B Tech E.Eng NUST 2 (Recovered)

KWEKWE POLYTECHNIC
MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY

EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Regulations and Syllabi for the Bachelor of Technology

Honours Degree in Electrical Engineering
2011 Academic Year
1
CONTENTS
Page
Vision 4
Mission Statement 4
Foreword 5
Preamble 6
REGULATIONS
1.0.0 Title and Level of Award 8

2.0.0 Aims of the Programme 8
3.0.0 Entry Requirements 8
4.0.0 Mode of Study 8
5.0.0 Course structure and duration 9
6.0.0 Level Structure and Duration 9
6.1.0 Entry Level NC 9
6.1.1 NC in Electrical Power Engineering 9
6.2.0 Level I (ND)-Equivalent 10
6.2.1 ND Electrical Power Engineering 10
6.3.0 Level II (HND)-Equivalent 10
6.4.0 Level III 10
6.4.1 Year 1 10
6.4.2 Year 2 11
7.0.0 Assessment Scheme and Weighting 11
7.1.0 Entry Level(NC) 11
7.2.0 Level I (ND) 11
7.2.1 Assessment 11
7.2.2 Weighting 11
7.3.0 Level II (HND) 12
7.3.1 Assessment 12
7.3.2 Weighting 12
7.4.0 Level III 13
7.4.1 Assessment 13
7.4.2 Weighting 14
7.5.0 Final Assessment 14
8.0.0 Grading 14
8.1.0 Level I and II 15
8.2.0 Level III 15
9.0.0 Awarding Body 15
10.0.0 Lecturer Qualifications 15
11.0.0 Resources 15
11.1.0 Facilities 15
11.2.0 Equipment and Consumables 16
DETAILED SYLLABI 17
National Certificate (NC) in Electrical Power Engineering 17
12.1.0 Entry Level (NC) 17
2
12.1.1 Project -321/04/S03 17
12.1.2 Plant Installation and Maintenance-321/04/S04 18
12.1.3 Workshop Practice-321/04/S02 29
12.1.4 Common Workshop Practice Unit: Materials and Tools 29
12.1.5 Electronics-321/04/S05 32
12.1.6 Electrical Engineering Technology-321/04/S06 40
12.1.7 Engineering Drawing-321/04/S08 49
12.1.8 Mathematics-321/04/S04 52
12.1.9 Communication and Computer Skills-321/04/S07 56
12.1.10 National and Strategic Studies- 401/04/S01 64
Bachelor of Technology Honours Degree Level I 64
12.2.0 Level I (National Diploma) 64

12.2.1 Electrical Power Technology-517/03/S04 65
12.2.2 Power Electronics-517/03/S02 70
12.2.3 Control Systems-517/03/S07 74
12.2.4 Digital Electronics-517/03/S08 79
12.2.5 Analogue Electronics-517/03/S09 82
12.2.6 Electrical Engineering Technology-517/03/S03 86
12.2.7 Draughting and Design-517/03/S10 91
12.2.8 Electrical Engineering Materials-517/03/S11 95
12.2.9 Engineering Mathematics-517/03/S01 96
12.2.10 Industrial Management-517/03/S05 100
12.2.11 Project- 517/03/S06 103
Bachelor of Technology Honours Degree Level II 105
12.3.0 Level II (Higher National Diploma) 105

12.3.1 Engineering Management-720/03/S03 105
12.3.2 Microcomputer Technology-721/03/S02 108
12.3.3 Engineering Mathematics-720/03/S02 110
12.3.4 Project-720/03/S07 115
12.3.5 Advanced Electrical Engineering Technology-720/03/S01 117
12.3.6 Power Systems-720/03/S05 122
12.3.7 Machines and Drives-720/03/S04 128
12.3.8 Protection Systems-720/03/S03 133
Bachelor of Technology Honours Degree Level III 137
12.4.0 Level III ( B-Tech.) 137

12.4.1 Power Systems-EPE 4101 137
12.4.2 Electromagnetic Fields-EPE 4102 140
12.4.3 Control Systems-EPE 4203 142
12.4.4 Electrical Machines-EPE 4104 145
12.4.5 Instrumentation-EPE 4205 149
12.4.6 Research Methods-EPE 4206 151
12.4.8 Industrial Design Project-EPE 5000 154
3
VISION
To make Tertiary Education and Training tools for economic emancipation,

development and social transformation at both individual and national levels.
MISSION STATEMENT
To provide total quality Technical and Vocational Education and Training that is
responsive to the individual and demands of the National Economy.
CORE VALUES
• Vision
• Professionalism
• Innovation
• Transparency
• Industry
• Integrity
• Patriotism
4
FOREWORD
The Polytechnic was built and initially equipped by Union Carbide Zimbabwe (Pvt)
Ltd having realised the need for skilled personnel for industry. The fully equipped
Technical College was donated to the Government and people of Zimbabwe as a
gesture of goodwill and a mark of confidence in independent Zimbabwe on 4
December 1981.
The Polytechnic assumed the Polytechnic status with effect from 1 January 2002 and
with this came unlimited possibilities in the world of technical and vocational
education and training.
Given that Kwekwe is the hub of Zimbabwe‟s industry engine, the Polytechnic has
taken the initiative of introducing a Bachelor of Technology (Honours) degree in
Electrical Engineering in association with the National University of Science and
Technology (NUST), to enhance technical and vocational research geared at import
substitution. The programme is due to start in the academic year 2011.
The Polytechnic has very strong links with commerce and industry in and around
Kwekwe, providing for the vital industrial input and assistance to the
programmes/courses the Polytechnic offers and intends to offer in the future.
The Bachelor of Technology (Honours) degree in Industrial (Mechanical and

Production) Engineering already running at the Polytechnic is testimony of the ability
and preparedness of the Polytechnic to offer more engineering degrees.
This handbook contains information for students interested in the Bachelor of

Technology (Honours) degree in Electrical Engineering.
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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Preamble
The programme is designed to enable skilled Artisans, Technicians and Technician

Engineers to Engineers who will meet the needs of Electrical Engineering industry
and related fields. The programme duration is 5 years. Entry qualification into
LEVEL I is National Certificate (NC) in Electrical Power Engineering or Equivalent.
National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND) can be considered for
entry at LEVEL II and LEVEL III respectively.
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Regulations
a. These regulations shall bind both the Committee of Principals of Polytechnics of

Zimbabwe (CPPZ) and the National University of Science and Technology (NUST)
during the transition period expected to last for at most three years.
b. The Senate of NUST ,in agreement with CPPZ ,will be the final authority for the
interpretation of these regulations ,and similarly reserves the right to amend, alter,
cancel, suspend or replace any of these regulations.
c. Detailed syllabuses shall be submitted to the relevant NUST Faculty and CPPZ
Boards for approval.
d. Definition of terms
• „Programme‟ a plan of study over a period of time
• „Level‟ a subset of a course covering 1 or more years
• „Level I‟ National Diploma (ND) covering at least two years

for (technical ) disciplines offered by HEXCO in
Zimbabwe.
• „Level II‟ Higher National Diploma (HND) covering one year as

offered by HEXCO in Zimbabwe.
• „Level III‟ a two year programme after HND leading to the award
of the B.Tech (Hons) degree
• „Subject‟ a set of related concepts studied and examined as a

Single entity by a lecturer(s) at the end of every term,
semester or year.
• „Course‟ a programme consisting of one or more subjects leading

to a certified qualification
• „Discipline‟ a broad field of enquiry, study, research, etc
• „Coursework‟ (c/w) is a set of assignments, tests, etc carried out by

the students and assessed by internal assessors but
subject to moderation by the externals.
• „Industrial time spent in industry under supervision of both

Attachment‟ industry and the polytechnics
• „NC‟ National Certificate by HEXCO
• „ND‟ National Diploma by HEXCO

• „HND‟ Higher National Diploma by HEXCO
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• „SW 1‟ Skilled Worker Class One
• „HEXCO‟ Higher Education Examinations Council
• „ZIMSEC‟ Zimbabwe School Examinations Council
• „vocational‟ studies/courses in the commercial sector
• „technical‟ studies/courses in the technical sector
• „referred‟ candidate being given another chance to re-write failed

subjects or their examinable components in subsequent
examination sessions
• „deferred‟ indefinite suspension of decision on candidate pending

completion and submission of all course requirements
• „plagiarism‟ use of another person‟s ideas or academic theft
1.0.0 Title and Level of Award
Bachelor of Technology (Honours) Degree in Electrical Engineering
2.0.0 Aims of the Programme
The programme is designed to produce graduates in engineering who will be

able to:
2.1 Design and manufacture electrical equipment

2.2 Manage Engineering processes
2.3 Diagnose and analyse problems, effect and recommend solutions
2.4 Conduct tests including material quality to international standards
2.5. Produce documentation/ reports
3.0.0 Entry Requirements
A minimum qualification of NC in Electrical Engineering or Equivalent.

