Coordinates: 38°07′N 13°22′E

Palermo
Palermo (/pəˈlɛərmoʊ, -ˈlɜːr-/ pə-LAIR-moh, -LUR-,[3] Italian: [pa
ˈlɛrmo] ( listen); Sicilian: Palermu, locally [paˈlɛmmʊ]; Latin: Palermo
Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, romanized: Pánormos) is a city of Palermu (Sicilian)
southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and Comune
the Metropolitan City of Palermo. The city is noted for its history,
Comune di Palermo
culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role
throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is
in the northwest of the island of Sicily, by the Gulf of Palermo in the
Tyrrhenian Sea.

The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz. Palermo

then became a possession of Carthage. Two Greek colonies were
established, known collectively as Panormos or "All-Port"; the
Carthaginians used this name on their coins after the 5th century BC.
As Panormus, the town became part of the Roman Republic and
Empire for over a thousand years. From 831 to 1072 the city was
under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became

َ َ ), the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman

a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm[4][5] (Arabic: Clockwise from top: Mondello, Teatro Massimo,
Cappella Palatina, Zisa, Cathedral, Virgin
reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 Annunciate of Antonello da Messina, Quattro
Canti in Maqueda Street, Churches of
to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman
Martorana and San Cataldo, Interior of Santa
Empire under Emperor Frederick II and King Conrad IV. Caterina Church, Pretoria Square and Mount
Pellegrino
The population of Palermo urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be
855,285, while its metropolitan area is the fifth most populated in Italy
with around 1.2 million people. In the central area, the city has a
population of around 676,000 people. The inhabitants are known as
Palermitani or, poetically, panormiti. The languages spoken by its
inhabitants are the Italian language and the Palermitano dialect of the Flag
Sicilian language.
Coat of arms
Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and tourism capital. It is a city
rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are
attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned
gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque[6] and
Art Nouveau[7] churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and
music.[8] Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center:
the main industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce and
agriculture.[9] Palermo currently has an international airport, and a
significant underground economy. In fact, for cultural, artistic and
economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the
Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both
Italy and Europe. It is the main seat of the UNESCO World Heritage
Site Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù
and Monreale. The city is also going through careful redevelopment,
preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean
area.[10] The municipality of Palermo within the province
Location of Palermo
Roman Catholicism is highly important in Palermitan culture. The
Patron Saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia whose Feast Day is
celebrated on 15 July. The area attracts significant numbers of tourists
each year and is widely known for its colourful fruit, vegetable and
fish markets at the heart of Palermo, known as Vucciria, Ballarò and
Capo.[11]

Contents
Geography
Climate
Topography
Rivers
Districts
Landmarks
Palaces and museums
Churches
Squares and public monuments
City walls
Opera houses
Other sights
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Demographics Palermo
History
Early history
Antiquity
Middle Ages Location of Palermo in Sicily
Early modern era
Two Sicilies
Italian unification and today Palermo
Culture
Religion
Patron saints
Sports
Economy and infrastructure
Public transport
Buses
Trams
Coaches
Palermo Public Transportation Statistics Palermo (Sicily)
Roads Coordinates: 38°07′N 13°22′E
Airports Country Italy
Port Region Sicily
National rail Metropolitan Palermo (PA)
city
Education
Founded 736 BC
International relations
Twin towns - sister cities Government
• Mayor Leoluca Orlando (PD)
Twin City Trivia
Area[1]
Notable people
• Total 158.9 km2 (61.4 sq mi)
Honorary citizens
Elevation 14 m (46 ft)
See also
Population (31 January 2013)[2]
References
 Citations • Total 676,118 (city)
Sources 1,300,000 (metro)
Demonym(s) Palermitano
External links Panormito
Palermitan (English)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
Geography • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)

Palermo lies in a basin, formed by the Papireto, Kemonia and Oreto Postal code 90100
rivers. The basin was named the Conca d'Oro (the Golden Basin) by Dialing code 091
the Arabs in the 9th century. The city is surrounded by a mountain ISTAT code 082053 (http://ottomilacen
range which is named after the city itself. These mountains face the sus.istat.it/comune/082/08
Tyrrhenian Sea. Palermo is home to a natural port and offers excellent 2053)
views to the sea, especially from Monte Pellegrino. Patron saint Saint Rosalia, Saint Agata,
Saint Oliva and Saint
Benedict the Moor
Climate Saint day 14 July
Website Official website (http://ww
Palermo experiences a hot- w.comune.palermo.it)
summer subtropical
Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) with moderate
seasonality. Summers are very long, hot and dry due to the domination of
subtropical high pressure system, while winters are mild and changeable, with rainy
weather due to the polar front.[12] Temperatures in autumn and spring are typically
warm. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm
Gulf of Mondello seen from Monte nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18 °C (64 °F); it is one of the
Pellegrino warmest cities in Italy. It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year.
Snow is a rare occurrence having snowed about a dozen times since 1945.[13]
Since the 1940s to nowadays there have been at least five times when considerable
snowfall has occurred. In 1949 and in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 °C (32 °F), the city was
blanketed by some centimetres of snow.[14] Snowfalls also occurred in 1981, 1986, 1999 and 2014.[15] The average annual
temperature of the sea is above 19 °C (66 °F); from 14 °C (57 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the period from
November to May, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 °C (64 °F) and in the period from June to October, the average
sea temperature exceeds 21 °C (70 °F).[16]
Climate data for Palermo-Boccadifalco Airport on the outskirts of the city (altitude: 117 m, satellite view (https://tools.wmflabs.org/g
eohack/geohack.php?pagename=Palermo-Boccadifalco_Airport&params=38_07_06_N_13_18_47_E_type:airport)), 1971-2000 normals,
Extremes 1943-present

