544 CONCRETE BRIDGES

N. . Closing Remarks This example is general in most rdspects for appli-

catio~ to decks supported by different longitudinal .girders. However, the
effective span length must . be adjusted for the different girder flange
configurations. ·
. Designers are encouraged to use the empirical design procedure. The sav-
ings in design effort and reinforcement can be appreciable. Obviously, the
details for the additional bars (Fig. E7.l-22) in the top of the deck overhang
will be different for the empirical design than the traditional design.
The performance level PL-2 chosen for the concrete barrier in this example
may have to be increased for some traffic environments. This choice of per-
fonnance level is another decision that must be made when the design criteria
for a project are being established.

7.10.2 Solid Slab Bridge Design

Problem Statement · Design the simply su-pported solid slab bridge of Figure
E7 .2-1 with a span length of 10 670 mm center to center of bearings for a
HL-93 live load. The roadway width is 13 400-mm curb to curb. Allow for a
future wearing surface of 75-mm thick bituminous overlay. Use J; = 30 MPa
and /y = 400 MPa. Follow the slab bridge outline in Appendix A5.4 and the
beam and girder bridge outline in Section 5-Appendix A5.3 of the AASHTO
(1994) LRFD Bridge Specifications.

A. Check Minimum Recommended Depth [Table A2.5.2.6.3-1]

_ = 1.2(S + 3000) = 1.2(10 670 + 3000)

h rrun
= 546 8
30 · 30 . mm
Use h = 550 mm

B. Determine Live Load Strip Width [A4.6.2.3]

Span _·= 10 670 mm; primarily in the direction parallel to traffic

Span > 4600 mm, therefore the longitudinal strip method for
slab-type bridges applies [A4.6.2. I .3]

1. One-Lane Loaded · Multiple presence factor included_ [C4.6.2.3]

E = equivalent width (mm)

E = 250 + 0.42~
where L1 = modified span length

= mm
. [1018000mm
670 mm
= 10670mm
 7.10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 545

(a)
~ Brg 10 670mm '. °Cf. Brg
Ir---.- - - - - - - 1 .I

''
..,.,...~--.,'
Abut. 1 ii Abut. 2 ·
0 """"
::
"
;.,:.

Elevation ·
(b)

3100mm
Shoulder
r,<t_ Bridge . · . 3600mm · ·
---·- ,_/.-·-·-·-·---·-·- ·- ·--
3600mm
3100mm ·
Shoulder

(c)
14 160mm

f
380mm 13 400mm Roadway 380mm

~mm
_:_:.w.s. 550mm Slob

~ ·~

(, Section
Fig. E7.2-1 Solid slab bridge design example. (a) Elevation, (b) plan, and (c) section.

W1 = m~~ified edge-to-edge width

_ . [ 14 160 mm = 9000 ·
- mm 9000 mm mm

E = 250 +0.42V(l0 670)(9000) = 4370 mm

546 CONCRETE BRIDGES

2. Multiple Lanes Loaded

w
E _= 2100 +. o.12vr.w;- !:: NL

where L1 = IO 670 mm
. [ I4 160 mm
W1 -- nun = 14 160 mm
I 8 000 mm
W = actual edge-to-edge width = 14 160 mm
NL= number of design Janes (AJ.6.1.1.I] = 1m-(3~)
where w = clear roadway width = 13 400 mm
13 400)
NL= INT( 3600 _= 3
E = 2100 + 0.12\i(IO 670)(14 160)
14 60
= 3580mm :s ; = 4730mm
Use E = 3580 mm
C. Applicability of LiYe Load for Decks and Deck Systems Slab-type
bridges shall be designed for all of the vehicular live loads specified
in AASHTO [A3 .6.1 .2], including the Jane load [A3.6.1.3.3]
1. Maximum Shear Force-Axle Loads (Fig. E7.2-2)
Truck: [A3.6.1.2.2]

VI'= 145(1.0 + 0.60) + 35(0.19) = 238.7 kN

Lane: [A3.6.1.2.4]

V,t' = ½(9.3)(10 670) = 49.6 kN

Tandem: [A3.6.l.2.3]

vra
A = 11 o(-1 + 109.47)
_
67
= 207.6 kN not critical
' t

Impact Fact?r = 1 + IM/100, where IM= 33% [A3.6.2.1]

,
Impact Factor = 1.33, not applied to design Jane load
 7.10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS S47

z
.:,,(
1.0
..,.
I/')

.-
4.3 m

10.670 m

.JM I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~
_
9.3 kN/m

I.