Special entry to LEVEL II or III can be considered by college where candidate
already holds ND or HND or equivalent.
4.0.0 Mode of Study
Full time or Block release
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5.0.0 Course structure and duration
Entry Level (NC)
Mode of Study: Full-time split as follows

 year 1 : College
 year 2 : industrial Attachment
 year 3 : College
Level In – College Industrial Total

Equivalent Attachment
Project/Research
Level I 2 years 2 years
(ND)
Level II 1 year 1 year
(HND)
Level III 1 year 1 year 2 years
6.0.0 Level Structure and Duration
6.1.0 Entry Level (NC)
6.1.1 NC in Electrical Power Engineering
Subject Code Duration

Plant Installation and Maintenance 321/04/S04 216 hours
Workshop Practice 321/04/S02 216 hours
Project 321/04/S03 40 hours
Mathematics 321/04/S04 144 hours
Electronics 321/04/S05 216 hours
Electrical Engineering Technology 321/04/S06 216 hours
Communication and Computer Skills 321/04/S07 115 hours
Engineering Drawing 321/04/S08 160 hours
Introduction To Computers 310/09/S07 100 hours
National and Strategic Studies 401/04/S01 160 hours
On the Job Training (Industrial Attachment) 321/04/S09 1 year
Entrepreneurship and Development Studies 402/05/S01 72 hours
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6.2.0 Level I (ND)/ Equivalent
6.2.1 ND Electrical Power Engineering

Year 1 (ND1)

Digital Electronics 517/03/S08 144 hours
Analogue Electronics 517/03/S09 216 hours
Electrical Engineering Technology 517/03/S03 264 hours
Draughting and Design 517/03/S10 72 hours
Electrical Engineering Materials 517/03/S11 144 hours
Engineering Mathematics 517/03/S01 144 hours
Year II (ND2)

Electrical Power Technology 517/03/S04 288 hours
Power Electronics 517/03/S02 288 hours
Control Systems 517/03/S07 216 hours
Industrial Management 517/03/S05 100 hours
6.3.0 Level II (HND)/ Equivalent
6.3.1 HND Electrical Power Engineering

Machines and Drives 720/03/S04 228 hours
Protection Systems 720/03/S06 120 hours
Power Systems 720/03/S05 186 hours
Advanced Electrical Engineering Technology 720/03/S01 205 hours
Microcomputer Technology 721/03/S02 140 hours
Engineering Mathematics 720/03/S02 196 hours
Engineering Management 720/03/S03 72 hours
6.4.0 Level III (2 years)
6.4.1 Year 1

Power Systems EPE 4101 100 hours
Electromagnetic Fields EPE 4102 80 hours
Control Systems EPE 4203 100 hours
Electrical Machines EPE 4104 90 hours
Instrumentation EPE 4205 90 hours
Research Methods EPE 4206 60 hours
National and Strategic Studies 401/04/S01 160 hours
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6.4.2 Year 2- Industrial based supervised project/research
7.0.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME AND WEIGHTING
(i) 85% attendance is required in each subject before writing final exams
(ii) A candidate is allowed to re-write if he/she passes six subjects at one sitting.
Assessment
Subject Coursework Final Written Total

All Examinable Subjects 2 tests 5% 3 hour paper 100%
2 assignments 15% 60%
2 practical 20%
Workshop Practice 100% 100%
Project 100%
On the job training 100%
7.2.0 Level I (ND)
7.2.1 Assessment

Exam
Project 100%
Engineering 5 Assignments 25% One three hour 100%
Mathematics 2 Tests 15% Structured paper
60%
Industrial Management 5 Assignments 25% One three hour 100%
2 Tests 15% structured paper
60%
All Other Subjects 2 Theory Assignments One three hour 100%
15% Structured paper
2 Practical assignments 60%
20%
2 Tests 5%
7.2.2 Weighting
Subject Weighting
Digital Electronics 1
Analogue Electronics 1
Electrical Engineering Technology 1.2
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Draughting and Design 0.8
Electrical Engineering Materials 0.5
Engineering Mathematics 1
Electrical Power Technology 1.3
Power Electronics 1.2
Control Systems 1.2
Industrial Management 0.4
Project 1.4
Total 11
RE-WRITE
(i) A candidate must pass eight subjects at one sitting in order to qualify to re-write
the failed subject(s).
(ii) A candidate is given unlimited time in which to re-write and pass the failed
subject(s), the re-write being based on current course regulations.
7.3.0 Level II (HND)
7.3.1 Assessment

Exam
Project 100%
Attachment 100%
Engineering 5 Assignments 25% One 3 hour 100%
Management 2 Tests 15% Structured paper
60%
Engineering 5 Assignments 25% One 3 hour 100%
Mathematics 2 Tests 15% Structured paper
60%
All Other Subjects 2 Theory assignments 15% One hour 100%
3 Practical Assignments Structured paper
20% 60%
3 Tests 5%
7.3.2 Weighting
Subject Weighting
Machines and Drives 1.2
Protection Systems 1
Power Systems 1.2
Advanced Electrical Engineering Technology 1
12
Microcomputer Technology 0.6
Engineering Mathematics 1
Engineering Management 0.5
Project 1.5
Total 8
RE-WRITE
(i) A candidate must pass any six subjects in order to qualify to re-write the failed
subjects.
(ii) A candidate is given unlimited time to re-write and pass the failed subject(s), the
rewrite being based on current course regulations.
7.4.0 Level III (B. Tech)
7.4.1 Assessment
Subject Code Written Exam Coursework Total

Weighting Weighting Weighting
Power Systems EPE 4101 75%( 3hrs paper) 25% 100%
Electromagnetic Fields EPE 4102 75%( 3hrs paper) 25% 100%

Control Systems EPE 4203 75%( 3hrs paper) 25% 100%
Electrical Machines EPE 4104 75%( 3hrs paper) 25% 100%
Instrumentation EPE 4205 75%( 3hrs paper) 25% 100%
Research Methods EPE 4206 75%( 3hrs paper) 25% 100%
National & Strategic 401/04/S01 75%( 3hrs paper) 25% 100%
ic Studies
Project EPEP 5000 100%
RE-WRITE
(i). A candidate must pass at least four subjects within a year in order to qualify for a
re- write which should be taken in the next examination session.
(ii) A candidate should have completed all the carry subjects, by the time they
complete their project.
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PROJECT
Assessment will be based on project/research report together with demonstration and
oral presentation of the approved project as below.
REPORT
Title (cover face, preliminaries, abstract, acknowledgments) 5 marks

Introduction (description of aims, etc) 20 marks
Literature review 10 marks
Methodology 15 marks
Results, data presentation and analysis 30 marks
Conclusion, summary, recommendations 15 marks
Appendices, References 5 marks
ORAL PRESENTATION 40 marks
DEMONSTRATION 60 marks
Interview by panel comprising supervisors, industrialists, awarding

University and other lecturers from the department.
Total 200 marks
A student who fails to complete the project within the stipulated time can be awarded
an extension on request.
The extension will be for a maximum period of six months.
Failure to complete the project within the stipulated extension period, the student is
deemed to have failed the project.
Two copies of the project report will be submitted for assessment.
7.4.2 Level III Weighting
Subject Weighting
Power Systems 1.5
Electromagnetic Fields 1
Control Systems 1
Electrical Machines 1.3
Instrumentation 1
Research Methods 0.2
Project 6
Total 12
7.5.0 FINAL ASSESSMENT

Final assessment is based on all levels as shown below:
Level % contribution Weighting

I 10 0.1
II 20 0.2
III 70 0.7
Total 100 1
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A student should pass all Level III subjects to qualify for an award.
A student who fails the project is deemed to have failed the course entirely.
8.0.0 Grading
8.1.0 Level I and II
0% to less than 50% Fail (F)

50% to less than 60% Pass (P)
60% to less than 80% Credit (C)
80% and above Distinction
8.2.0 Level III
0% to 45% Fail (F)

45% to 54% 3 Pass (P)
55% to 64% 2.2 Lower Second Division
65% to 74% 2.1 Upper Second Division
75% + 1 First Division
9.0.0 Awarding Body
NUST
10.0.0 Lecturer Qualifications
A minimum of MSC or MTech in Electrical Engineering. For assistant lecturer

a BSc or B.Tech in Electrical Engineering.
11.0.0 Recourses
11.1.0 Facilities
Lecture Rooms
Lecture theatre
Laboratories: - heavy current
Electronics
Computer
Micro computer
Cad
Workshops: - heavy current
Light current (electronics)
Library
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11.2.0 Equipment and Accessories
- multimeters
- ammeters
- voltmeters
- voltage testers
- oscillators
- circuit breakers
- transformers ( one phase and phase)
- power supplies
- measuring instruments
- computers
- simulation design software( MATLAB, Quick Field etc.)
- Lab View, Instrumentation software
- CAD
- signal generators
- PLC‟s
- microprocessors
- microcontrollers (e. g. PIC16 F872 etc)
- training kits(various)
- resistors
- inductors
- capacitors
- diodes
- transistors
- IC‟s
- PCB
- breadboard and connectors
- wattmeter
- provision for internet
- various other electronic instruments
- electric motors
- a.c drives
- complete photovoltaic solar system kit
- winding wire of different gauges.
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12.0.0 DETAILED SYLLABI
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
12.1.1
SUBJECT: PROJECT CODE: 321/04/S03

DESIGN LENGTH: 40 hours supervised time
PROJECT CONDITIONS
i. Project to be written
ii. Project should be a simulation of the real plant/installation.
iii. Field trip to be done for a specific project.
iv. Students to defend their projects to interview panel.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
1. Identify and list the tools, equipment and materials used.
2. Interpret and apply relevant wiring rules and regulations as SAZ and IEE.
3. i)Calculate the size of cables and protective devices for a particular
Circuit/installation or load.
ii) Calculate the number of luminaries and power points for a particular circuit
/ Load /installation
4. Determine cable routes
5. List, in logical sequence, the procedures to be taken when fault finding and/or
repairing electrical equipment and systems.
6. Design a planned maintenance programme based on the project.
7 .Draw electrical/electronic circuits using relevant symbols, e.g.BS3939
8. Test and commission electrical installation.
9. Present a logical write-up based on the requirements as specified on the
question paper.
ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

The examiners are advised to ensure that the project questions based on the objectives
are in line with the % mark allocation below. The total marks may be up to 1000.
Objective – Percentage allocation of total mark.
1–5% 2 – 10 % 3i) – 15 % 3ii) - 15 %
4 – 10 % 5–5% 6 – 10 %
7 – 10 % 8 – 10 % 9 – 10 %
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12.1.2
PLANT INSTALLATION AND MAINTANANCE CODE: 321/04/S01

DESIGN LENGTH: 216 hours
1.GENERATION & TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY (12 hours)
1. Explain electric generation in the following stations (i) Coal fired (ii) Oil fired (iii)
Nuclear (iv) Hydro-powered (v) Geo-thermal (vi) Solar. Advantages and
disadvantages of the above. Power stations in Zimbabwe and their typical power
and voltage ratings
2. Transmission:
Reasons for stepping up generation voltages (i.e. voltage drop, power loss,
conductor and switchgear sizes. Sketch line diagrams for a transmission system
and state typical voltages for generation transmission and distribution. Purpose of
super national grid
2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (20 hours)