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 27.2 28.1 34.6 32.2 39.1 44 43.6 45.2 41.2 37.4 30.3 26.7 45.2
°C (°F) (81.0) (82.6) (94.3) (90.0) (102.4) (111) (110.5) (113.4) (106.2) (99.3) (86.5) (80.1) (113.4)

Average 14.7 14.5 16.4 18.7 23.3 27.2 29.8 30.5 27.5 23.5 19.0 15.8 21.7
high °C (°F) (58.5) (58.1) (61.5) (65.7) (73.9) (81.0) (85.6) (86.9) (81.5) (74.3) (66.2) (60.4) (71.1)

Daily mean 11.8 11.5 13.0 15.1 19.3 23.2 25.7 26.6 23.8 20.1 15.9 13.0 18.3
°C (°F) (53.2) (52.7) (55.4) (59.2) (66.7) (73.8) (78.3) (79.9) (74.8) (68.2) (60.6) (55.4) (64.9)

Average low 8.9 8.5 9.6 11.4 15.3 19.2 21.7 22.7 20.1 16.7 12.9 10.2 14.8
°C (°F) (48.0) (47.3) (49.3) (52.5) (59.5) (66.6) (71.1) (72.9) (68.2) (62.1) (55.2) (50.4) (58.6)

Record low −1.2 0 −0.3 4.6 8.4 11 14.8 13.1 10.6 7.2 3.6 0.8 −1.2
°C (°F) (29.8) (32) (31.5) (40.3) (47.1) (52) (58.6) (55.6) (51.1) (45.0) (38.5) (33.4) (29.8)

Average
97.5 109.9 78.2 65.1 36.2 17.9 6.7 31.8 65.3 105.6 117.5 123.7 855.4
precipitation
(3.84) (4.33) (3.08) (2.56) (1.43) (0.70) (0.26) (1.25) (2.57) (4.16) (4.63) (4.87) (33.68)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation 9.6 9.6 8.7 8.6 4.1 1.9 1.2 2.4 5.4 8.2 10.4 12 82.1
days

Source 1: Servizio Meteorologico[17]

Source 2: Tu Tiempo[18] Extreme temperatures.

Climate data for Palermo-Valverde, elevation: 21 m or 69 ft, 1961-1990 normals, Extremes 1960-1990

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C 15.4 15.9 17.5 20.1 23.4 27.2 30.1 30.4 28.3 24.5 20.6 16.9 22.5
(°F) (59.7) (60.6) (63.5) (68.2) (74.1) (81.0) (86.2) (86.7) (82.9) (76.1) (69.1) (62.4) (72.5)

11.1 11.5 12.7 15.1 18.2 21.9 24.6 25.0 23.1 19.7 15.9 12.6 17.6
Daily mean °C (°F)
(52.0) (52.7) (54.9) (59.2) (64.8) (71.4) (76.3) (77.0) (73.6) (67.5) (60.6) (54.7) (63.7)

Average low °C 6.8 7.0 8.0 10.1 12.9 16.6 19.0 19.6 17.9 14.8 11.3 8.4 12.7
(°F) (44.2) (44.6) (46.4) (50.2) (55.2) (61.9) (66.2) (67.3) (64.2) (58.6) (52.3) (47.1) (54.9)

Average
89 69 58 46 25 10 5 12 42 80 84 93 613
precipitation mm
(3.5) (2.7) (2.3) (1.8) (1.0) (0.4) (0.2) (0.5) (1.7) (3.1) (3.3) (3.7) (24.2)
(inches)

Average
12 9 9 7 4 2 1 1 5 8 10 12 80
precipitation days

Source: Servizio Meteorologico[19]

 Climate data for Cinisi, at 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Palermo. (Palermo Punta Raisi Airport), elevation: 21 m or 69 ft, 1961-
1990 normals, Extremes 1960-1990

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 25.6 29.4 34.7 34.6 40 44 43.1 42.4 40.6 35.2 31 26.7 44
°C (°F) (78.1) (84.9) (94.5) (94.3) (104) (111) (109.6) (108.3) (105.1) (95.4) (88) (80.1) (111)

Average high 14.8 15.1 16.1 18.4 21.8 25.1 28.3 28.8 26.6 22.9 19.3 16.0 21.1
°C (°F) (58.6) (59.2) (61.0) (65.1) (71.2) (77.2) (82.9) (83.8) (79.9) (73.2) (66.7) (60.8) (70.0)

Daily mean 12.5 12.6 13.5 15.7 18.9 22.4 25.6 26.2 24.1 20.3 16.8 13.7 18.5
°C (°F) (54.5) (54.7) (56.3) (60.3) (66.0) (72.3) (78.1) (79.2) (75.4) (68.5) (62.2) (56.7) (65.4)

