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Plaque 0.005 (0.017) 0.28 .79 No. of decayed teeth 1.08 0-7
CPIS1 × APACHE -0.165 (0.0325) -5.06 <.001* No. of missing teeth 13.85 0-36
CPIS1 × Plaque -0.034 (0.012) -2.76 .01† No. of filled teeth 0.82 0-9
Total No. of decayed, missing, 15.75 0-36
* Significant at P < .01. and filled teeth
† Significant at P < .05.
Abbreviations: APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Oral care, No. of times per 2.58 0-7
Evaluation; CPIS, Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score. day
Results given did not affect day 4 CPIS (P = .81) and did not
Characteristics of the Sample differ significantly between patients in whom VAP
The characteristics of the sample are summarized developed and those in whom it did not.
in Table 2. The 66 patients (mean age 55 years, 58% The risk of VAP as evidenced by mean CPIS con-
men) were ethnically diverse: 59% black, 35% white, sistently increased over time (Table 3). Of the 31
3% Asian, and 1.5% Hispanic. Patients remained in patients with complete data through day 4, a total of 8
the study for a mean of 4.2 days. A total of 37 patients (26%) had a score of 6 or higher on the CPIS.
(56%) remained in the study through day 4; 21 (32%),
through day 7. Because patients remained in the study Relationship Between Oral Health Status and VAP
only while intubated and receiving mechanical venti- Factors significantly related to day 4 CPIS were
lation, an important reason for attrition was extubation; APACHE II scores (P = .007), day 4 salivary volume (P
death related to critical illness was another source of = .02), interaction between baseline CPIS and APACHE
attrition. Most of the patients (65%) were intubated II (P < .001), and interaction between baseline CPIS and
because of respiratory failure; the remainder were plaque (P = .01). An inverse relationship was observed
intubated to provide airway control. between salivary volume and day 4 CPIS; as salivary
Baseline counts of decayed, missing, and filled volume decreased, CPIS increased. Because our model
teeth (Table 2) indicated that many patients had oral has 2 interaction terms (baseline CPIS × APACHE II
health problems before admission. Interestingly, the and baseline CPIS × plaque), the effect of plaque on
number of times per day that oral comfort care was day 4 CPIS could not be directly interpreted.
Table 3 Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) and oral health status variables by study day
456 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE, September 2006, Volume 15, No. 5 http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org
26 26 26
APACHE II score
APACHE II score
APACHE II score
24 24 24
22 22 22
20 20 20
18 18 18
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5
CPIS1 CPIS1 CPIS1
Lowest Middle Highest
(cleanest teeth) (most plaque)
Baseline plaque category
Predicted CPIS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7
Figure 1 Effect of low (left panel), moderate (middle panel), and high (right panel) amounts of plaque on day 4 Clinical Pul-
monary Infection Score (CPIS) across a range of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores for
baseline CPIS <5 (indicating pneumonia was not present at baseline). The contour plots are color keyed such that color wave-
length is associated with day 4 CPIS (larger wavelength indicates higher CPIS); yellow, orange, and red areas correspond to day
CPIS scores ≥ 6 (indicating pneumonia).
The complex relationship between day 4 CPIS and plaque (Figure 1, middle panel) and the most plaque
plaque, APACHE II scores, and baseline CPIS was (Figure 1, right panel), although the breakpoint for
evaluated by using contour plots. In order to generate APACHE II score was 23 in the patients with moderate
the plots, plaque scores were collapsed into 3 cate- plaque and 21 in the patients with the most plaque.
gories: low (cleanest teeth), moderate, and high (most In all categories, when APACHE II and baseline
plaque). Figure 1 shows the relationship of these cate- CPIS were held constant, plaque increases were associ-
gories to day 4 CPIS across a range of APACHE II ated with increased day 4 CPIS. The model indicates
scores for patients who did not have pneumonia at base- that increased plaque was most predictive of pneumo-
line (CPIS <5). The contour plots are keyed so that the nia in patients with high APACHE scores and lower
darkest areas correspond to a day 4 CPIS of 6 or greater baseline CPIS.
(indicating pneumonia). CPIS on day 4 increased as the
APACHE II score increased. Changes in Oral Health Status
During the First 7 Days of Intubation
Data related to oral health status on study days 1
(baseline), 4, and 7 are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Sali-
In the most critically ill, increases in vary volume decreased over time, with significant dif-
dental plaque increased the risk of ferences between day 1 and day 7 (t test, P = .003).
pneumonia. Dental plaque consistently increased over time, although
the differences were not significant. Baseline plaque
score was highly correlated with day 4 plaque score
In patients with the cleanest teeth (Figure 1, left (r = 0.65, P < .001). Baseline salivary lactoferrin was
panel), higher baseline CPIS was predictive of a slight positively correlated with day 4 plaque score (P = .01).
decrease in day 4 CPIS for patients whose APACHE II Other correlations were not significant.
scores were greater than 26. However, for patients
whose APACHE II scores were less than 26, increases Temporal Relationships in Microbial Colonization
in baseline CPIS were predictive of increased day 4 We examined both the concordance between and
CPIS. Similar patterns held for patients with moderate timing of oral and tracheal colonization. The number
http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE, September 2006, Volume 15, No. 5 457
of organisms present in cultures of oral specimens risk for VAP. Although strong data link certain risk fac-
increased from day 1 to day 4 and remained high on day tors to VAP, the influence of oral health status has not
7 (Figure 2). Potential pathogens were detected in the been examined extensively. We found that the oral health
cultures: S aureus in 4 patients, P aeruginosa in 1 of critically ill patients is often compromised at the time
patient, and Acinetobacter baumanii in 1 patient. Impor- of admission and deteriorates over time, and that a rela-
tantly, in each instance, the organism was present in oral tionship exists between oral health status and VAP.
cultures on the same sampling day or before the appear- The study sample was a diverse group, with African
ance of the organism in cultures of tracheal aspirates. Americans and women well represented. Severity of
We tested the agreement between oral culture illness was appropriate for a large urban medical cen-
scores and tracheal aspirate scores by using a weighted ter, and the VAP rate was similar to the rate reported
κ statistic. The analysis revealed significant agreement in the literature.30 Interestingly, the number of decayed,
on all 3 study days between oral swab score and tra- missing, and filled teeth in our sample is similar to that
cheal aspirate score (day 1, P = .02; day 4, P < .001; reported by Fourrier et al31 (mean 6, SD 8) in a sample
day 7, P = .008). of patients in Europe.
Others have examined dental plaque in ICU patients,
Discussion but we focused exclusively on patients receiving
VAP is associated with increased healthcare costs, mechanical ventilation, restricted the study to the first 7
morbidity, and mortality. Several factors increase the days of intubation, and included oral health status
60
Percentage of cultures
50
scored as 2 or 3
40
30
20
10
0
Oral Tracheal Oral day 4 Tracheal day 4 Oral day 7 Tracheal day 7
Day 1 Day 4 Day 7
Score = 2 Study day
Score = 3
Figure 2 Oral and tracheal specimens for culture were obtained on study days 1, 4, and 7 and were semiquantitatively scored
on a 3-point scale. Columns represent the percentages of oral and tracheal cultures scored 2 and 3.
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