1. Distribution Wiring System
Draw line diagrams for ring main and radial distribution systems including control
and switching systems and compare the two systems.
Draw line diagrams to show connected load for the following systems and typical
applications.
(i) Three phase three wire
(ii) Three phase four wire
(iii) Single phase two wire
2 Overhead and Underground Wiring
Explain the overhead wiring systems under the following:
(i) Types of conductors used
(ii) Types of poles and their application: concrete, wooden, A pole, H pole, T
pole, I pole, Stay pole.
(iii) Types of accessories: insulators, clamps.
(iv) Catenary wiring: types of cables, mounting height, use of cradle for
protection.
Explain the underground systems under the following headings:
(i) Types of power cables
(ii) Pvc insulated steel wire armoured cable
(iii) Rubber insulated
(iv) Mineral insulated
(v) Waveconal
(vi) Consac
(vii) XPLE
(viii) Armoured with thermosetting insulation.
Explain the following methods of installing underground cables.
(i) Direct laying
(ii) Solid laying
(iii) Draw in method
3 Distribution Plant And Equipment
Draw line/block diagrams of an 11kv/380v substation showing the following
equipment:
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(i) H.V switchgear, isolator
(ii) Transformer
(iii) L.V switchgear, isolators
(iv) Bus-bar chamber
(v) Distribution boards
Apply relevant I.E.E., CAS, and SAZ regulations pertaining to substation enclosures
or buildings.
4. Isolation and Switching
Describe and illustrate with the aid of schematic and wiring diagrams the following
switchgear:
(i) H.V switchgear: air blast circuit breaker, oil, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6),
vacuum
(ii) L.V switchgear: moulded case circuit breaker, miniature circuit breaker,
switch-fuse, fuse switch, isolator, and double pole switch.
Describe, illustrate and state advantages and disadvantages of the following excess
current protection devices.
(i) Rewirable
(ii) Cartridge
(iii) High breaking capacity (HBC)
Identify and apply relevant regulations of the above protection devices.
4 Consumer Installation
Draw line/block diagram to include:
(i) service cable
(ii) service fuse (cut-out)
(iii) meter
(iv) main switch
(v) Distribution board indicating final circuits.
-Draw the rising main distribution system.
-Identify and apply IEE, SAZ and CAS regulations.
-Explain supply and metering and tariffs for electrical customers to include domestic,
commercial and industrial purposes:
(i) Load limiter
(ii) Two-part
(iv) Off-peak
(v) Block tariff.
-Illustrate and explain the connection of power factor correction devices.
(i) Bank/group capacitors
(ii) Synchronous motor
(iii) Phase advancers.
3 CABLES AND ENCLOSURES (42 hours)

1 Cable
-Describe the construction, advantages and disadvantages, and application of the
following common types of cable:
(i)
Power Cables: pvc steel wire armoured, mineral insulated.
(ii) Wave-conal, Consac, XPLE (cross linked poly-ethylene)
(iii) Armoured with thermosetting.
(iv) Installation cables: single phase single core pvc insulated sheathed, XPLE,
mineral insulated metal sheathed.
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(v) Flexible cords: fine stranded flat-twin and earth, rubber (elastomer).
-Use I.E.E. and or SAZ regulations to select minimum single phase and three phase
cable sizes under the following headings:
I0Macximum demand and diversity
ii) Cable size selection calculations up to checking/verifying voltage drop
2. Cable Enclosures
-Describe the construction, installation and advantages and disadvantages of the
following enclosures used in Zimbabwe under the following headings.
Conduit: pvc, steel, flexible
Trunking: pvc, steel, bus-bar, skirting, compartmental
Ducting: concredit, concrete and steel
Cable Tray
-State the relevant I.E.E and or SAZ Regulations to include the following:
i. Erection of conduit systems (521-10)
Ii.Conduit/enclosure capacities
iii. Bending radius of conduits (inner) (529-5)
iv. Use of solid elbows
v. User of fire barriers (528)
vi. Provision of drainage outlets (523-14,553-16)
-Use I.E.E and or SAZ regulations to select suitable size of cable enclosure for a
given installation
-use the formula Πd2 /4 = c.s.a and manufacturer‟s catalogues.
4.EARTHING AND EARTH LEAKAGE PROTECTION (20 hours)
1. Describe giving examples methods of protection against direct and indirect contact
to include:
i. Use of barriers
ii. Placing out of reach
iii. Insulation, double insulation
iv. User of extra – low voltage
v. Isolation transformers
v. Earthing
2. Describe earthing and give detailed illustration of achieving this.
-Define the following terms and give suitable examples of:
i. Earthing
ii. Exposed conductive parts
iii. Extraneous conductive part
iv. Bonding conductors
v. Circuit protective conductors
vi. Earth electrode
vii. Earth electrode resistance area.
-Illustrate the following earthing arrangements and state application:
i. TT
ii. TN-C-S
iii. TN-C
iv. TN-S
-Describe with illustration including voltage gradients, earth electrodes as listed in
I.E.E and or SAZ Regulation (542)
3. Draw the earth f fault loop path
20
-Calculate the earth fault loop impedance of a given installation/circuit using the
following formula Zs= Ze + R2 and determine whether values meet relevant IEE &
SAZ Regulations.
4. Earth Leakage Protection
-Describe with diagrams the following earthing protection devices:
i. Residual current device
ii. Earth monitoring device
5.SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS (28 hours)
1.-Identify fire hazardous areas.

-Define the following zones in fire hazardous areas:
i. ZONE 0
ii. ZONE 1
iii. ZONE 2
Select the suitable equipment for fire hazardous areas listed below:
i. Intrinsic safety
ii. Special safety
iii. Encapsulation
iv. Flame proof
v. Pressurized apparatus
vi. Increased safety
vii. Oil immersed
viii. Power filled
-Describe basic fire alarm systems stating advantages ,disadvantages and applications.
i. Open circuit
ii. Closed circuit
-explain basic construction and operation of following a.c and d.c souders:
i. Single stroke
ii. Tembler
iii. Continuous ringing
iv. Siren
v. Horne
2. Describe the operation and application of the following emergency supply
systems:
i. Generator
ii. Battery
iii. Uninterruptible power supply
-Describe the operation and application of emergency lighting systems stating
advantages and disadvantages of:
I. Maintained
ii. Non-maintained
-Recognize the risks associated with the wiring of:
i. Agricultural and horticultural installation
ii. Temporary installation
iii. Hospital installation
iv. Electric fence installations paying attention to and giving remedies of
a. corrosion
b. erosion
c. fire hazards
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d. damage by flora and fauna
e. danger to fauna and workers
-Apply relevant I.E.E and SAZ wiring regulations.
3.-Show the steps taken in the design procedure of a photovoltaic system, to include
the following:
i. Load assessment
ii. Availability of solar resource
iii. Size of battery
iv. Size of module, etc
-Carry out fault finding on a solar installation
-Draw up maintenance schedule of lead –acid batteries/cells.
6. ILLUMINATION (20 hours)
1. Define the following terms related to illumination:

i. Light
ii. Luminous flux
iii. Luminous intensity
iv. Illumination/ illuminance
v. Glare
-Use inverse square law and cosine law to calculate illuminance
-Describe construction and operation with aid of diagrams of the following lamps:
i. Incandescent
ii. Fluorescent
iii. Sodium vapour
iv. Mercury vapour
v. Neon
-Identify and rectify faults on the above lamps.
-Define stroboscopic effect and describe the methods of minimising stroboscopic
effect, i.e. i. Lead –lag circuit
ii. Mixture of discharge incandescent
iii. Distribution of lamps over three phase supply
-Determine the number and positioning of luminaries for a given installation
-Apply relevant IEE or SAZ Regulations.
7. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION (20 hours)
1. Describe the principle of operation of the following transformer protective devices:

i. Winding temperature
ii. Oil temperature
iii. Buchholtz relay
iv. Induction over current relay
v. Lightining protection
(surge arrestor, arcing horns, reactor).
2. Describe various cooling methods of power transformers:
i. Air
ii. Forced air
iii. Oil
v. Water
22
3. Explain transformer oil condition tests to include:
i. Di- electric test
ii. Crackle test
iii. Acidity tests
4. Apply relevant I.E.E or SAZ Regulations.
8. A.C. THREE PHASE MACHINES (34 hours)
1. Describe construction ,operation and application of three phase a.c. induction

motor in respect of:
i. Stator and terminal connections
ii. Rotor types: Squirel cage, Double cage and Wound rotor type
iii, Frame types and sizes: Open type, Drip proof, Totally enclosed, Pipe/duct
ventilation and screen protected.
-Perform calculations using synchronous speed, rotor speed and slip speed.
-State advantages, disadvantages and application of the following motor starting
methods:
i. Direct on line
ii. Star-delta
iii. Auto-transformer
iv. Rotor resistance
v. Soft starters including programmable logic controllers
vi. Reactance starter.
-State advantages, disadvantages and application of the following speed control
methods
i. Pole changing
ii. Rotor resistance
iii. Electronic drives
-Draw up a planned maintenance scheme for various types of motors and switchgear.
-Describe common faults and remedies associated with a.c motors and switchgear
-Apply relevant I.E.E. and or SAZ regulations
2. Describe construction, operation and application of three phase synchronous
machines in respect of:
i. Stator
ii. Rotor types: Salient pole and Cylindrical
iii, Power factor correction
iv. Generation
v. Starting methods: Pony motors and induction starting
-Perform calculations using synchronous speed, frequency and number of poles
9. D.C. MACHINES (20 hours)
1, Describe the construction, application and operation of dc generators in respect of:

i. Yoke
ii. Poles and interpoles, commutation poles, commutation poles
iii. Armature: Lap and Wave
iv. Commutator
v. Brushes and brush gear
yi. Bearings
vii. Armature reaction
23
viii, Minimising effects of commutation/excessive sparking
-Explain with simple diagrams methods of installation and alignment of shafts and
couplings
-Identify common faults and provide remedies for dc generators
2. Describe the construction, operation and application of dc motors including the
following:
i. Series
ii. Shunt
iii. Compound: Short shunt and Long shunt
-Describe with aid of diagrams the various methods of starting and speed control of dc
motors.
i. Field rheostat
ii. Face –plate
iii. Electronic drives
-Identify and apply relevant safety measures and regulations pertaining to various
motors
-Identify common faults and provide remedies for dc motors
REFERENCE
1. Mark Hankins, 1995, Solar electric system for Africa, Common Wealth
Science Council, London
2. I.E.E. Wiring Regulations 15th/16th Edition
3. Modern Electrical Installation Work, Volume 1, 2 and 3
4. M.L.Lewis, Electrical Installation Technology, Volume 1, 2 and 3.
12.1.3
SUBJECT: WORKSHOP PRACTICE
CODE: 321/04/SO2
DESIGN LENGTH: 216 hours
1. INDUSTRIAL SAFETY (16 hours)
1. Demonstrate safety requirements regarding:

i. Use of ladders and scaffolding
ii. Correct methods of manually lifting and moving loads
iii. Importance of clear ways and non slippery floors
iv. General workshop rules and regulations
2. Demonstrate the proper selection, use and care of personal protective gear to
include:
i. Headgear
ii. Gloves
iii. Safety glasses and goggles
iv. Overalls and other body protective gear
v. Ear-plugs or ear muffs
vi. Safety boots
vii. Respirator/mask
viii. Safety belts.
3. Use various types of fire extinguishers
24
4. Identify materials common to the electrical industry which can be hazardous to the
workers health:
i. Solvents
ii. Hydrogen and other gases
iii. Paints, lead, isocyanites, polymers
iv. Coolants, PCB‟s, etc.
v. Thermal laggings such as asbestos.
5. a. Give illustrated examples of conditions under which electric shock would
occur.
b. Explain and demonstrate the procedures to be used in the event of an
accident to include:
i. Disconnection of supply
ii. Resuscitation methods
iii. Administering first aid to cuts, burns, abrasion, etc.
iv. Fire fighting methods and types of fire fighting
equipment.
2. MATERIALS AND TOOLS (40 hours)
Refer to Common Workshop Practice Unit: Materials and Tools.
3. CABLES AND CABLE JOINING PROCESSES (40 hours)
1. Demonstrate the ability to terminate armoured cables using glands, shrouds

etc.
2. Carry out various projects using the following cables:
i. PVC single core
ii. MIMS cable
iii. Flat twin earth
iv. Flexible cords
3. Identify and apply I.E.E. regulations relevant to the usage of the above cable
regarding:
i. Radius of bends
ii. Frequency of support
iii. Sizes of conductors
iv. Colour coding of conductors
v. Earthing requirements
4. State the advantages and disadvantages of the various cable type and factors
that determine their selection.
5. Demonstrate methods of joining cables:
i. Soldered joints
ii. Crimped joints
iii. Mechanical joints to include married Joint, Tee Joint and Britania.
6. Demonstrate the ability to solder using soldering iron and flux
7. State relevant I.E.E. regulations pertaining to the above joining processes.
8. Demonstrate the ability to terminate single core cable in socket outlets , lighting
points etc using cable eyes, lags and block connectors.
25
4. CABLE ENCLOSURES (40 hours)
1. Describe the installation of steel conduit under the following headings:
i. Bends
ii. Cutting and threading
iii. Cleaning of burns
iv. Running couplings
v. Tee joints, outlet boxes, junction boxes
vi. Accessories e.g. couplings, bushes, lock nuts, glands, flexible conduit etc.
2. Apply relevant I.E.E. regulations to the above
3. Demonstrate the ability to use plump line and level to achieve straightness in
an installation.
4. Demonstrate the ability to draw cables in a conduit installation according to
I.E.E. regulation
5. Demonstrate the ability to install PVC conduit using appropriate accessories
and tools
6. Apply relevant I.E.E. and SAZ regulations
7. Demonstrate the ability to carry out to accepted standards various projects
using trunking, bus-bars, cable trays and their associated fittings and tools
8. Identify all IEE and SAZ regulations relevant to the above system.
9. Compare cable enclosures with relevance to construction and application.
5. DOMESTIC INSTALLATION (40 hours)
1. a. Construct:
i. one way switching
ii. Two-way switching
iii. Two-way and intermediate switching,
b. Demonstrate the use of:
i. time switch
ii. Dimmer switch
iii. photo electric switch in conjunction with the above lighting circuits.
c. Prepare a circuit schematic diagram, materials list, tools list, and wiring
diagram for the circuit above.
d. Implement all the IEE and SAZ regulations relevant to the above
installation
e. Modify the installation (i) to include an intermediate switch and an
additional switching position.
f. Test the above circuit for earthing, insulation resistance and circuit
continuity (inspection, testing and commissioning).
2. Construct a four socket outlet radial circuit according to IEE and SAZ
regulations.
3. Construct four socket outlet in ring circuit in accordance with IEE and
SAZ regulations.
4.a. Wire a supply board complete with circuit breakers, neutral
bar, energy meter, main earthing terminal and neutral link.
b. Prepare a circuit diagram, tools and material list for the above
installation.
c. Demonstrate knowledge of all relevant IEE and SAZ regulations to
the above installation.
d. Demonstrate an ability to maintain good workmanship especially in
26
the cabling of the board.
5. Wire a normally closed alarm circuit using two voltages.
a. Prepare the circuit diagrams and with diagrams for the project
and make up materials and list required to complete the task.
b. State and explain the advantages of using an extra low voltage to
operate a low voltage system
c. Display knowledge of proper use of instruments and procedures
to locate faults put into the circuit by the instructor
d. Modify the circuit to convert this system to normally open alarm
circuit.
e. Display knowledge of all IEE and SAZ regulations relevant to the
above installation.
6. Construct a full house installation using a variety of installation
methods and materials to include:
a.i. One way lighting circuit
ii. One fluorescent lighting circuit
iii. One cooker control unit
iv. One water heater circuit
v. One two bell circuit, using extra low voltage
b. Prepare material list, tools lit, schematic and wiring diagrams for
the circuit before it is commenced.
c. Identify all IEE and SAZ relevant to the above project.
d. Test the installation for polarity, earthing, insulation
resistance, circuit continuity using appropriate instruments.
6. MACHINES (56 hours)
1. a. Construct ,using various materials a DIRECT-ON-LINE starter circuit

for both three phase and single phase motors, using a dual voltage
system and start/stop buttons.
b. Add remote start/stop station to the above circuit.
c. Complete the tasks to specifications of IEE and SAZ regulation
requirements.
d. Draw schematic diagrams for the circuit to be constructed.
e. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of extra low voltage control
systems.
f. Measure and record the starting currents of the motor and compare
them.
g. Compare the above currents with nameplate readings of the motors.
h. Determine the type and ratings of overload and over current devices
used in the above circuit and install them.
i. Identify and apply all regulations relevant to the above circuit.
j. Test the installation in logical and sequential manner, using appropriate
instruments and drawings to identify simulated faults.
2. Construct a sequential starting system using three-phase motor

interlocks and timers to start more than one motor sequentially, using a
variety of materials.
a. Draw a schematic and wiring diagram of the circuit and demonstrate
the following motor switching arrangements:
27
i. Mercury
ii. Float
iii. Limit
iv. Magnetic
v. Proximity
vi. Contacts/relays
b. Identify safety problems associated with automatic starting circuits and
means to overcome them.
c. State an alarm circuit must be incorporated to warn of impeding start
of the remotely controlled motor as a sequential starting system.
3. Construct a forward –reverse three phase starter.
4. Construct a star-delta starter for a three phase motor.
5. Connect a wound rotor three-phase motor to a variable resistance type
of motor starter.
6. Start a three-phase motor by means of an autotransformer.
7. Demonstrate the knowledge of different types of split-phase motors.
8. Demonstrate the principle of operation of DC motors by connecting
them in various modes.
9. Demonstrate the principle of operation of DC generators to include
methods of coupling them to motors.
7. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CELLS (16 hours)
1. Examine the constructional details of the different types of secondary

cells and identify the various parts.
a. Demonstrate safe working procedures
b. Demonstrate correct method of dilution of electrolyte.
c. Demonstrate correct maintenance procedures.
d. Use hydrometer to determine relative density of the electrolyte.
8. DISCHARGE LUMINARIES (24 hours)
1. Connect a single fluorescent lighting circuit correctly as per schematic

diagram.
a. Explain with the aid of a neat labelled sketch the function of the
starter, choke and capacitor in the circuit.
b. Show the three operational positions of the starter switch with the aid of
a neat labelled diagram.
c. Connect two fluorescent lights in parallel, correctly as per schematic
diagram in order to reduce stroboscopic effect.
2. Install and explain the operations of the following luminaries:
i. High pressure mercury vapour
ii. High pressure sodium vapour
iii. Tungsten halogen lamp
9. HEATING APPLIANCES (16 hour)
1. Install and maintain the following appliances:

i. One plate stove, two plate and cooker
ii. Iron
28
iii. Water heaters
iv. Heaters
2. Demonstrate the use of the following control devices:
i. Three heat switches
ii. Six heat switch
iii. Simmerstat switch
iv. Oven heat switch
v. Bimetallic switch
3. Identify and apply the relevant IEE and SAZ regulations related to the above.
FIELD TRIP (16 hours)
Visit at least two power installation sites.
REFERENCE
1. Modern Electrical Installation Work, Vol. 1, 2, & 3, Brain Scaddan.

2. Electrical Installation Technology, Vol. 1, 2, & 3, M L Lewis.
3. IEE Regulations, 15th or 16th Edition.
12.1.4
COMMON WORKSHOP PRACTICE UNIT: MATERIALS AND TOOLS
DESIGN LENGTH
40 hours
1. CUTTING TOOLS (2 hours)
1. Identify the appropriate cutting tools for a give task.

2. Demonstrate knowledge on the safety precautions to be observed when using
cutting tools.
3. Demonstrate correct use of cutting tools listed below:
i. Hacksaws
ii. Center punches
iii. Brace and bits
iv. Drilling machines and drill bits
v. Tin snips and metal shears
vi. Stocks and dies
vii. Knives
viii. Files
ix. Power bench grinders
x. Chassis punches
xi. Side cutters
xii. Wire stripper.
2. MEASURING TOOLS (2 hours)
1. Identify the appropriate measuring tools for a given task.
29
measuring tools.
3. Demonstrate correct use of the measuring tools listed below:
i. Variuos types of measuring rules
ii. Tape measure
iii. Micrometer
iv. Vernier callipers.
3. HOLDING TOOLS (2 hours)
1. Identify the appropriate holding tools for a given task.

2. Demonstrate the knowledge on the safety precautions to be observed when using
holding tools.
3. Demonstrate correct use of holding tools listed below:
i. Various types of pliers
ii. Vices.
4. FASTENING TOOLS (2 hours)
1. Identify the appropriate fastening tools for a give task.

fastening tools.
3. Demonstrate correct use of fastening tools listed below:
i. Screwdrivers
ii. Spanners
iii. Riveting tools
iv. Soldering iron
v. Crimping tool.
5. MARKING TOOLS (2 hours)
1. Identify the correct marking tools for a given task.