Average low 10.2 10.1 10.9 12.9 16.0 19.7 22.9 23.6 21.5 17.8 14.3 11.5 16.0
°C (°F) (50.4) (50.2) (51.6) (55.2) (60.8) (67.5) (73.2) (74.5) (70.7) (64.0) (57.7) (52.7) (60.7)

Record low 1.4 2.4 2.4 5.8 9 13.3 16 17.9 13 8 5.1 1.6 1.4
°C (°F) (34.5) (36.3) (36.3) (42.4) (48) (55.9) (61) (64.2) (55) (46) (41.2) (34.9) (34.5)

Average
71.6 65.4 59.5 44.1 25.5 12.2 5.1 13.3 41.5 98.0 94.3 80.0 610.5
precipitation
(2.82) (2.57) (2.34) (1.74) (1.00) (0.48) (0.20) (0.52) (1.63) (3.86) (3.71) (3.15) (24.02)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation 10 10 9 6 3 2 1 2 4 8 9 11 75
days

Average
relative 73 72 72 72 72 71 69 71 72 71 70 73 72
humidity (%)

Source 1: NOAA [20]

Source 2: Altervista[21] Extreme temperatures.

Topography

Palermo is surrounded by mountains, which form a cirque around the city. Some
districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was
relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the
mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about 1,333 metres (4,373 ft)
high. However, historically, the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino, which is
geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain. The mount lies right
in front of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th
century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as "the most beautiful promontory in the
world", in his essay "Italian Journey".
Monte Pellegrino pictured at the end
of the 19th century; the mountain is
Rivers visible from everywhere in the city

Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings.
However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them
follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from
the western uptown and the industrial districts. In the basins there were, though, many seasonal torrents that helped formed
swampy plains, reclaimed during history; a good example of which can be found in the borough of Mondello.
 View of Palermo from Monte Pellegrino

Districts

Quarters of Palermo

Municipality Quarters
I Kalsa, Albergheria, Seralcadio & La Loggia
II Settecannoli, Brancaccio & Ciaculli-Oreto
III Villagrazia-Falsomiele & Stazione-Oreto
Montegrappa, S. Rosalia, Cuba, Calafatimi,
IV
Mezzomonreale, Villa Tasca-Altarello & Boccadifalco
V Zisa, Noce, Uditore-Passo di Rigano & Borgo Nuovo
VI Cruillas, S. Giovanni Apostolo, Resuttana & San Lorenzo
Pallavicino, Tommaso Natale, Sferracavallo, Partanna
VII Mondello, Arenella, Vergine Maria & San Filippo Neri
(formerly known as ZEN)
Politeama, Malaspina-Palagonia, Libertà & Monte
VIII
Pellegrino

Shown above are the thirty five quarters of Palermo: these thirty five neighbourhoods or "quartiere" as they are known, are
further divided into eight governmental community boards.[22]

Landmarks
 Palermo Cathedral

Palermo has a large architectural heritage and is notable for its many Norman buildings.

Palaces and museums

Palazzo dei Normanni (the Norman Palace), a notable example of
Norman architecture, this palace houses the Cappella Palatina.
Zisa (1160) and Cuba, magnificent castles/houses historically used by
the kings of Palermo for hunting. The Zisa today houses the Islamic
museum. The Cuba was once encircled by water.
Palazzo Natoli
Palazzo Chiaramonte
Palazzo Abatellis. Built at the end of the 15th century for the prefect of
Palazzo dei Normanni, seat of the
the city, Francesco Abatellis. It is a massive though elegant
Sicilian Regional Assembly.
construction, in typical Catalan Gothic style, with Renaissance
influences. The Gallery houses an Eleonora of Aragon bust by
Francesco Laurana (1471) and the Malvagna Triptych (c. 1510), by Jan
Gossaert and the famous Annunziata by Antonello da Messina.
The Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas is one of the main museums of Italy: it includes
numerous remains from Etruscan, Carthaginian, Roman and Hellenistic civilisations. It houses all the
decorative remains from the Sicilian temples of Segesta and Selinunte.
Palazzina Cinese, royal residence of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and location of the Ethnografic
Museum of Sicily.

