CELL DIVISION

 The process that result in the formation of new cells.

 The process that result in an increase of cell.
 Divided into two kinds:
 Mitosis
 Meiosis
 Cell division serve two purpose:
 For Unicellular Organisms
Cell division produces new individual hence increasing the number of unicellular organisms.

 For Multicellular Organisms

Cell division is part of the growth of the organism
Cell division is also involved in the renewal and repair of worn out cells.
Cell division allows the cell to pass the copy of the DNA (genetic material)to the daughter cells.
THE CELL CYLCE
A living cell undergoes different stages of development. This can be represented as a cell cycle.
Cell Cycle
It is a series of events that a cell goes through as they grow and divide.

The entire cycle is divided into two main stages:

1. M-phase
 Stand for either mitosis or meiosis
2. Interphase
 The nondividing stage which is devoted largely to cell growth.
 The interphase is further divided into three stages:
G1 (Growth 1) Phase
S (Synthesis Phase)
G2 (Growth 2) Phase

The major events during interphase are summarized below:

1. G1 (Growth 1) Phase
 The cell at this stage is still young and undergoes rapid growth.
 Organelles are formed
 Proteins are produced
 The longest phase in the most cells
 Cells that are not dividing (muscle and nerve cell s) remain at this stage throughout their life cycle.
2. S (Synthesis Phase)
 The DNA the main composition of the chromosome inside the nucleus of the cell doubles at this stage by a
process called replication.
 At the end of this stage each chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids attached at the centromere.
 Is the period during hich the DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are replicated.
3. G2 (Growth 2) Phase
 Preparation for cell division.
 Assembly of protein such asmicrotubules, hollow protein fibers that cause the chromosomes to move during cell
division.

M (MITOSIS/MEIOSIS ) PHASE
 The cell undergoes division

Mitosis.
 The type of cell division involved in growth repair and asexual reproduction.
 It is a common type of cell division that occurs in all the cells of an organism.
 Called as “Somatic Cell Division.”
 The resulting daughter cells will have the same number of chromosomes and contain the same amount of DNA, as that of
the parent cell.
 Commonly described as “equational division.”
 Mitosis is used by multicellular organisms for: growth and development repair of tissues and in asexual reproduction.
 Mitosis is a type of cell division in which the nucleus of the cell divides into two nuclei with identical genetic material.
 Mitosis is a continuous but it is traditionally divided into four stages.

Karyokinesis
 It is the division of the nuclear material represented by the sequence of events in the cell. It can be distinguished into four
phases namely : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
 Four Stages of Mitosis Illustration
Prophase
 The long and threadlike chromatids during the interphase start
to coil at this stage and become visible under compound
microscope as individual chromosomes.
 The membrane of the nucleus (nuclear membrane) dissolves and
the spindle fiber are formed.
 Centrioles migrate at opposite poles of the cell.

Metaphase
 Chromosomes move and align themselves at the center of the
cell called metaphase plate.
 Spindle fibers connect each chromosome on its centromere to
the centrioles located at opposite poles.

Anaphase
 The sister chromatids of each chromosome divide and move
toward opposite poles due to the shortening of the spindle fiber.

Telophase
 The chromatids (now called chromosomes) are located on
opposite poles.
 Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes which starts
to uncoil.
 The spindle fibers dissolve and disappear.
 Two daughter nuclei are formed