2. Demonstrate knowledge of the safety precautions to be observed when using
marking tools.
3. Demonstrate correct use of marking tools listed below:
i. Plumb line
ii. Scribers
iii. Squares
iv. Levels
v. Compass
vi. Divider
6. ACCESS DEVICES (2 hours)
1. Identify the appropriate access devices for a given tasks.

2. Demonstrate knowledge of the safety precautions to be observed when using access
devices.
3. Demonstrate correct use of access devices listed below:
i. Scaffolding
ii. Ladders
30
7. FORMING TOOLS (2 hours)
1. Identify the appropriate forming tools for a given task.

2. Demonstrate knowledge of the safety precautions to be observed when using
forming tools.
3. Demonstrate correct use of forming tools listed below:
i. Benders
ii. Hammers
iii. Wood block.
8. PROCESSES (16 hours)
1. Demonstrate knowledge of tools, procedures and standards involved in various

processes listed below:
i. Cutting
ii. Filing
iii. Drilling
iv. Jointing
v. Turning
vi. Cleaning and lubricating
vii. PCB preparation
viii. Mounting and lifting
9. TYPES OF MATERIALS (2 hours)
1. Describe metals, polymers, ceramics and composites.
10. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS (6 hours)
1. Demonstrate knowledge on the mechanical properties of materials:

i. Strength
ii. Elasticity
iii. Plasticity
iv. Hardness
v. Toughness
vi. Ductility
vii. Elementary treatment of fatigue.
2. Demonstrate knowledge on the electrical properties of materials:
i. Conductivity
ii. Resistivity
3. Define:
i. Semiconductor
ii. Dielectrics and permittivity
iii. Ferro magnetic material
iv. Magnetic properties
v. Super conductivity
4. Demonstrate knowledge on thermal properties of materials e.g.:
i. Conductivity
ii. Heat capacity
31
iii. Expansion.
11. APPLICATION OF MATERIALS (2 hours)
1. State the application of :

i. Metals
ii. Insulators
iii. Semiconductors
iv. Polymers in electrical engineering.
REFERENCE
1. Chapman, Workshop Technology.

2. Akintante, Electrical Installations.
3. Lewis M.L. Electrical Installation Technology ,Hutchinson & Co. Ltd, London.
4. Tyler D.W, Electrical & Electronic Applications 2, Butterworth & Co. Ltd,
London.
5. Linsley T., 1997, Basic Electrical Installation Work – 2nd edition, Arnold, London.
12.1.5
COMMON SUBJECT: ELECTRONICS
CODE: 321/04/S05
DESIGN LENGTH
Theory 126 hours
Laboratory 90 hours
Total 216 hours
1. PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS (6 hours)
1. Introduction
Define Electronics
2. Resistors
2.1 State and draw the circuit symbols for the following types of resistors:
a) Fixed resistors
i. Carbon Composition
ii. Wire Wound
iii. Metal Oxide
b) Variable resistors
i. Linear
ii. Logarithmic
c) Preset resistors.
2.2 Define the following resistor specifications:
i. Nominal value (use of the E12 series)
ii. Power rating
iii. Stability
iv. Tolerance
2.3 Determine resistor value using colour code and printed code (BS 1852)
2.4 Draw circuit symbols, explain characteristics and applications of the
32
following non-linear resistors:
a) NTC & PTC thermistors
b) Voltage Dependent Resistors
c) Light Dependent Resistors
d) Magneto-Dependent Resistors
3. Capacitors
3.1 State specifications and draw circuit symbols of:
a) Fixed capacitors
i. Paper ii. Mica iii. Ceramic
iv. Polyester v. Electrolytic
b) Variable capacitors
c) Preset capacitors
3.2 Describe the capacitor colour and printer code and use it to determine the
value of a capacitor.
3.3 Describe the operation of the basic capacitor in DC and AC circuits. (DC
blocking & AC bypass).
4. Inductors
4.1 State specifications and draw the circuit symbols of the following types of
inductors.
i. Air-cored
ii. Iron-cored
iii. Dust/ferrite cored
iv. Laminated-core inductors
4.2 Explain the operation of an inductor in DC and AC circuits.(AC blocking
& DC bypass).
2. BASIC ELECTRONIC MATERIAL (4 hours)
1. 1.1 State the difference of conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

1.2 Draw a labelled structure of an atom to show:
a. Valence band
b. Conduction band
c. Forbidden Gap
1.3 Explain P-type and N-type doping
1.4 Define intrinsic and extrinsic conduction
1.5 Explain thermal and light effect on conduction of semiconductors.
3. THE PN JUNCTION DIODE (24 hours)
1. The PN Junction
1.1 Describe the formation of the potential barrier and depletion layer in an
unbalanced junction.
1.2 Explain the effects of forward/reverse biasing a PN junction (using block
symbol) on:
a. Currents
b. Depletion Region
c. Barrier Potential
1.3 Describe the effect of temperature on both the reverse and forward
currents of a diode.
33
1.4. Explain the zener and avalanche mechanisms of junction breakdown.
1.5 Draw the static characteristics of a PN diode.
1.6 Define the following diode parameters and obtain them from data sheets:
a. Power dissipation Pd(max).
b. Maximum Forward Voltage Vf (max).
c. Max. Forward Current If (max).
d. Peak Inverse Voltage PIV.
1.7. Draw the equivalent circuit and characteristics of:
i. Ideal diode
ii. Practical diode assuming a constant forward voltage drop.
1.8. Determine the Q-point of a PN junction diode.
2. Application of the Rectifier Diode
1. Describe with the aid of diagrams the operation of the following
(assuming sinusoidal inputs and purely resistive load).
i. DC power supply block diagrams
ii. The half wave rectifier
iii. The centre-tap full wave rectifier.
iv. The full-wave bridge rectifier
2. Calculate for the rectifier circuits in 2.1 (ii-iv):
i. Average Voltage Vdc and Average Current Idc
ii. Root-mean-square voltage Vrrms and Irms
iii. Efficiency
iv. Ripple factor.
3. Explain the operation of:
i. Capacitor filter
ii. Choke filter
iii. Choke-capacitor (LC) filter.
4. Define peak-to-peak ripple voltage Vrpp and the ripple factor.
5. Calculate Vo (DC) , Ripple factor for 3 (i-iii) above assuming linear
discharge and zero charge time.
6. Explain the effect of capacitor size on diode peak currents and peak
inverse voltage.
7. Explain the principle of operation of the following clipping and clamping
circuits:
i. Simple series and parallel diode clippers
ii. Biased series and parallel diode clippers
iii. Biased double diode clippers
iv. Positive and negative clampers.
3. The Zener Diode
3.1 Explain the operation of the zener diode
3.2 Draw the zener diode labelled characteristics
3.3 Explain the operation of the zener diode as a voltage stabilizer
3.4 Analyse the effect of:
a. Varying load, fixed supply voltage
b. Varying supply voltage, fixed load on a zener diode stabilising
circuit
3.5 Explain how to measure the zener diode forward and reverse
characteristics
3.6 Draw and explain the use of the zener diode as a voltage clipper
3.7 Draw the output waveforms of the clipping circuits.
34
4. Opto- Electronic Devices
4.1 Describe the basic construction and operation of the following opto
electronic devices:
i. Photoconductive cell (LDR)
ii. Photodiode
iii. Solar cell
iv. Light-emitting diodes (LED‟s)
4.2 Draw the characteristics of the above components/devices
4.3 State practical applications of the devices
4.4 Draw and explain the principle of operation of the optocoupler
4.5 State the practical application of the optocoupler.
4. BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (20 hours)
The BJT device

1. Draw the construction diagram of a BJT (PNP and NPN)
2. Explain the operation of the BJT
3. Explain with the aid of a diagram how output, input and transfer characteristics are
measured. Show operating regions.
4. Define the following transistor parameters: voltage gain, current gain (AC and DC)
and power gain
5. Explain fixed base bias and potential divider bias
6. Plot DC load lines to determine operating (Q) point
7. Find hFE from output characteristics
8. Calculate IB, IC, IE , VCE, VBE, and HFE given some of the variables
9. Explain thermal run away
10. Explain the operation of a transistor as a switch with the following
components: phototransistor, photodiode ,photoconductive cell, thermistors and
solar cell
11. Draw and explain operation of a series voltage stabilizer showing; reference
voltage, error amplifier and series regulator.
The BJT Amplifier
1. Draw a fixed base bias single stage common emitter amplifier showing coupling
capacitors, source, biasing resistors and load
2. Explain the function of all the components
4. Draw the waveforms of the superimposed DC and AC at the input, and draw the
output voltage(amplified) using characteristics.
5. Find the Q point of the amplifier
6. Show the effects of supply voltage variation, and load resistance on Q point.
5. THE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (16 hours)
1. Basic JFET Operation

1.1 Describe the construction and operation of the JFET (N- channel and P-
channel devices).
1.2 Compare properties of FET‟s and BJT‟s.
1.3 Sketch typical output and transfer characteristics of a JFET (fully labelled)
1.4 State the 3 FET configurations
1.5 Draw basic circuit, with proper bias voltages , of the CSC
1.6 Define JFET parameters and describe how to determine them from the
35
output and transfer characteristics
a. PD(MAX) ; IDSS; VDS(MAX); Vp; Vgs (off)
b. Mutual conductance gm or Yfs
c. Drain resistance rd.
2. Basic MOSFET
2.1 Explain the construction and operation of the p &n channel of the:
a. Depletion Enhancement MOSFET
b. Enhancement only MOSFET
2.2 Draw the circuit symbols for MOSFET type in 2.1 above showing
the correct bias voltages
2.3 Determine the operating point and safe operating area of a FET in
an give circuit
2.4 Describe biasing methods for MOSFET (and JFET,s)
a. Fixed bias
b. Potential divider bias
2.5 Calculate quiescent voltage and currents using
ID=IDSS(1-Vgs/Vp)2 = IDss(1-Vgs/Vgs-off)2 for the FET
amplifier circuits in 2.4 above
2.6 Explain the operation of JFET amplifier in common source mode
2.7 Calculate the voltage gain of a common source mode JFET
amplifier using the relation; Av = -gmRD.
2.8 Explain the operation of the JFET as a switch (CSC).
3. The CMOS
3.1 Explain the construction and operation of the CMOS
3.2 State precautions in handling the CMOS
3.3 State applications of the CMOS.
6. THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (12 hours)
1. State the basic difference between discrete component circuits and integrated
circuits
2. Draw the block symbol and define the op-amp
3. State the ideal and practical properties of an op-amp:
(use the 741 IC op-amp as an example)
a. Input impedance
b. Output impedance
c. Open-loop gain
d. Bandwidth
e. Offset voltage.
4. Explain the need for negative feedback in op-amps.
5. Draw and explain the transfer characteristics of an op-amp.
6. Describe single-rail and dual biasing techniques for the op-amp.
7. Define the following terms:
a. Bias current
b. Differential mode signal
c. Common mode signal
d. Common mode rejection ratio, CMRR.
e. Slew Rate
f. Input Offset Voltage
g. Output Offset Voltage.
36
8. Calculate, d, e, f, in (7).
9. Explain the virtual earth concept.
10. Draw the following op-amp circuits:
a. Non-inverting amplifier
b. Inverting amplifier
c. Summing amplifier
d. Voltage follower
e. Integrator
11. Calculate:
i. The Av(CL) for (a) and (b) using Av= 1 + Rf/Ri and Av= -Rf/Ri
ii. Vo for the summing amplifier.
12. Describe how the op-amp can be used as a comparator, giving the practical
application.
7. POWER ELECTRONICS (14 hours)
1. Silicon Controlled Rectifier