Churches
Palermo Cathedral: Located at Corso Vittorio Emanuele, corner Via
Matteo Bonello, its long history has led to an accumulation of different
architectural styles, the latest being the 18th century.
Cappella Palatina, the 12th century chapel of the Palazzo dei
Normanni, has outstanding mosaics in both Western and the Eastern
traditions and a roof by Saracen craftsmen.
San Giovanni dei Lebbrosi
San Giovanni degli Eremiti (St. John of the Hermit Order): Located near
the Palazzo dei Normanni, a 12th-century church notable for its bright San Cataldo's Church.
red domes, a remnant of Arab influence in Sicily. In his Diary of an Idle
Woman in Sicily, F. Elliot described it as "... totally oriental... it would fit
well in Baghdad or Damascus". The bell tower is an example of Norman architecture.
Chiesa della Martorana: Also known as Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio (St Mary of the Admiral), the church is
annexed to the next-door church of San Cataldo and overlooks the Piazza Bellini in central Palermo. The
original layout was a compact cross-in-square ("Greek cross plan"), a common south Italian and Sicilian
variant of the middle Byzantine period church style. Three eastern apses adjoin directly to the naos, instead
of being separated by an additional bay, as was usual in eastern Byzantine architecture.[23] The bell tower,
 lavishly decorated, still serves as the main entrance to the church. The
interior decoration is elaborate, and includes Byzantine mosaics.
San Cataldo: Church, on the central Piazza Bellini, which is a good
example of Norman architecture.
Santa Maria della Gancia
Santa Caterina: This church is located behind Piazza Pretoria and built
between 1566 and 1596 in the baroque style.
Santa Maria della Catena: This church was built between 1490–1520.
Designed by Matteo Carnilivari: The name derives from chains that Chiesa della Martorana.
were once attached to one of the walls.
San Domenico: Located near Via Roma, it is known as the “Pantheon
of illustrious Sicilians”.
San Giuseppe dei Teatini: Located near the Quattro Canti, it is an
example of Sicilian Baroque.
Oratorio di San Lorenzo Working in stucco, Rococo sculptor Giacomo
Serpotta, his brother Giuseppe and his son Procopio, decorated the
church (1690/98–1706) with such a profusion of statuary, and an
abundance of putti, the walls appear alive. In October 1969, two thieves
removed Caravaggio's Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence from
its frame. It has never been recovered.[24][25]
Oratorio del Rosario: Completed by Giacomo Serpotta in (1710–17)
Santa Teresa alla Kalsa, which derives its name from Al-Khalisa, an
Arabic term meaning elected, was constructed between 1686 and 1706
over the former Emir's residence, is one of the best examples of Sicilian
Baroque. It has a single, airy nave, with stucco decorations from the Church of Saint Catherine.
early 18th century.
Santa Maria dello Spasimo was built in 1506 and later turned into a
hospital. This church inspired Raphael to paint his famous Sicilia's
Spasimo, now in the Museo del Prado. The church today is a
fascinating open-air auditorium, which occasionally houses exhibitions
and musical shows.
Church of the Gesu (Church of Jesus): Located in the city centre, the
church was built in 1564 in the late-Renaissance style by the Jesuits. It
was built over a pre-existing convent of Basilian monks. Alterations in
1591 were completed in a Sicilian Baroque. The church was heavily
damaged after the 1943 bombings, which destroyed most of the
frescos. The interior has a Latin cross plan with a nave and two aisles, Church of San Francesco d'Assisi.
and has a particularly rich decoration of marbles, intarsia and stuccoes,
especially in St Anne's Chapel. At the right is the Casa Professa, with a
1685 portal and a precious 18th century cloister. The building has been home to the Municipal Library since
1775.
San Francesco di Assisi: this church was built between 1255 and 1277 in what was once the market district
of the city, at the site of two pre-existing churches and was largely renovated in the 15th, 16th, 18th and 19th
centuries, the last after an earthquake. After the 1943 bombings, the church was restored to its Medieval
appearance, which now includes part of the original building such as part of the right side, the apses and
the Gothic portal in the façade. The interior has a typical Gothic flavour, with a nave and two aisles
separated by two rows of cylindrical pilasters. Some of the chapels are in Renaissance style, as well as the
late 16th century side portals. The church includes precious sculptures by Antonio, Giacomo Gagini and
Francesco Laurana. Of note are also statues built by Giacomo Serpotta in 1723.
Church of the Magione: Officially known as the church of the Holy Trinity. This church was built in the
Norman style in 1191 by Matteo d'Ajello, who donated it to the Cistercian monks.

Squares and public monuments

Quattro Canti is a small square at the crossing of the ancient main roads (now: Corso Vittorio Emanuele
and Via Maqueda) dividing the town into its quarters (mandamenti). The buildings at the corner have
diagonal baroque façades so the square has an almost octagonal form.
 Piazza Pretoria was planned in the 16th century near the Quattro Canti
as the site of a fountain by Francesco Camilliani, the Fontana Pretoria.
The monument to Charles V on Piazza Bologni, erected in 1631.

City walls

Palermo has at least two rings of city walls, many pieces of which still survive. The
first ring surrounded the ancient core of the Phoenician city – the so-called
Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neapolis. Via Vittorio Piazza Pretoria.
Emanuele was the main road east–west through this early walled city. The eastern
edge of the walled city was on Via Roma and the ancient port in the vicinity of
Piazza Marina. The wall circuit was approximately Porto Nuovo, Corso Alberti,
Piazza Peranni, Via Isodoro, Via Candela, Via Venezia, Via Roma, Piazza Paninni,
Via Biscottari, Via Del Bastione, Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porto Nuovo.

In the medieval period the walled city was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele
continued to be the main road east–west through the walled city. The west gate was
still Porta Nuova, the walls continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele
Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line
of Via Cavour. At this northeast corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to
protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other The Palazzo dei Normanni
end at Santa Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was
along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the
northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto,
to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova.[26]

Several gates in the city wall survive. Images of the wall can be seen here.[27]

Opera houses

Up until the beginning of 20th century there were hundreds of small opera theatres
known as magazzeni in the city of Palermo.

