazine. Received 2018-01-22. Shimpi, Anand Lal. Xbox One: Hardware analysis and comparison with PlayStation 4. Anandtech. Received
2018-01-22. Cohen Crens (September 6, 2013). Intel Iris Pro 5200 graphics at the end of the middle-class PPP?. hardware.info. received on November 30, 2013. Introduction of geForce GTX 780 Ti. Received on November 30, 2013. Test results: Energy consumption for mining and gaming - Best GPUs
for ethereum mining, tested and compared. Tom's equipment. 2018-03-30. Received 2018-11-30. Faster, Kwiter, Lower: Energy consumption and noise level of modern graphics cards. xbitlabs.com. Archive from the original for 2011-09-04. Consumption of the power of the graphics card.
codinghorror.com. - Maxim Integrated Products. Power management solution for PCI Express x16 Graphics 150W-ATX Add-In Cards. What is a low profile graphics card?. Outpapecs. Best low profile video card. Tom's equipment. GTX 690 Specs. Geforce. Received 2013-02-28. Sli. geforce.com. SLI vs.
CrossFirex: Generation DX11. techreport.com. - Adrian Kingsley-Hughes. NVIDIA GeForce GTX 680 in quad-SLI benchmarking configuration. Zdnet. Head to head: Quad SLI vs. quad-core CrossFireX. Maximum PC. How to build a quad bike SLI Gaming Rig (en) GeForce. www.geforce.com. Received
2017-12-11. - B How to build a quad bike SLI Gaming Rig (en) GeForce. www.geforce.com. Received 2017-12-11. NVIDIA Квад-СЛИ NVIDIA. www.nvidia.com. Received 2017-12-11. , b Graphic Card Market consistently in the 3rd quarter, NVIDIA Gains as AMD Slips. Received on November 30, 2013.
- b Chen, Monica (April 16, 2013). Palit, PC Partner outperforms Asustek in terms of video card market share. DIGITALS. Received on December 1, 2013. B Shilov, Anton. Discrete Desktop GPU Market Trends 2 2016: AMD Captures NVIDIA remains on top. Anandtech. Received 2018-01-22.
Chanhadavong, Aimee. Nvidia touts GPU processing as the future of big data. Zdnet. Received 2018-01-22. The question:Here's: Here's the You can't buy a high-quality graphics card at Best Buy. Ars Technica. Received 2018-01-22. GPU Prices Skyrocket, Breaking the whole DIY PC market.
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signals and connectors. Apple. Received on January 29, 2016. How to connect a component video to a VGA projector. Ascentral. Received on January 29, 2016. The quality difference between the component and HDMI. Extreme Tech. Received January 29, 2016. PCIe 2.1 has the same clock and
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Great Image Graphic Map of Tree History Page 2This article about 8-bit computer architecture. For other purposes, see This article has a few problems. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the discussion page. (Learn how and when to delete these template messages) This article needs
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quotes. Applications consisting only of original research must be removed. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) Computer architecture bit bit width Bit 1481216182426283033336548606064128256512bit slicing
Appendix 8 163264 Binary Precision Floating Point y 1632406480128256-1/2'2'2'8'8 Decimal Point Accuracy floating point 3264128 in computer architecture, 8-bit integrators, Memory addresses or other data units are those that are 8 bits (1 octet) wide. Except The 8-bit processor and ALU architecture
are those that are based on registers, bus address, or bus data that size. 8-bit is also a generation of microcomputers in which 8-bit microprocessors were the norm. The term 8-bit also applies to character sets that can be used on computers with 8-bit bytes, the most famous of which are various forms of
advanced ASCII, including SERIA isO/IEC 8859 national character sets - especially Latin 1 for English and Western European languages. IBM System/360 introduced a 8-bit memory, as opposed to a bit-address or decimal target number, although its general-purpose registers were 32 bits wide and
addresses were contained in the lower 24 bits of those addresses. The different System/360 models had different internal data widths; IBM System/360 Model 30 (1965) implemented the 32-bit System/360 architecture, but had an 8-bit native width of the path and performed 32-bit arithmetic of 8 bits at a
time. The first widely adopted 8-bit microprocessor was the Intel 8080, which was used in many amateur computers in the late 1970s and early 1980s, often launching the CP/M operating system; it had 8-bit data words and 16-bit addresses. Similar computers also used the Sillog80 (compatible with the
8080) and Motorola 6800. The 8-bit MOS Technology 6502 processors were widely used in second- and third-generation home computers and game consoles in the 1970s and 1980s. Many 8-bit processors or microcontrollers are the backbone of today's ubiquitous built-in systems. Details there are 28
(256) different possible values for 8 bits. When unsigned, it has possible values from 0 to 255; When signing, it has -128 to 127. Eight-bit processors use an 8-bit data bus and can therefore access 8 bits of data in a single instruction machine. The address bus is usually a double-octet wide (i.e. 16-bit),
due to practical and economical considerations. This implies a direct address space of just 64 kBs on most 8-bit processors. Notable 8-bit processor The first commercial 8-bit processor was the Intel 8008 (1972), which was originally designed for the Smart Datapoint 2200 terminal. Most of Intel's
competitors have started with such character-oriented 8-bit microprocessors. The upgraded versions of these 8-bit machines are still one of the most common types of processors in built-in systems. Another notable 8-bit processor is the MOS Technology 6502; it, and its variants, have been used in a
number of personal computers such as Apple I and Apple II, Atari 8-bit family, BBC Micro, and Commodore PET and Commodore VIC-20, as well as in a number of gaming consoles such as the Atari 2600 and Nintendo Entertainment System. Early or popular 8-bit processors (incomplete) Manufacturer
Intel 8008 1972 Datapoint 2200 Compatible Signetics 2650 1973 Intel 8080 1974 8008 Source Compatible Motorola 6800 1974 Fairchild F8 1975 MOS 6502 1975 1975 1975 1975 to 6800, but incompatible Microchip PIC 1975 Harvard architecture microcontroller Electronic Arrays EA9002 1976 8-bit
data, 12-bit addressing RCA 1802 1976 Zilog Z80 1976 8080 binary compatible Intel 8085 1977 8080 binary compatible Motorola 6809 1978 6800 source compatible Zilog Z8 1978 Harvard architecture microcontroller Intel 8051 1980 Harvard architecture microcontroller MOS 6510 1982 Enhanced 6502
custom-made for use in the Commodore 64 Ricoh 2A03 1982 6502 clone minus BCD instructions for the Nintendo Entertainment System Zilog Z180 1985 Z80 binary compatible Motorola 68HC11 1985 Atmel AVR 1996 Zilog EZ80 1999 Z80 binary compatible Infineon XC800 2005 Freescale 68HC08
Hudson HuC6280 65C02 binary compatible Motorola 6803 NEC 78K0[2] References ^ Amdahl, G. M.; Блау, Г.А.; Брукс, Ф.. (1964). Архитектура системы IBM/360 (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 8 (2): 87–101. doi:10.1147/rd.82.0087. Архив (PDF) из оригинала на 2017-08-10.
NEC 78K0. Nec. Архив из оригинала на 2008-10-28. Получено 2009-02-10. 2009-02-10.

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