Fig. E7.2-2 Live load placement for maximum shear force .

Vu.+t,\t = 238.7(1.33) + 49.6 = 367. l kN

2. Maximum Bending Moment at Midspan-Ade Loads (Fig. E7.2-3)

Truck: ·

M1;' = [145(2668 + 518) + 35(518)) X 10- 3 = 480.1 kN m

fl

Lane: I

M'; = 9.3[½{2668)(10 670)] X 10-3 = 132.4 kN m I

Tandem:

. -110(2668)(.. 4135)
M:a = 1+ = 521 .0 kN m, governs
103 5335
Mu.+rM = 521.0(1.33) + 132.4 = 825.3 kN m
t
o. Select Resistance Factors (Table 7.10) [AS.S.4.2.1]
Strength Limit State <t>

Flexure and tension _ 0.90

Shear and torsion 0.90
 548 CONCRETE BRIDGES

z L/4 = 2668

10.670 m

9.3 kN/m

Jil I 1111111 I 11111111 I ~

1/, 1/,

~,I
z: z
~
~
0 0

==1
~ 1.200 m 4.135 m ~
Fig. E7.2-3 .Live load placement for maximum bending moment.

Axi~ compression 0.75

Bearing on concrete 0.70
Compression in strut-and-tie models 0. 70

E. Select Load Modifiers [Al.3.2.1]

Strength Service Fatigue

I. Ductility, 110 0.95 1.0 1.0 [Al.3.3)
2. Redundancy, 11R 1.05 1.0 1.0 [Al.3.4)
3. Importance, TJi 1.05 NIA• NIA [Al.3.5)
11 = TioTIR111 1.05 1.0 1.0

F. Select Applicable Load Combinations (Table 3.1) [Table A3.4.1-1] •

Strength I limit State

U = 11[1.25DC + l.50DW + 1.15(U + IM) + l.0FR + i'rcTGJ

Sen•ice I Limit State

•NI A denotes not applicable.

 7.10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS . 549

U = l .0(DC + DW) + l .O(LL + IM) + 0.3(WS + Wl) + l .OFR

Fatigue Limit State

U = 0.75(U + IM)
G. Calculate Live Load· Force Effects
1. Interior Strip Shear and moment per lane are given in Section
7.10.2, Parts C. l and C.2. Shear and moment per m width of strip
is critical for multiple lanes loaded because one-lane live load strip
width = 4370 mm > 3580 mm

367.1
Vu.+rM = 3_580 = 102.5 kN/m
825.3
Mu.+rM = _ = 230.5 kN m/m
3 580
2. Edge Strip [A.4.6.2.1.4]. Longitudinal edges strip width for a line
of wheels

= distance from ·edge to face of barrier + 300 mm

+ ½strip width :::: full strip width or 1800 mm
3580 ·
= 380 + 300 + - - = 2470 mm> 1800 mm
2

Because strip width is limited to 1800 mm, one-lane loaded (wheel

line = ½lane load) with a multiple presence factor of 1.2 will be
critical (Fig._E7 .2-4):

= ½(367.1)(1.2) = 122 4 kN/

Yu.+rM 1.800 . m

= ½(825.3)(1.2) = 275 1 kN /
. t, Mu.+rM 1.800 . m m

H. Calculate Force Effects from Other Loads

1. Interior Strip, 1 m wide

DC Pconc = 2400 kg/m3 [Table A3.5.l-1]

Woe= (2400)(9.81)(10-9 )(550)
= 0.012 949 N/mrn~ = 12.95 kN/m:?
550 CONCRETE BRIDGES

3 0 mm
300 mm 1 2 3580 mm = 1790 mm

WHEEL LINES

I
SSOCL,__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-:------1

I 1800 mm MAX
Fig. E7.2-4 Live load placement for edge strip shear and moment.