The Teatro Massimo ("Greatest Theatre") was opened in 1897. It is the

biggest in Italy (8,000 m2, 86,000 sq ft), and one of the largest of
Europe (the third after the Paris Opera and the Vienna State Opera),
renowned for its perfect acoustics. Enrico Caruso sang in a
performance of La Gioconda during the opening season, returning for
Rigoletto at the very end of his career. Closed for renovation from 1974 Teatro Massimo opera house.
until 1997, it is now restored and has an active schedule.
The Teatro Politeama was built between 1867 and 1874.

Other sights

The cathedral has a heliometer (solar observatory) dating to 1690, one of a

number[28] built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite
simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an
image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer).
There is a bronze line, la Meridiana, on the floor, running precisely north–south. Teatro Politeama.
The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs
of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.

The purpose of the instrument was to standardise the measurement of time and the calendar. The convention in Sicily had
been that the (24‑hour) day was measured from the moment of dawn, which of course meant that no two locations had the
same time and, more importantly, did not have the same time as in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. It was also important to
know when the vernal equinox occurred, to provide the correct date for Easter.
The Orto botanico di Palermo (Palermo Botanical Garden), founded in 1785, is the
largest in Italy with a surface of 10 hectares (25 acres).

One site of interest is the Capuchin Catacombs, with many mummified corpses in
varying degrees of preservation.

Close to the city is the 600-metre-high (2,000 ft) Monte Pellegrino, offering a
panorama of the city, its surrounding mountains and the sea.

Another good panoramic viewpoint is the promontory of Monte Gallo (586 m,

1,923 ft), near Mondello Beach.[29]

Moreton Bay fig of >30 m girth and of 32m height can be found on the Piazza
Marina. This Ficus macrophylla is most probably the thickest tree in Europe.[30]

Palermo Botanical Garden: the

Winter Garden greenhouses.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

UNESCO World Heritage Sites include the Palazzo Reale with the Cappella Palatina, the Chiesa di San Giovanni degli
Eremiti, the Chiesa di Santa Maria dell’Ammiraglio, the Chiesa di San Cataldo, the Cattedrale di Palermo, the Palazzo della
Zisa and the Ponte dell’Ammiraglio.[31][32][33] This makes Italy the country with the most UNESCO world heritage
sites,[34][35] and Sicily the region hosting the most within Italy.[36]

Demographics
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of Historical population
which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were Year Pop. ±%
female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 1861 199,911 —
17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people
1871 223,689 +11.9%
under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4
1881 244,898 +9.5%
compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the
1901 309,566 +26.4%
population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole,
1911 339,465 +9.7%
1921 397,486 +17.1%
1931 379,905 −4.4%
grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, 1936 411,879 +8.4%
and to Northern Italy.[37] The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 1951 490,692 +19.1%
inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births. 1961 587,985 +19.8%
1971 642,814 +9.3%
As of 2006, 97.79% of the population was of Italian descent. The largest immigrant 1981 701,782 +9.2%
group came from South Asia (mostly from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka): 0.80%, other 1991 698,556 −0.5%
European countries (mostly from Albania, Romania, Serbia, North Macedonia and
2001 686,722 −1.7%
Ukraine): 0.3%, and North Africa (mostly from Tunisia): 0.28%.[38]
2008
659,623 −3.9%
(Est.)
History Source: ISTAT 2001

2015 largest resident

Early history foreign-born groups[39]
Evidence of human settlement in the area now known Country of birth Population
as Palermo goes back to at least the Mesolithic period, Bangladesh 5,567
perhaps around 8000 BC, where a group of cave
Sri Lanka 3,846
drawings at nearby Addaura from that period have
been found.[40] The original inhabitants were Sicani Romania 3,056
people who, according to Thucydides, arrived from Ghana 2,803
the Iberian Peninsula (perhaps Catalonia).[41][42]
Philippines 1,757
Morocco 1,295
Antiquity
Tunisia 1,184
In 734 BC the Phoenicians, maritime traders from China 1,135
Mesolithic cave art at northern Canaan, built a small settlement on the Mauritius 1,034
Addaura. natural harbor of Palermo, which became known as
other countries each <600
Ziz[43] (Punic: 𐤑𐤉𐤑, ṣYṣ).[44] It became one of the
three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with
Motya and Soluntum. However, the remains of the Phoenician presence in the city
are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area,
making any excavation efforts costly and logistically difficult. The site chosen by
the Phoenicians made it easy to connect the port to the mountains with a straight
road that today has become Corso Calatifimi. This road helped the Phoenicians in
trading with the populations that lived beyond the mountains that surround the gulf.

The first settlement is known as Paleapolis (Greek: Παλαιάπολις), meaning "Old

City", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century A brief stretch of Palermo's
BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις) or "New City". Neapolis was erected towards the Phoenician defence wall, now
east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to enclosed in the Santa Caterina
Monastery.
prevent attacks from foreign threats. Some part of this structure can still be seen in
the Cassaro district. This district was named after the walls themselves; the word
Cassaro deriving from the Arab al-qaṣr (castle, stronghold, see also alcázar).
Along the walls there were few doors to access and exit the city, suggesting that trade even toward the inner part of the
island occurred frequently. Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided
the old city from the new one too. The colony developed around a central street (decumanus), cut perpendicularly by minor
streets. This street today has become Corso Vittorio Emanuele.