1.1 Draw the construction diagram and explain the operation of a SCR(Use the
two transistor model).
1.2 Explain triggering of SCR using resistors and diodes.
1.3 Define SCR specifications:
a. Voltage Rating
b. Current Rating
c. Power Rating
d. dv/dt
e. di/dt
f. gate ratings
1.4 Explain single phase power control and burst control with aid of input and
output waveforms.
1.5 Explain with the aid of diagrams and input/output waveforms how the
speed of single-phase AC and DC motors can be controlled.
2. UJT
2.1 Draw the construction diagram of the UJT.
2.2 Draw V/I characteristics and explain operation of UJT.
2.3 Draw the relaxation oscillator and with aid of capacitor voltage and output
voltage waveforms explain how it can be used to trigger an SCR.
3. DIAC AND TRIAC
3.1 Draw the construction diagram of a DIAC and TRIAC.
3.2 Explain operation of a DIAC and TRIAC
3.3 Draw V/I characteristics of DIAC and TRIAC.
3.4 Explain with aid of diagrams how a DIAC is used to trigger SCR‟s and
TRIAC‟s.
3.5 Explain with the aid of diagram single phase AC control of power using a
TRIAC.
8. DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS (30 hours)
1. Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

1.1 Draw symbols of AND, OR, NAND, NOR, EX-OR and EX-NOR gates.
1.2 Explain with aid of truth tables the operation of the above gates.
37
1.3 State Boolean laws and theorems.
1.4 State Boolean identities and simplify Boolean expressions.
1.5 State De Morgan‟s theorems.
1.6 Derive Boolean expressions from truth tables and construct logic circuits t
to generate Boolean expressions.
1.7 Demonstrate universal use of NAND and NOR to replace AND, OR and
NOT gates.
2. Combinational Logic
2.1 Define Combinational logic
2.2 Use timing diagrams to explain operation of gates (use IC‟s).
2.3 Draw block diagrams and explain operation of the following circuits: half
and full adder, encoder and decoders, multiplexers and demultiplexer.
3. Sequential Logic
3.1 Define sequential logic.
3.2 Use timing diagrams and truth tables to explain operation of SR FF, D FF,
clocked SR FF, JK FF, and Master-slave JK-FF (use IC‟s).
3.3 State practical applications of above FF‟s.
4. Micro Computer
4.1 Draw block diagram of a microcomputer.
4.2 Explain function of each block.
4.3 State practical examples of input/output devices.
4.4 Explain the uses of address-data-control bus and memory.
4.5 State practical applications of RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM.
LABORATORY (90 hours)
1. a. correctly connects measuring instruments in proving ohm‟s law.

b. Measure the response of an NTC or PTC when heated.
2. a. Measure the pn junction diode characteristics.
b. Construct a half wave rectifier and measure input and output
voltages(resistive load).
c. Construct a bridge rectifier and measure the input, output and diode voltages
(resistive load).
d. measure the characteristics of a zener diode.
e. Analyse the effect of the size of the filter capacitor and inductor on the
output rectifiers.
3. a. Measure the input, output and transfer characteristics of BJT transistors and
find HFE from the characteristics (use common emitter connection.).
b. Construct a light sensitive alarm and state advantage of BJT over use of
relays.
c. Construct a temperature monitoring circuit and investigate the effect of
varying the resistor in the base (biasing) of the BJT.
d. Construct a single stage common emitter amplifier and measure phase
relationship of input and output, the output voltage and calculate voltage
amplification factor with and without CE. Determine the input voltage
which causes distortion of output voltage.
4. a. Repeat experiment 3-d using an FET in common source connection.
b. Measure the output and transfer characteristics of a FET.
5. a. Measure the phase shift of input and output voltage for an inverting
amplifier.
38
b. Measure the voltage gain of an inverting amplifier and show the variation of
amplification with RF.
6. a. Construct a half wave controlled rectifier and show how power control is
achieved ( vary trigger angle).
b. Construct a phase shift power control circuit using a Diac and Triac and use
it as a light dimmer.
c. Construct a pulse generator using a UJT and measure the capacitor voltage
and the output voltage.
7. a. Use 74xx series of IC‟s that represent AND, OR, NAND , NOR and OR
GATES to derive the truth tables of logic gates using LED logic lvel
indicators.
b. Demonstrate the operation of Multiplexers and Demultiplexer with LED
outputs.
c. Derive truth tables of FF‟s (IC‟s) with LED outputs.
EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
Values indicated and numbers are only for the range of specifications.
-Resistors 10 ohm to 10 mega ohm (E12 series)
-NTC‟s and PTC‟s
-Capacitors 1nano Farad to 470 micro Farad (E12 series)
-Signal diodes range of AA118
-Zener diodes range of 6,2v to 9,1v
-Transistors BD137, BD138, BC550, BC560,BF224 (range)
-14 pole IC socket
-Bridge rectifier BY164 (range)
-Plug in transformers
-Switch, 1 pole
-LED‟s
-SCR-2N4443
-TRIAC-TXC 02AID (range)
-UJT and DIAC‟s
-Connecting leads
-6 Dual power supplies
-6 AF signal generators
-12 Multimeters and 6 Oscilloscopes
-Protoboards
-Integrated basic logic gates‟s 74 series
-Integrated FF‟s 74 series
-Multiplexers, Demultiplexer , decoder (IC‟s).
REFERENCE
1. Floyd, 1996, Electronic Devices & Circuits, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
2. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
3. Duncan T, 1983, Success in Electronics, John Murray, London.
4. Green D.C., 1991, Electronics 2, Longman, Essex.
5. Baitch , Electrical Technology.
6. Schum Series, 1989, Digital Electronics, McGraw Hill , London.
7. Williams, Power Electronic Devices.
39
8. Theraja, Electronic Devices.
9. Mehta, Principles of Electronics.
12.1.6
COMMON SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

CODE: 321/04/S06
DESIGN LENGTH
Theory 144 hours
Laboratory 72 hours
TOTAL 216 hours
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY (12 hours)
1. Describe the structure of a basic atom.

2. Define an ion.
3. Define electric charge and state its units.
4. Define electric current and state its units.
5. State the relationship between charge and electric current (Q=I.t).
6. Differentiate between electro-motive force (emf) and potential difference (pd) and
state their units.
7. Define the terms Volt, Voltage drop, Coulomb and Ampere.
8. Define resistance and resistivity. State the units of each.
9. State the parameters of resistance ( R=ρl/A) and perform calculations.
10. Define conductance as the reciprocal of resistance and state its units.
11. Define temperature coefficient of resistance.
12. Calculate temperature co-efficient of resistance at:
i. 0O C base
ii. ϴO C base (base temperature other than 0OC)
iii. Using change of base values.
2. DC CIRCUIT THEORY (16 hours)
1. Differentiate between series and parallel connection of resistors.

2. Calculate unknown voltages, currents and resistances in series networks.
3. i. Calculate the unknown voltages , currents and resistances in parallel and
series –parallel networks.
ii. Describe the loading effect of the voltage divider.
4. i. Differentiate between source voltage, open circuit voltage and terminal
voltage.
ii. Define internal resistance of a voltage source.
iii. Perform calculations using V=E-IR.
5. State Ohm‟s Law (i.e basic form : opposition =cause divided by effect).
6. Apply Ohm‟s Law to electrical circuits.
7. i. Differentiate between electrical energy and power stating their units.
ii. Define:
a. The joule
b. The watt
iii. Perform calculations involving electric power and electric energy
40
(i.e. W = Q.V = I2 R = V2//R = P.t ).
8. State and apply the following theorems in solving DC circuits:
i. Kirchoff‟s Laws (up to three branches)
ii. Superposition Theorem (up to three branches)
iii. Thevenin‟s Theorem (including source conversion)
iv. Norton‟s Theorem (including source conversion)
v. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem (to include solutions on batteries,
Thevenin and Norton‟s equivalent circuits).
3. MAGNETIC FIELD THEORY (20 hours)
1. State the uses of permanent and electromagnets.