VDc = ½{12.95)(10.67) = 69.l kN/m

- '''Del} - (12.95)(10.67)2 - 184 3 kN I
MDc - -8- - 8 - . mm

DW Bituminous Wearing Surface, 75 mm thick

PDw = 2250 kg/m3 [Table A3.5.l-1J
WDW = (2250)(9.81)(10- )(75) 9

= 0.001 655 N/mm 2 = 1.66 kN/m 2

VDw = t{l.66)(10.67) = 8.8 kN/m
MD11· -- (1.66)(10.67)2 -- 23 .6 kN m/ m
8

2. Edge strip, 1 m wide, barrier = 4.65 Nlmm = 4.65 kN!m Assume

barrier load spread over width of one-half strip at edge of 1800 mm.

~ 4.65 kN/m ,
DC: 1,•oc = 1 .95 + 1.800 m = 15.53 kN/m·
VDc = -½{15.53)(10.67) = 82.9 kN/m
(15.53)(10.67)2
/.1oc = 8 = 221.0 kN m/m
 7.10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 551

DW: w = (1.66)(1800 - 380) = l 31 kN/ 2

D\V 1800 . • m
Vow= ½(1.3i)(10.67) = 7.0 k.N/m
Mow = (1.31)(10.67)2 = 18.6.kN m/ m
8

I. Investigate Service Limit State

)
1. Durability [A5.12] Cover f~r unprotected main reinforcing steel
deck surface subject to tire wear: 60 mm
Bottom of CIP slabs: 25 mm ·
Effective depth for No. 25 bars:

25 2
d = 550 - 25 - · = 512 mm
2
'Tlo = 'TlR = 'Tlt = 1.0, therefore Tl = 1.0 [Al.3]
a. Moment-Interior Strip:

Min1erior = 'TlL'YiQi = 1.0[1.0Moc + l.0Mow + l.0Mu.+r.\f]

= 1.0[184.3 + 23.6 + 230.5)]
= 438.4 kN m/m
Trial reinforcement:

Assume I = 0.875 and h = 0.6/y = 240 MPa

. = 438 400 =·4.08 mm?/mrn

As 240(0.875)(512)

Try No. _30 bars_@ 175 mm (As= 4.00 mm2 / ~ ) (Table B.4)

Revised d = 550 - 25 - ½{29.9) = ?10 mm OK

b. Moment-Edge Strip:
t C u
'"edge = ·1.LJ
"'-v-,Q,• = 1.0[221.0 +
"\"I 18.6 + 275.1]
= 514.7 kN m/m
552 CONCRETE BRIDGES

-
Trial reinforcement:

= M = 514 700 = 4 _81 mrn2 /mrn

Az fsjd 240(0.875)(510)

Try No. 30 bars @ 140 mm (As = 5.00 mm2 /mrn)

2. Control of Cracking [A5.7.3.4]

z
fs ~ f sa = {d~)l /) ~ 0.6/y
a. Interior Strip-cliecking tensile stress against fr [A5.4.2.6,
A5.7.3.4]

M;..ICWX' = 438.4 kl~ m/m

M 438400
h = ibh2 = ¾{1)(550)2 = 8.70 MPa
0.8/,. = 0.8(0.63\f"l;) = 0.8(0.63)v'30 = 2.76 MPa
fc > 0.8f,.. section is cracked

Elastic-cracked section with No. 30 @ 175 mm (Az = 4000

mm2 /m) [A5.7.l] (Fig. E7.2-5)

n = ;z =
C
1.0, from deck design

nAz = 7.0(4000) = 28 000 mm2 /m

Location of neutral axis:

1000 mm
l• ·I - - - . - - - - - . . - - - , - - - - - ~ ~ - - - r
X

\.
d=51 mm \.
, d-x
\.