Carthage was Palermo's major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this
period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the
Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island
of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Pánormos (Πάνορμος), meaning "all port" due to its large
anchorage, from which the present name of the city developed. The Phoenicians began using the Greek name on the city's
coinage from the 5th century BC.[45] It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of
Himera) was launched.[46] In 409 BC the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC
when Syracuse allied with the Romans of Italy and pushed the Carthaginians off of the island during the First Punic War. In
276 BC,[47] during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus,
but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275 BC. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the
first battle of Panormus (the Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.

Middle Ages

As the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of several
Germanic tribes. The first were the Vandals in 440 AD under the rule of their king
Geiseric. The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by
455 establishing themselves as a significant force.[48] They acquired Corsica,
Sardinia and Sicily shortly afterwards. However, they soon lost these newly
acquired possessions to the Ostrogoths. The Ostrogothic conquest under Theodoric
the Great began in 488; Theodoric supported Roman culture and government
unlike the Germanic Goths.[49] The Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths
San Giovanni degli Eremiti, a church
and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Sicily was
showing elements of Byzantine,
the first part of Italy to be taken under control of General Belisarius who was
Arabic, and Norman architecture.
commissioned by Eastern Emperor. Justinian I solidified his rule in the following
years.[50][51]

The Arabs took control of the island in 904, and the Emirate of Sicily was
established.[52] Muslim rule on the island lasted for about 120 years.[53] Palermo
(Bal'harm during Arab rule) displaced Syracuse as the capital of Sicily. It was said
to have then begun to compete with Córdoba and Cairo in terms of importance and
splendor.[54] For more than a hundred years Palermo was the capital of a
flourishing emirate.[55] The Arabs also introduced many agricultural crops which
remain a mainstay of Sicilian cuisine.[48]

After dynastic quarrels however, there was

a Norman conquest in 1072. Normans
conquered Palermo after a long siege.
Indeed, the feat proved difficult because
the Normans had never besieged such a
populous city with such powerful walls.
After 5 months siege, Normans built
numerous stairs and war machines and
finally conquered the city.[56] The family Cappella Palatina, decorated with
who returned the city to Christianity were Byzantine, Arabic and Norman
called the Hautevilles, including Robert elements.
Guiscard and his army, who is regarded as
a hero by the natives.[52][57] It was under
his nephew Roger II of Sicily that Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part
of the Italian Peninsula were promoted from the County of Sicily into the Kingdom
of Sicily. The kingdom's capital was Palermo, with the King's Court held at the
Palazzo dei Normanni. Much construction was undertaken during this period, such
as the building of Palermo Cathedral. The Kingdom of Sicily became one of the
Arabesque on a wall of the Cuba wealthiest states in Europe.[58]
Palace.
Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. Palermo was the
preferred city of the Emperor Frederick II. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were
expelled during Holy Roman rule. After an interval of Angevin rule (1266–1282), Sicily came under control of the Aragon
and Barcelona dynasties. By 1330, Palermo's population had declined to 51,000.[59]

Early modern era

From 1479 until 1713 Palermo was ruled by the Kingdom of Spain, and again between 1717 and 1718. Palermo was also
under Savoy control between 1713 and 1717 and 1718–1720 as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht. It was ruled by Austria
between 1720 and 1734.
Two Sicilies

After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Sicily was handed over to the House of Savoy,
but by 1734 it was in Bourbon possession. Charles III chose Palermo for his
coronation as King of Sicily. Charles had new houses built for the growing
population, while trade and industry grew as well. However, Palermo had become
just another provincial city as the Royal Court resided in Naples. Charles' son
Ferdinand, though disliked by the population, took refuge in Palermo after the
French Revolution in 1798. His son Alberto died on the way to Palermo and is Charles V Monument (1631)
buried in the city. commemorating the monarch's visit
in Palermo in 1535
When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was founded, the original capital city was
Palermo (1816) but a year later moved to Naples.

From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12

January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by
Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first
president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and
remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The general entered
Palermo with his troops (the “Thousands”) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite
later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new
Kingdom of Italy (1861).

The revolution in Palermo (12

Italian unification and today January 1848).

The majority of Sicilians preferred independence to the Savoy kingdom; in 1866,

Palermo became the seat of a week-long popular rebellion, which was finally
crushed after Martial law was declared.[60] The Italian government blamed
anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo, for the rebellion
and began enacting anti-Sicilian and anti-clerical policies.[60] A new cultural,
economic and industrial growth was spurred by several families, like the Florio, the
Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio, and others. In the
early twentieth century, Palermo expanded outside the old city walls, mostly to the
north along the new boulevards Via Roma, Via Dante, Via Notarbartolo, and Viale
della Libertà. These roads would soon boast a huge number of villas in the Art
Nouveau style. Many of these were designed by the architect Ernesto Basile. The Giuseppe Garibaldi entering Palermo
Grand Hotel Villa Igiea, designed by Ernesto Basile for the Florio family, is a good on 27 May 1860
example of Palermitan Art Nouveau. The huge Teatro Massimo was designed in
the same period by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile, Ernesto's father, and built by the
Rutelli & Machì building firm of the industrial and old Rutelli Italian family in
Palermo, and was opened in 1897.