2. Sketch magnetic field patterns due to an electric current in:
i. A straight conductor
ii. Two parallel conductors
iii. Solenoid
iv. Toroid (state application)
Use corkscrew rule, right hand grip rules.
3. Define and perform calculations on the following:
i. Magnetomotive force, F (mmf)
ii. Magnetic field strength, H
iii. Magnetic flux, ϕ
iv. Magnetic flux density, B
v. Reluctance, S
vi. Permeability of free space, μo
vii. Relative permeability, μr
viii. Absolute permeability, μ .
State the units where applicable.
4. i. Calculate the force:

a. On a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
b. Between two parallel current carrying conductors
ii. Define the Ampere from item 3.4 (ii).
5. Define magnetic hysteresis.
6. Explain the development of the hysteresis loop and define:
i. Coercive force
ii. Coercivity
iii. Remnant magnetism
iv. Remanance
v. Saturation flux density.
7. State that the energy loss associated with hysteresis, i.e.hysteresis loss,
is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop.
8. Draw and describe magnetic hysteresis loops for:
i. Permanent magnetic materials e.g. hard steel
ii. Soft iron materials
iii. Ferrite materials
State uses of the above materials.
9. Define a magnetic circuit.
10. Draw the electrical equivalent circuit of a magnetic circuit.
Compare magnetic and electric circuit parameters.
41
11. Perform calculations on series and parallel magnetic circuits.
12. With the aid of illustrations, explain:
i. Magnetic leakage
ii. Magnetic fringing
iii. Magnetic screening.
State practical applications; see also 2 – iv.
13. Define magnetic leakage coefficient or factor.
14. Perform calculations in 3.ii incorporating leakage factor.
15. Define electro-magnetic induction.
16. State Faraday‟s Laws of electro-magnetic induction.
17. Perform calculations on induced emf using:
i. E = N dϕ/dt
ii. E = Bℓvsinθ
State that the polarity of the induced emf can be determined using:
a. Lenz‟s Law and b. Fleming‟s Right Hand Rule.
18. State Lenz‟s Law.
19. Perform calculations using E = -Ldi/dt = - N dϕ/dt
20. Define:
i. Self inductance, L and state its units
ii. The Henry, H.
21. Perform calculations using:
i. L = Nϕ/I
ii. L = N2/S = μAN2/l
22. Calculate energy stored in a magnetic field i.e. W = LI2 /2 (J).
23. Define:
i. Mutual inductance M and state its units.
ii. Henry in terms of mutual inductance.
i. M = K√(L1L2) where K is the coupling coefficient,
ii. M = N1N2/S = μAN1N2/l
iii. M = N2ϕ/I1
iv. E2 = - M di1/dt
25. Describe series aiding and series opposition in magnetically coupled circuits and
State the dot rule.
i. L = L1 + L2 ± 2M
ii. M = LA – LB
4
4. ELECTRIC FIELD THEORY (14 hours)
1. Define electrostatics.
2. Describe an electrostatic field.
3. Define electrical field strength, E and state units.
4. Define capacitance, C and state units.
5. Describe capacitor action.
6. Perform simple calculations involving C=Q/V and Q = It.
7. Define electric flux density, D and state units.
8. Define permittivity.
9. Distinguish between εo , εr and ε .
42
10. Perform calculations involving D=Q/A, E=V/D and D/E = εo . εr.
11. Determine the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with n-plates using
C = εo . εr.(n-1)A
d
12. Perform calculations on series and parallel capacitor networks.
13. Define dielectric strength and state units.
14. Define dielectric absorption.
15. Calculate energy stored in an electric field i.e.
W = 1 CV2 = 1QV
2 2
5. DC TRANSIENTS (10 hours)
1. Define the term „transient‟.

2. State that transients are produced by energy storing banks e.g. inductors and
capacitors.
3. Describe the transient response of inductor and resistor voltages, current in a series
R-L dc circuit at switch -on.
4. Draw the transient growth and decay curves for the R-L circuit.
5. Define the time constant for an R-L circuit.
6. Calculate the time constant for an R-L circuit.
7. Perform calculations using VL=V e –t/τ , VR=V(1- e –t/τ) and i=I(1 - e –t/τ).
8. Calculate rates of change of voltage and current and charge.
9. Describe the transient response for current decay in an R-L circuit.
10. Perform calculations using decay equations.
11. Describe the transient response of capacitor and resistor voltages, and current in a
Series R-C dc circuit at switch –on.
12. Draw the transient growth and decay curves for an R-C circuit.
13. Define the time constant of an R-C circuit.
14. Calculate the time constant of an R-C circuit.
15. Perform calculations using Vc = V(1 - e –t/τ ) , VR = V e –t/τ , and i=I e –t/τ .
16. Describe the transient response when discharging a capacitor.
17. Perform calculations using discharge equations.
18. Describe the effect of time constant on a rectangular waveform via R-C integrator
and R-C differentiator.
6. SINGLE PHASE AC THEORY (20 hours)
1. Define an alternating waveform.

2. Sketch the following alternating waveforms:
i. Square, rectangular
ii. Sawtooth, triangular
iii. Sinusoidal.
3. Explain why the sine waveform is called the AC waveform while other waveforms
are denoted by their descriptive terms.
4. Define, for alternating quantities, the terms:
i. Periodic time
ii. Frequency
iii. Peak value
iv. Peak-to-peak value
43
v. Cycle.
5. Perform calculations using T=1/f.
6. Describe the generation of a sinusoidal waveform.
7. Define the terms:
i. Average value
ii. RMS value
iii. Form factor.
8. Perform calculations using 6-7.
9. Define the term „phasor‟.
10. Represent sinusoidal quantities by means of phasors.
11. Perform phasor addition and subtraction using:
i. Graphical method (to scale)
ii. Analytical method (resolving into vertical/horizontal components)
iii. Trigonometric identities.
12. Determine the phasor relationship between voltage and current in a:
i. Purely resistive network
ii. Purely inductive network
iii. Purely capacitive network.
13. Define capacitive reactance,Xc and inductive reactance, XL.
14. Define the term „phase angle‟.
15. Draw phasor diagrams for R-L, R-C and R-L-C series circuits.
16. Determine the impedance, current and phase angle of each of circuits in 15 above.
State units of Z.
17. Perform calculations using Pythagoras‟ Theorem,trig-ratios and Z=V/I.
18. Define „resonance‟ in series circuits.
19. Sketch on the same axes, variation of XL, Xc, R, Z, VR and I against frequency.
20. Calculate resonant frequency.
21. Define Q-factor and state its significance (i.e. selectivity).
22. Calculate the Q-factor of a series network.
23. Draw the phasor diagrams for R-L,R-C and R-L-C parallel circuits.
24. Determine the impedance, currents and circuit phase angle from the phasor
diagrams.
25. Define „resonance‟ in parallel circuits.
26. Calculate the resonant frequency.
27. Define dynamic impedance.
28. Calculate dynamic impedance.
29. Define Q-factor of a parallel circuit.
30. Calculate the Q-factor of a parallel circuit.
31. Define true power P, apparent power S, reactive power Q and power factor.
32. Draw the power triangle for the:
i. R-L circuit
ii. R-C circuit
iii. R-L-C circuit.
33. Calculate true power, apparent power, reactive power and power factor.
34. Explain power factor correction.
35. Perform calculations involving power factor correction.
(Use of static capacitors only).
44
7. SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS (10 hours)
1. State the essential features of construction of power transformers.

2. Explain the principle of operation of an ideal transformer and use the relationship;
Ep/Es = Np/Ns = Is/Ip = Vp/Vs.
3. Draw and explain then no-load phasor diagram of a transformer.
4. Identify transformer losses and state how they can be minimized,
5. Draw and explain the following types of transformer windings and core
construction ;
i. Core type
ii. Shell type
iii. Concentric winding
iv. Sandwich winding
v. Toroidal core.
6. Describe open circuit and short circuit tests on transformers.
7. Perform calculations on transformer efficiency and voltage regulation.
8. Perform simple calculations involving no-load power and power factor,
i.e. no-load phasor diagram (see 7.3).
9. Describe the principle of operation of the auto-transformer and current
transformer.
10. Compare the auto-transformer and the double-wound transformer.
8. THREE-PHASE THEORY (8 hours)
1. State the advantages and disadvantages of three-phase power supply.

2. Describe the generation of three-phase voltages and currents.
3. Draw the three-phase waveform and explain that the quantities are displaced by
120o electrical from each other.
4. State the relationship between line and phase values of a three-phase network as:
i. For Delta connection, VL = Vp and IL = √3 Ip.
ii. For Star connection, IL = Ip and VL= √3 Vp.
5. Draw phasor diagrams to show the symmetrical and balanced nature of three-phase
voltages.
6. Show, by phasor diagrams, analytically or trigonometrically, that the sum of line
or phase currents in a balanced three-phase system is zero.
7. i. Calculate neutral current in a simple balanced and unbalanced three-phase
system.
ii. Calculate line and /phase currents in Delta and Star three-phase circuits.
8. Describe the measurement of power using:
i. One wattmeter method
ii. Two wattmeter method
iii. Three wattmeter method.
9. AC MACHINES (10 hours)
1. Draw diagrams of, describe the construction and operation of, and state the
applications of the:
i. Universal motor/single-phase series motor
ii. Shaded-pole motor
iii. Single-phase synchronous motor
45
iv. Capacitor- start, capacitor -run motor/capacitor motor
v. Repulsion motor
vi. Servo motor
vii. Split-phase motor
viii. Multi-speed motor.
2. Explain methods of reversal of the single-phase motor in 9.1.
3. Draw diagram and explain how the speed of a single-phase motor can be varied
using thyristor /TRIAC‟s.
4. Describe the construction of the stator and rotor of a three-phase machine.
5. Explain with sketches, how a rotating magnetic field is produced in the stator.(see
also 8.2 and 8.3).
6. Describe how torque is developed on the shaft of an induction motor.
7. Define synchronous speed, rotor speed and slip.
8. Perform calculations on synchronous speed, rotor speed, slip and efficiency.
(calculations here to suit level of students).
9. State the difference between a three-phase cage rotor and three-phase wound
rotor induction motors.
10. Explain, with sketches, the construction and operation of a three-phase
synchronous motor.
11. State applications of cage rotor motor, three-phase wound rotor and the three-
phase synchronous motor.
12. Describe copper and iron losses and relate these to efficiency.
13. Distinguish between total torque developed and shaft torque.
10. DC MACHINES (16 hours)
1. Draw a diagram to show the main features of a DC machine (general construction).