fs n
'
STRAIN STRESS
Fig. E7.2-5 Elastic-cracked section.
 7. 10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS S53

fb.t=t = nAid - x)
1(103}r) = (28.0 X 103)(510 - x)

solving. x = 143 mm ·
Moment of inertia of cracked section:

le,. = tb.r + nA,(d - x)2

= ½{10 3)(143)3 + (28.0 X 103)(510 ~ 143)~
= 4.746 x 109 mm4 /m .
Steel stress:

t = M(d - x) = 438 400(510 - 143)103 = 33 9 MPa

n le, 4.746 X 109 •

fs = 7(33.9) = 237 MPa

fs :s 0.6f, = 0.6(400) = 240 MPa
For Z = 23 000 N/mm, de= 40 mm, No. 30@ 175 mm

A = 2deb = 2(40)(175) = 14 OO0 mm2

N . 1
. . .
Z 23 000 .
ha = (dcA)"l = (40 X 14 OOQ)lll = 279 MPa > 0.6/y = 240 MPa
. .
Is = 237 MPa < ha = 240 MPa, OK
Use No. 30 @ 175 mm for interior strip

b. Edge Strip

M~,c = 514.7 kN m/m

Try No. 30 @ 140.mm, A, = 5000 mm2/m
nA, = 7(5000) = 35 x 103 mm2 /m

Location of neutral axis: (Fig. E7.2-5)

t(I03)(r) = (35 X 103)(510 - .x)

solving x = 15_7 mm
554 CONCRETE BRIDGES

Moment of inertia of cracked section:

.
. . ·.

2
fer ,,;, -½(103)(157)3 + 35 X 103(510 - 157)

= 5.651 x I09 ·mm4 /m

.
Steel stress:
3
t_ = 514 700(510 - 157) X 10 = 32_2 MPa
11 5.651 X 109
fs = 7(32.2) = 225 MPa < 240 MPa
For Z = 23 000 N/mrn, de= 40 mm, No. 30@ 140 mm

·A = 2(40)(140) = ll ZOO mm2

1 .

Z 23 000
ha = (deA) 113 = (40 X 11 200) 113 ·

= 301 MPa > 0.6/y = 240 MPa

Is = 225 MPa < Isa = 240 MPa, OK
Use No. 30@ 140 mm for edge strip

3. Defonnations [A5.7.3.6]

a. Dead Load Camber: [A2.5.2.6]

Woe = (12.95)(14.16) + 2(4.65) = 192.9 kN/m

Wow= (1.66)(13.40) = 22.3 kN/m
WoL =Woe+ Wow·= 215.2 kN/m
L.,
J_ (215.2)(10.67)2
MoL = sWoL
.
- = .,;.____;:....:__.;... = 3063 kN m
8

By using /,:. [AS. 7.3.6.2]

,·

A - 5 WoLU
OL - 384 £ /
e '
 7. 10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS SSS

I
M -J, I
~r .- . '}',

/, = 0.63\/'30 =:= 3.45 MPa

1
I, = t1l4 160)(550)3 = 196 X 109 mm4

M = 3 45 196.6 X 109 _
C:
er · (I06)(55012) - 2466 kN m
3 3
Mer) (2466)
(M = 3063 = 0.5 22
0

fer= (4.746 X 109)(14.16) = 67.3 X 109 mm4

II = (0.522)(196.6, x 109) + (1 - 0.522)(67.3 x 109)
le = 134.8 X 109 mm4
t:,. = 5 (215.2)(10 670)4 _ :
DL 384(27 7 00)(l 34.8 x 109) ~ 10 mm instantaneous

Long-time deflection factor for A; = 0 is equal to

Camber= (3.0)(10) = 30 mm upward

By using /8 : _[AS.7.3.6.2]

134.8 X 109)
!:,.DL = (10) ( 196.6 X lQ9 = 7 mm

Longtime deflection factor = 4.0

Camber = (4.0)(7)
= 28 ·mm upward,
comparable to the value based on le

b. Live Load Deflection: (Optional) [A2.5.2.6.2]

span 10 670
=
A 3l!OW
uu+1M
-
800
= - -=
800
13 mm

.I
I
556 CONCRETE BRIDGES

Use design truck alone or design lane load plus. 25% truck load
[A3.6.I.3.2]. When design truck alone, it shou1d be pl~ced so
that the distance between its resultant and the nearest wheel is
bisected by the span centerline. All design lanes should be
loaded: [A2.5.2.6.2] (Fig. E7.2-6)