During the Second World War, Palermo was heavily bombed by the Allied air
forces in 1942 and 1943, until its capture during the Allied invasion of Sicily on 22
July 1943.[61][62] The harbour (main objective of the air attacks) and the
surrounding quarters were effectively destroyed, as was a considerable part of the
city, with heavy civilian casualties.[62] When American troops entered Palermo in
1943 they were greeted with "a thunderous welcome by what seemed the entire
The historic Grand Hotel et des
population demonstrating their feelings about Facsist rule." The two captured Italian Palmes
generals claimed that they were happy because in their view "the Sicilians were not
human beings but animals".[63] Anti-sicilian prejudice was part of the fascist
regime's world view, being promoted by pro-fascist newspapers, particularly in the north of Italy.[64]

In 1946 the city was declared the seat of the Regional Parliament, as capital of a Special Status Region (1947) whose seat is
in the Palazzo dei Normanni.
A theme in the city's modern age has been the struggle against the Mafia, Red Brigades and outlaws such as Salvatore
Giuliano, who controlled the neighbouring area of Montelepre. The Italian state effectively has had to share control of the
territory, economically and administratively, with the Mafia.

The so-called "Sack of Palermo" was one of the dramatic consequences of this problem. The term is used to indicate the
speculative building practices that resulted in the destruction of a great number of historical buildings and green areas, filling
the city with poor buildings, mainly between the 1950s and the 1980s.[65] The reduced importance of agriculture in the
Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities, especially Palermo, which swelled in size, leading to rapid
expansion towards the north. The regulatory plans for expansion was largely ignored in the boom. New parts of town
appeared almost out of nowhere, but without parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that
characterise a modern city.

The Cosa Nostra has traditionally been the most powerful group in Palermo.[66] A CNN article in July 2019 indicated that
Sicilian Mafia activity in Palermo was particularly notorious in one area: the town of Passo Rigano. "According to Italian
police, the mafia not only engages in extortion there, but also has a large role in the town's legal economy -- with its
involvement in business such as wholesale food supplies, online betting and gambling." The police investigation at the time
also confirmed strong links between the Palermo area mafia and American organized crime, particularly the Gambino crime
family.[67] According to La Repubblica, "Off they go, through the streets of Passo di Rigano, Boccadifalco, Torretta and at
the same time, Brooklyn, Staten Island, New Jersey. Because from Sicily to the US, the old mafia has returned".[68]

Culture

Religion

Patron saints

The patron saint of Palermo is Saint Rosalia, who is widely revered.

On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important
religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession that goes through the main
street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Saint Rosalia who, it is
believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered
in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three
times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her
remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.
Genius of Palermo, the ancient
Before 1624 Palermo had four patron saints, one for each of the four major parts of patron of the city.
the city. They were Saint Agatha, Saint Christina, Saint Nympha and Saint Olivia.

Saint Lucy is also honoured with a peculiar celebration, during which the inhabitants of Palermo do not eat anything made
with flour, but boil wheat in its natural state and use it to prepare a special dish called cuccìa. This commemorates the saving
of the city from famine due to a miracle attributed to Saint Lucy; A ship full of grain mysteriously arrived in the city's
harbour and the hungry population wasted no time in making flour but ate the grain as it arrived.

Saint Benedict the Moor is the heavenly protector of the city of Palermo.

The ancient patron of the city was the Genius of Palermo, genius loci and numen protector of the place, that became the laic
patron of the modern Palermo.[69]

Sports

Palermo hosts a professional football team, Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Palermo, commonly referred to as simply
Palermo, who currently compete in Serie D, having been excluded from Serie B after the 2018–2019 season. After the
bankruptcy occurred in the summer of 2019, a new club was formed by the company Hera Hora Srl.
The Targa Florio was an open road endurance car race held near Palermo. Founded
in 1906, it used to be one of the oldest sports car racing events until it was
discontinued in 1977 due to safety concerns but has since run as a rallying event.
Palermo was home to the grand depart of the 2008 Giro d'Italia. The initial stage
was a 28.5-kilometre-long (17.7 mi) TTT (Team Time Trial).

The Internazionali Femminili di Palermo is an annual ladies professional tennis

event held in the city, which is part of the WTA Tour.

Economy and infrastructure Stadio Renzo Barbera

Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's
finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport,[70]
and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many
new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has
commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture.[71] The city, however, still has high
unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire
(Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia).

Public transport
The Mondello Beach, one of the
Palermo has a local railway called the Palermo metropolitan railway service.[72] main tourist destinations

Buses

Palermo's public bus system is operated by AMAT[73] which covers a net area of
340 km (211 mi). About 90 different routes reach every part of the city.[74]

Trams

Palermo has a public tram system finalized in 2015 and operated by AMAT. There
are 4 lines: Trains at Punta Raisi

1. Roccella — Central Station

2. Borgo Nuovo — Notarbartolo Station
3. CEP — Notarbartolo Station
4. Corso Calatafimi — Notarbartolo Station

Coaches

The local coach company, AST,[75] with its coaches totalling 35 lines, links Palermo to all of the main cities in Sicily.

Palermo Public Transportation Statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Palermo, for example to and from work, on a
weekday is 63 min. 14.% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people
wait at a stop or station for public transit is 23 min, while 48% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The
average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.4 km, while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single
direction.[76]

Roads
Palermo is a key intersection on the Sicilian road network, being the junction
between the eastern A19 motorway to Trapani, the southeastern A29 to airport and
Mazara del Vallo and the southwestern A19 to Catania and A20 to Messina.
Palermo is one of the main cities on European route E90. The three main national
roads starting from Palermo are the SS113, SS121, SS186 and the SS624.

