INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY 5 MAIN PRINCIPLES OF LEUCIPPUS DEMOCRITUS

 The study of composition of matter and the changes that
matter undergoes.
 Explains the natural world.
 Prepares people for career opportunities.
 Produces informed citizens.
TWO DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY
 Pure Chemistry - research driven by facts and theories
 Applied Chemistry -application of pure chemistry.
FIVE TRADITIONAL AREAS OF STUDY
 Inorganic chemistry -study of chemicals that do not
contain carbon. ( diamond, sulfur, silver)
 Organic chemistry -all about carbon based compounds.
( Alcohol, Polymers, Vitamins, Human, Coal, Methane )
 Analytical Chemistry - study of the quality and quantity of
components of different substances.
 Biochemistry- study of the living system or the living
things or anything that has life. (biomolecule, lipids)
 Physical chemistry - study of the mechanism, rates, and
energetics of chemical reaction.
NATURE OF MATTER
 The earliest belief of the Greek philosophers was that
matter is just a single element.
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
1. All matter is made up of atoms that are too tiny to see by the
naked eye & can’t be broken down further into smaller portions.
2. Atoms are in constant motion around an empty space that
they called void.
3. Atoms are completely solid. [ false ]
4. Atoms are uniformed with no internal structure.
5. Atoms can come in different shape and sizes. [ true ]
 Epicurus of Samos - popularized atomism.
- Developed the ideas of Leucippus and Democritus.
- According to him atoms have diffeferent weights, same
speed regardless of its size.
- Plato and aristotle opposed his ideas.
 Empedocles - a certain matter is composed of only four
elements. Plato and Aristotle agreed with him.
 Aristotle - continuous theory that matter can be divided
indefinitely w/o changing the fundamental characteristics.
- The fifth element is Aether.
 All theories are based on logic
5 STATES OF MATTER
1. Bose-Einstein condensate - is a very odd condition in which
all atoms atain the same quantum-mechanical state. This state is
only found within a minute portion of absolute 0.
2. Solids - are materials with a defined volume and shape.
Resistant to outside forces, tend to keep their shape and mass.

6th century 3. Liquids - are non-compressible materials that take shape of

 Anaximenex - concluded that everything in the world is their containers and have a free surface.
composed of air. 4. Gases - expand to fill the size and shape of their containers.
 Thales of Miletus - the nature of matter was a single They tend to have relitively low density levels.
material substance: water. 5. Plasma - are ionized (electrically charged) gases that possess
 Heraclitus - remembered for his cosmology, in which fire an equal number of positive and negative charges.
forms the basic material principle of an orderly universe.
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
 Empedocles - Empedocles devised the theory that all
substances are made of four pure, indestructible elements: Division of Matter
air, fire, water, and earth.
Pure substance - uniform, Mixtures - a physical blend
5th century definite composition, of two or more pure
samples have the same substances.
 Leucippus - originated the theory of atomism. properties.
 Democritus - student of Leucippus. Heterogenous -
Elements - one kind of atom components are in different
- Developed the concept of the atom. that cannot be broken down phases, therefore
by physical or chemical components are visible
- In every matter there is a certain portion of it that
means.
is a tiny particle that is indestructible or uncuttable. Homogenous - the same;
Compounds - 2 or more uniform composition; a
kinds of atoms; can be solution (solute+solvent)
broken down into elements
by chemical means.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Extensive - affected if you Intensive - qualities that

change the amount of won’t change even if the
matter. amount of matter does

Physical - can be observed Chemical - the ability of a

or measured with your five substance to undergo a
senses. specific chemical change.

CHANGES IN MATTER
 Physical changes - the composition of the material does
not change; may or may not be reversible.
 Chemical changes - chemical reactions; new product =
new composition; represented by chemical equation.
- Reaction - Products; Mass of products = mass of
reactants ( Law of Conservation of Mass)

FOUR CLUES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

1. There is a transfer of energy.
2. There is a change in color.
3. A gas is produced.
4. A precipitate forms ( a solid with low solubility )

THE NAMING OF MATTER

 Chemical symbols - J.J Berzelius (1779-1848)
 Chemical formulas - chemical symbol, subscript
 IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chem.

THE PERIODIC TABLE

 In organizing the element, the elements are in group based

on their properties.
 Dmitri Mendeleev (1934-1907) - predicted properties of
undiscovered elements. ( Periodic table - 1869 )
- organized by increasing atomic mass.
- Elements with similar properties are grouped together.
 J.W Dobereiner (1780-1849) - grouped elements into
triads ( 1829 )
 Now, elements are arranged in orders of increasing atomic
number.
 There is a periodic repitition of their physical and
chemical properties ( the periodic law )
Metals - conductors, high scheen, solid at room temperature,
ductile , malleable.
Metalloids - mixture of metal and nonmetal, also called
semimentals.
Nonmetals - solids, liquids, but mostly gases; properties vary
considerably.