NL = 3, m = 0.85
LPu+tM = 1.33(145 X 3)(0.85) = 491.8 kN

The value of It changes with the magnitude of the applied

moment M0 • The moment associated with the live load deflection
includes the dead load moment plus the truck moment from Sec-
tion 7.10.2, Part C.2

Moc+ow+u+tM = 3063 +·3(0.85)(480.1)(1.33) = 4690 kN m

so that

I, - (::~)' (196 X 10
9
) + [I - (;::~)'}67.3 X 109)

= 86.0 X ·109 mm4

Ejt = (27 700)(86.0 X 109) = 2.38 X 1015 N mm2

From Case 8, AISC (1994) Manual (see Fig: E7.2-7),

Pbx
d..,(x < a) = -;:;:;;<-L 2 - b2 - .r)
6EIL

First load: P = 491.8 kN, a = 8907 mm, b = 1763 mm, x =

z.::,c z
.::,c z
.::,c

~ cq r--.
0, co
•
0)

4.3 m • 4.3 m

I ---U-0.728
~ Cf.
10.670 m

Fig. E7.2•6 Design.truck placement for maximum deflecu·on m

· span.
,
 7. 10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 557

p
X
•I

0 b

L
( t Fig. E7.2•7 Concentrated load placement for calculation of deflection.

4607 mm

A = (491.8 X 103)(8907)(4607)[(10
670
)2
.. 6(2.38 x 10 )(10 670)
15

- (1763)2 - (4607)2) = 12 mm

Second load: P = 491.8 kN, a =x = _6063 mm, b = 4607 mm

= (491.8 3
X . 10 )(4607)(6063)[(10
670
)2
A.r 6(2.38 X 10 15)(10 670)
- (4607)2 - · (6063)2) = 5 mm ~I
I
Third load: P = 118.7 kN, a = 10 363 mm, b = 301 mm, x =
6063 mm

= (118.7 3
X 10 )(307)(6063)[(10
670
)2
Ax 6(2.38 X 10 15)(10 ~70)
- (307)2 - (6063)2) is = 0.1 mm

Au.+1M = ~A.r = 17 mm
> 13 mm, deflection may be a problem

Design lane load:

w = I.33(9.3)(3)(0.85) = 31.54 N/mm = 31.54 kN/m

I ., (31.54)(10.67)2 _
M = -wL-
8
= .8
- 448 .8 kN m

5 J,,!L2 5(448.8 X 106)(10 670)2

iltu.e = 48 EJ~ =. 48(2.3.8 X 10'. 5 ) = 2 mm
25% Truck = ¾(17) = 4 mm
 558 CONCRETE BRIDGES

Au+rM = 6 mm, not critical _. ~

Single concentrated tandem load at midspan:

p = 1.33(220 000 X 3)(0.85) = 746 130 N

- PL3 - (746 130)(10 670)3 = 8 mm, not critical
fl - 48EJ~ - 48(2.38 X 10'5)

The live load deflection estimate of 17 mm is conservative

because / was based on the maximum moment at midspan rather
than an a;erage /~ over the entire span. Also, the additional stiff-
ness provided by the concrete barriers (which can be significant)
has been neglected, as well as the compression reinforcement in
the top of the slab. Bridges typically deflect less than calculations
predict and, as a result, the deflection check has been made
optional.

4. Concrete stresses [AS.9.4.3]. No prestressing, does not apply.

5. Fatigue [AS.5.3]

U = 0.7'5(U + IM) (Table 3:1) [Table A3.4.l-1]

IM = 15% [A3.6.2.l]
Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9000-mm axle spacing
[A3.6.I . l.2]. Because of the large rear axle spacing, the maximum

I
moment results when the two front axles are on the bridge. As
shown in Figure E7.2-8, the two axle loads are placed on the bridge
so that the distance between the resultant of the axle loads on the
bridge and the nearest axle is divided equally by the centerline of
the span (Case 42, AISC Manual, I 994). No multiple presence fac-

I
0.418 m

1.035 m 4.917 m
Mids on
z.x z
..:,,:
If')
II)
Resultant st-

10.670 m

Fig. E7.2•8 Fatigue.truck placement for maximum bending mome"lt.