Airports

Palermo International Airport, known as Falcone-Borsellino Airport (formerly

A20 that connects Palermo to
Punta Raisi Airport), is located 32 km (20 mi) west of Palermo. It is dedicated to
Messina
Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, two anti-mafia judges killed by the mafia
in the early 1990s.

The airport's rail facility, known as Punta Raisi railway station, can be reached from Palermo Centrale, Palermo Notarbartolo
and Palermo Francia railway stations.

Palermo-Boccadifalco Airport is the second airport of the city.

Port

The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together
with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to
Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost
2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic
includes also almost 5 million tonnes (5.5 million short tons) of cargo and 80,000
TEUs yearly.[77] The port also has links to minor Sicilian islands such as Ustica and
the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a
section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
The port of Palermo

National rail

The main railway station of Palermo is Palermo Centrale which links to the other cities of Sicily, including Agrigento,
Trapani and Catania, and through Messina and the strait to the rest of Italy. The railways also connect to the Palermo airport
with departures every thirty minutes.

Education
The local university is the University of Palermo, the island's second oldest university. It was officially founded in 1806,
although historical records indicate that medicine and law have been taught there since the late 15th century. The Orto
botanico di Palermo (Palermo botanical gardens) is home to the university's Department of Botany and is also open to
visitors.
International relations

Twin towns - sister cities

Palermo is twinned with:[78][79][80]

Biserta, Tunisia Ottawa, Canada

Bukavu, DR of the Congo Palermo, Colombia
The University of Palermo
Chengdu, China Pistoia, Italy
Düsseldorf, Germany Samara, Russia
Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
Hanoi, Vietnam Sestu, Italy
Khan Yunis, Palestine Tbilisi, Georgia
Miami, United States Timișoara, Romania
Monterey, United States Valletta, Malta
Montpellier, France Yaroslavl, Russia

Twin City Trivia

In Robert Roswell Palmer and Joel Colton's majestic text-book for University education in the subject of history, A History
of the Modern World Palermo is used to exemplify the south of Europe in context of the 1848 Revolutions, and
Copenhagen for the opposite cardinal direction: "...from Copenhagen to Palermo and from Paris to Budapest."[81] In this
manner, Palermo is twinned to Copenhagen and reversed.

Notable people
Eleonora Abbagnato, ballet dancer
Simonetta Agnello Hornby, writer
Mario Balotelli, footballer
Mario Bardi, painter
Pietro Scaglione, magistrate
Paolo Borsellino, judge
Bruno Caruso, painter, illustrator, graphic designer and political activist
Marco Cecchinato, tennis player
Giovanni Falcone, judge
Franco Franchi, actor
Libero Grassi, businessman
Pietro Grasso, magistrate and President of the Senate
Ciccio Ingrassia, actor
Ugo La Malfa, politician
Louise of Orléans, Queen of The Belgians
Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Queen of Spain
Sergio Mattarella, president of Italy
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy
Amelia Pinto, opera singer
Salvatore Schillaci, footballer
Enzo Sellerio, photographer, publisher, and collector
Giacomo Serpotta, sculptor
Giuseppe Serpotta, sculptor
Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì, Prime Minister of Italy
 Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, writer
Delia Vaccarello (1960-2019), journalist and activist for LGBT rights
Fulco di Verdura (1898-1978), Duke and jeweller
Vincenzo Florio (1883-1959), Entrepreneur, heir of the rich Florio economic dynasty, founder of the Targa
Florio

Honorary citizens

People awarded the honorary citizenship of Palermo are:

Date Name Notes

17 May 1996 Tenzin Gyatso
14 December 2015 Abdullah Öcalan [82]
21 August 2018 Albert II, Prince of Monaco Prince of Monaco [83][84]

See also
Hugo Falcandus
List of mayors of Palermo
Outline of Palermo

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Sources

See also: Bibliography of Palermo

 Appleton, D (2005). The World in the Middle Ages (https://books.google.com/?id=MCNjaNgw9u4C&q=Rob
ert+Guiscard+hero&dq=Robert+Guiscard+hero). University of Michigan.
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of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C. (https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=0qAoqP4g1fEC&pri
ntsec=frontcover) (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 163–195.
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Langdale, Allan (2015). Palermo: Travels in the City of Happiness (https://www.amazon.com/Palermo-Trave
ls-Happiness-Architecture-History-ebook/dp/B00WKM378I).

External links
Official website (http://www.comune.palermo.it) (in Italian)
Tourist Information Centre (https://web.archive.org/web/20160727224123/http://micro.visitpalermo.it/)
Palermo Tourist Board (http://www.palermotourism.com/)
Palermo Coupon (https://web.archive.org/web/20141102112151/http://www.pagineverdionline.it/coupon-pa
lermo)
Things to do in Palermo (http://tripandtravelblog.com/15-things-to-do-in-palermo-if-you-are-visiting-for-the-fir
st-time/)
Palermo capitale italiana della cultura 2018 (http://www.palermo2018.it/)

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