I
 7.10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 559

tor is applied (m = l). From Figure E7.2-8,

. . .
0
R8 = 180(3882 + 1035) = 82 9 kN
. IO 670 .
Mc= (82.9)(4'.917) =· 407.6 kN m
TIL'Y,Q, = l.0(0.75)(407.6)(1.15)" = 351.6 kN m/lane
t
a. Tensile Live Load Stresses: ·
one lane loaded, E = 4370 mm

~ 351.6 3 - .
Mu.+1M - (10) - 80.46 kN m/m
4370
f.i = (80.46)(5i0 - ·143)(l06) ·=
6 22
·MP
n 4.146 X 109 • a

fm:u = 7(6.22) = 43.6 MPa

b. Reinforcing Bars: [A5.5.3.2]
Maximum stress range:

iJ = 145 - 0.33/min + 55(r/h)

where /min = 0, qecause deck is treated as a simple beam; thus,

there is no moment reversal

r
h = o.3
ft= 145 - 0.33(0) + 55(0.3)_= 161.5 MPa > frnv.
= 43.6 MPa, OK
J. Investigate Strength Limit State

1. Flexure [A5.7.3.2] Rectangular stress distribution [A5.7.2.2]

. ~I ;, 0.85 - O.OS(t) = 0.836

a. Interior Strip:
Eq. 7.73 with Aps = 0, b = ~w• A; _= 0
A1 = N~. 30@ 175 mm= 4.00 mm2 /mm for service limit state.

AJ, (4.00)(400) .
c = 0.85J;~ 1b = 0.85(30)(0.836)(1) = 75 mm
560 CONCRETE BRIDGES

= l3 1c = (0.836)(75) = 63 mm.
a

ds = 550 - 25 - ½(29.9) ~ 510 mm

0

E. = 75 = O 147 < 0.42, OK [A5.7.3.3.l]

ds 510 .

= As = 4 .00 = 0.007 84
P bd (1 )(510)

Pmin = 0.01 = 0.03(:io) = 0.002 25 < p, OK [A5.7.3.3.2]

2
Eq. 7.76 with Aps = 0, b = b..,, A; = 0, As = 4.0 mm /mrn

M"
=
AJy
(d _~)2 = (4.0)(400)(
s 103 510 _ 63)
2

= 765.6 kN m/m
Factored resistance = 4>Mn = 0.9(765.6) = 689.04 kN m/m
Strength/

A1,, = '11L'Y;Q; = l.05[1.25M0 c + l.50M0 w

+ 1.15Mu.+iM + -y70Mro]

For simple span bridges, temp·erature gradient effect reduces

gravity load effects. Because temperature gradient may not al-
ways be there, assume 'Yrc = 0.

M,, = 'YL'Y;Q, = 1.05(1.25(184.3) + 1.50(23.6) + 1.75(230.5)]

M,, = 702.54 kN m/m > 4>Mn = 689.0 kN m/m, not good
Try No. 30 @ 150 mm, As = 4.667 mm2 /mrn: • t

Asfv (4.667)(400) .
c = 0.85/;13,b = 0.85(30)(0.836)(1) = 88 mm
a = l3 1c = (0.836)(88) = 74 mm
C 88
d = 510 .= 0.173 < 0.42, OK (A5.7.3.3.l]
I

As 4.661
P = bd = (1)(510) = o.oo9 15 > Pmin = 0.002 25, OK
 7.10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 561

4 66
(I
Mn= < · !cii400>(s10 ·_ ~4) = 883.0 kN m/m
<f>Mn = 0.9(883.0) = 794.7 kN m/m >. Mu
= 702.54 kN m/m, OK
Strength limit state governs. · ·
Use No. 30@ f50 mm for interior strip

b. Edge Strip:

A.,= No. 30@ 140 mm, A.,

= 5.0 mm2/mm for service limit state
. A,/., (5.0)(400)
c = 0.85J;13 1b = 0.85(30)(0.836)(1) = 94 mm
a = 13,c = (0.836)(94) = 79 mm
C 94
d = 510 = 0.184 < 0.42, OK [A5.7.3.3.l]
I .

A, S.0 . 0 0098
p = bd = (1)( !0)
5 = . > Pmin = 0.002 25 OK
0
4,M. = -9<5j~,<400>(s10 - ~) = 846.9 kN m/m
Strength/:

Mu= 'TII-YiQi = l.05[1.25(221.0) + 1.50(18.6) + 1.75(275.1)]

Mu= 824.95 kN m/m < <t>Mn = 846.9 kN m/m, OK

Use No. 30@ }40 mm/or edge strip

2. Shear (A5.14.4.l] Slab bridges designed for moment in confor- r

mance with AASHTO [A4.6.2.3] may be considered satisfactory for I
shear. If longitudinal tubes are placed in the slab to create voids
and reduce the cross section, the shear resistance must be checked.
K. Distribution Reinforcement [AS.14.4.1] The amount of bottom
transverse reinforcement may be taken as a percentage of the main
reinforcement required for positive moment as

I:Jr_O ~ 50% .
562 CONCRETE BRIDGES

1750 = 16.9%
v'l0670

a. Interior Strip:

Positive moment reinforcement= No. 30 @ 150 mm,

As = 4.667 mrn2/mm
Transverse reinforcement = 0.169(4.667)
= 0.789 mm2/mm

Use No. 15 @ 250 mm transverse bottom bars, As = 0.800

mrn2/mrn

b. Edge Strip:

·Positive moment reinforcement= No. 30 @ 140 mm,

A1 = 5.0 mm2 /mm
Transverse reinforcement = 0.169(5.0)
= 0.845 mm2 /mm

Use No. 15 @ 200 mm, transverse bottom bars, As = 1.000

mm2/mm. For ease of placement, use No. 15 @ 200 mm across
the entire width of the bridge.
L. Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Transverse reinforce-
ment in the top of the slab [A5.10.8]

Temp A
I
~ 0 11~
Jy = 0•11[(1)(
•
55 0)]
400

= 1.375 mm2 /mm each direction, both faces

Top layer A, = ½(1.375) = 0.688 mrn2/mm

Use No. 15@ 250 mm, transverse top bars, As= 0.800 mm2 /mm
M. Design Sk~tch · The design of the solid slab bridge is summarized in
the half-section of Figure E7.2-9.

7.10.3 T-Beam Bridge Design

Problem Statement Design a reinforced concrete T-beam bridge for a
l3 420 mm wide roadway ?nd three-spans of 10 670 mm _ 12 8Q0 mm -
 7.10 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 563

13 420 mm Roadway
380 mml7~
u..:.=~,:;:;!1{.S:mm:;iiii:..._ _ _ _ _ _ _..lJ~-,864 mm
550 mm r'!""'------------_Jg_,
I 14 180 mm · j
TRANSVERSE SECTION .

0 27 s aces @ 250 mm = 6750 mm

No. 15 @ 250 mm, Trans.

No. 30, long.
No. 15 @ 200 mm, Trons. ·

215 ~ml I 125 mm

0 mm cir.
550 mm
r- 4ZJ=ll25c:ii:c!cz::r:;=z========I-/ :25 mm cir.

90 mm-t-'_-"'"7_ _.,____ _ _~ - - - ~ l 5 mm

7090 mm
125 mm ·= 2125 mm
.32 spa. @ 150 mm
REINFORCEMEN~ HALF'-~ECTION
Fig. E7.2-9 Design sketch for solid slab bridge. (a) Transverse section and (b) re-
inforcement half-section.

10 670 mm with a skew of 30° as shown in Figure E7.3-l. Use the concrete
deck of Figures E7 .1-14 and E7.1-17 previously designed for a HL-93 live
load, a bituminous overlay, and a 2440-mm spacing of girders in Example
Problem 7.10.1. Use/; = 30 MPa,.J;, = 400 MPa, and follow the outline of
AASHTO (1994) LRFD Bridge Specifications, Section 5-Appendix A5.3.

A. Develop General Section

The bridge is to carry interstate traffi~ over a normally small stream
that is subject to high water flows dunng the rainy se§I-Son .(Fig. E7 .3-
1).
C B. Develop Typical Section and Design Basis
I. Top Flange Thickness [A5.14. l.3.la] .
• As determined in Section 9 [A9.7.l.1_]

Minimum depth of concrete deck= 175 mm