2. Draw circuit diagrams of series, shunt, separately excited and compound motors.
3. Describe Lap and Wave Winding of DC machines.
4. State the emf, the power and torque equations of DC motors in 10.2.
5. Explain commutation related to correct adjustment of brush position and state
methods of achieving good commutation.
6. Explain with the aid of diagrams, the load characteristics of DC motors in 10.2.
(Students expected to draw speed-torque and torque-current).
7. State the application of DC motors in 10.2.
8. Describe speed variation and reversal of direction of DC motors.
(to include basic electronic speed control).
i. E = V + Ia Ra
ii. E = V - IaRa
iii. E = 2ZPNϕ
c 60 .
10. Define armature reaction.
11. State the effects of armature reaction.
12. Explain the methods of minimizing armature reaction.
13. Describe methods of starting DC motors for example Faceplate starter.
14. State the losses of DC motors.
46
11. ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS (8 hours)
1. Describe the construction, principle of operation and application of the following

instruments:
i. Moving coil
ii. Moving iron
iii. Thermocouple
iv. Watt meter
v. Energy meter
vi. Wheatstone bridge
vii. Digital voltmeter (simple bock diagram).
2. State advantages and disadvantages of moving coil and moving iron instruments.
3. Compare the digital and analogue instruments.
4. Define sensitivity of an instrument.
5. Explain the following common errors in measuring instruments, that is errors due
to:
i. Limitations of the instrument
ii. The operator
iii. The instrument disturbing the circuit.
6. Explain the methods of extending the range of instruments in 11.1 (i. and ii.).
7. Perform calculations in extending the range of instruments.
1. Use measuring instruments i.e. DMM, CRO, OHMMETER, VOLTMETER,

AMPMETER.
2. Measure/verify voltage drops in series and parallel-connected resistors.
3. Verify:
i. Ohm‟s law
ii. Kirchoff‟s laws
iii. Superposition Theorem
iv. Thevenin‟s Theorem
v. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
4. Map field patterns around permanent magnets and electro magnets.
5. Plot curves for capacitor charging and discharging.
6. Demonstrate the effect of time constant on integrators and differentiator RC
circuits.
7. Show the variation of reactance with frequency and determine resonant frequency.
8. Measure power in three phase systems using:
i. One wattmeter
ii. Two wattmeters
iii. Three wattmeters.
9. Determine transformer efficiency from open and short tests.
10. i. Demonstrate secondary cell charging
ii. Determine battery efficiency
iii. Connect cells in series and in parallel.
11. Overhaul and assemble:
i. Elementary AC and DC generators
ii. DC motor with and without interpoles
iii. Single phase motors
47
iv. Three phase induction motor
v. Three phase synchronous motor
vi. Motor generator set.
12. Plot torque-current curves for motors.
13. Plot speed-current curves for machines.
REFERENCE
1. J.O.Bird 1997 Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology, Butterworth

Heinemann, Oxford.
2. Ashfaq Hussain Electrical Engineering Principles, , Butterworth
Heinemann, Oxford.
3. S.A.Knight 1994 Electrical and Electronic Principles 2.
4. Mackenzie Basic Electrical Engineering Science.
Smith & Hosie
5. Phillips and Electrical Principles for Technicians. (Vol 1 & 2).
Waterworths
6. Nooger,Van Basic Electricity(Part 1 to 5), 3rd Edition.
Valkenburg and Neville
7. M.Neidle Electrical Equipment and Technology.
8. Boylestad Introduction to Circuit Analysis.
9. Benson Circuit Theory.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
1. Trainer Kits (Motors and Generators).

2. Battery Chargers.
3. Rheostats.
4. Power Supplies (Variable: both AC and DC).

5. Measuring and testing instruments ( ampmeters, voltmeters, ohmmeters, DMM,
CRO), etc.
6. Vero-boards.
7. Simulation software.
8. Drives (AC and DC).
12.1.7
COMMON SUBJECT: ENGINEERING DRAWING CODE: 321/04/S08
DESIGN LENGTH
72 hours
1. INTRODUCTION (6 hours)
1. State the importance of presenting drawings to standard.

2. State the advantages of using drawings as means of technical communication.
3. Identify and state the different pencil grades used for drawing particular lines, arcs
and circles.
4. Identify and state the standard paper sizes used in Engineering Drawing.
48
5. Copy to a give scale.
6. Identify , use and list drawing instruments and equipment as e.g. compass, set
square ,T rule, drawing board.
7. Identify the different types of lines.
8. State the use of the different types of lines.
9. Draw the different types of lines using the appropriate pencil grades.
10. Produce clear and uniform freehand letters and numerals in accordance with
BS308.
11. Draw border lines.
12. Draw title, blocks and print required information.
13. Position views on paper.
14. Show a working knowledge of BS308: 1972 to Publication PD 7308: 1978.
2. GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION (15 hours)
1. a) Bisect a line
b) Construct a perpendicular from a given point to a line
c) Divide a line into proportional parts.
2. a) Define an angle
b) Identify the different types of angle
c) Bisect an angle
d) Construct specific angles without a protractor
e) Copy an angle.
3. a) Define a circle
b) Identify parts of a circle
c) Find the centre of a given arc or circle
d) Draw a circle through any three points
e) Join straight lines with arcs
f) Join two or more arcs and circles.
4. a) Identify types of triangle
b) Construct a triangle given:
i. The sides
ii. Two angles and sides
iii. Perpendicular height and the base
c) Construct the following triangles:
i. Inscribed
ii. Circumscribed
iii. Enscribed.
5. a) Define a tangent
b) Construct internal and external tangents to any two circles.
6. a) Name the regular polygons up to eight sided
b) Construct the above polygons using common and particular methods given:
i. The length of the sides
ii. Outside a given circle
iii. Inside a given circle
c) Solve problems requiring application of the above construvtions.
7. a) Describe an ellipse and state its parts
b) Construct an ellipse given major and minor axes using:
i. Trammel method
ii. Auxiliary circle method
49
iii. Rectangular method
iv. Approximate method
v. Focal point method.
3. PICTORIAL DRAWING (6 hours)
1. State the advantages of pictorial drawings.

2. State the two types of pictorial views i.e. isometric and oblique.
3. Identify isometric and oblique drawings and sketches.
4. Sketch and draw simple engineering components in oblique and isometric views.
4. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ( 18 hours)
1. Define „projection‟
2. Describe how to obtain views in orthographic projection.
3. Name the two types of orthographic projection, i.e. first angle and third angle.
4. Explain the difference between first and third angle orthographic projection.
5. Select the side most suitable to be the front view.
6. Appreciate the possibilities of various numbers of views to completely describe
objects.
7. Illustrate the positioning (layout) of the views on paper.
8. State and illustrate the different methods of dimensioning.
9. State and illustrate the basic rules of dimensioning.
10. Illustrate the acceptable layout of dimensions.
11. Interpret all relevant information from given first and third angle orthographic
views.
12. Sketch and draw objects in first and third angle projection, including hidden
details.
13. Dimension the sketches and drawings according to standard conventions.
14. Convert or orthographic draws (first and third angle) to pictorial views (isometric
and oblique) and vice versa.
5. SECTIONING (9 hours)
1. State the reasons for sectioning.

2. State the general rules to be observed when sectioning.
3. Identify and state the different types of sections.
4. List features which are not sectioned.
5. Illustrate the correct methods of hatching.
6. Interpret relevant information from given section drawings.
7. Sketch and draw sectional views of simple engineering components.
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS (18 hours)
1. Produce and interpret circuit diagrams in electrical, electronic and instrumentation

and control engineering.
2. Identify BS3939 symbols and state the meaning of each symbol.
3. Draw the relevant symbols for all relevant components.
4. Identify block and schematic diagrams.
50
5. Interpret all relevant information from given block and schematic diagrams.
6. a. Power Engineering
-Interpret and draw AC and DC motor control diagrams (face-plate starter,
Thyristor control for DC motors only, D.O.L. and Star-Delta starters
Including sequential starting, auto-transformer and rotor resistance starter)
-Identify and draw, using given data, simple installation plans
-Identify, read and interpret power distribution diagrams of one line and three
lines.
b. Instrumentation
-Identify BS3939 symbols on given circuit diagrams/process loops and
interpret all relevant information from circuit diagrams
-Draw, from given data, circuit diagrams/process loops using BS3939 symbols
(temperature, pressure, level, pH and flow rate)
-Interpret and draw block diagrams of PLC monitoring systems.
c. Electronic Engineering
-Interpret and draw circuit symbols for input and output transducers, e.g.
microphones and loudspeakers.
-Interpret and draw circuit symbols for filters, amplifiers, Op-amps.
-Interpret symbols for power and signal lines and ground
-Interpret and draw functional and block diagrams of receivers and
transmitters, e.g. radio receiver and T.V.
-Interpret and draw digital symbols and circuits (British and American) , e.g.
Multiplexers , coders , decoders and demultiplexer.
REFERENCE
1. Yarwood, Geometrical & Technical Drawing Bk 1 & 2, Thomas Nelson &

Son, 1983, ISBN 0174312967, Hong Kong.
2. Blackie, Technical Drawing, Blackie & Son, 1988, Harare.
3. French, Svensen, Helsen & Urbanick, Mechanical Drawing, Macgraw Hill,
ISBN 07-022310-06, 1968, 8th Ed, USA.
4. Michael Niedle, Basic Electrical Installation, Macmillan Press, ISBN 03-333468-
15, 1982, 3rd Ed, London.
5. K. Morling, Geometric & Engineering Drawing.
6. S.Bland, Graded Exercises in Technical Drawing.
7. Olivo & Payne, Basic Blueprint Reading & Sketching.
8. Maguire, Progressive Engineering Drawing.
9. Klockner Moeller Wiring Manual KM 01-2019, Printed in Germany.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Drawing boards
T-Square
Set-squares (45o and 60o)
Precision compasses & dividers
French curves
Rules and templates
Protractor
Drawing pins
Set of pencils
51
Eraser
Stick- stuff.
12.1.8
COMMON SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS CODE: 321/04/S04
DESIGN LENGTH
144 hours
1. ALGEBRA (18 hours)
1. Plot a graph of a linear function and determine the gradient and intercept.
2. Determine the equation of a straight line given:
i. Two points on a graph
ii. Gradient and one point on a line.
3. Solve algebraically simple equations.
4. Solve algebraically linear simultaneous up to two unknowns by:
i. Elimination
ii. Substitution
iii. Graphical method
iv. Determinant
v. Matrix.
5. Sketch curves related to:
i. y = ax2 + k
ii. y = a(x-h)2 + k.
6. Determine and classify turning points of a quadratic function from 1.5.
7. Solve simple quadratic equations in one unknown by:
i. Factorization
ii. Quadratic formular
iii. Completing the square
iv. Graphical method.
8. Determine the discriminant of a quadratic equation.

9. State the nature of roots of a quadratic equation.
10. State difference between direct and inverse proportionality and solve related
problems including joint and partial variation.
11. Sketch graphs to illustrate direct and inverse proportionality.
12. State and illustrate properties:
i. Hyperbola
ii. Ellipse
iii. Circle.
2. INDICES AND LOGARITHMS (12 hours)
1. Define indices and state the laws.

2. Evaluate and simplify expressions involving real number indices.
3. Define surds and rationalize denominators with surds.
4. Express numbers in standard form.
5. Define logarithms and state the laws of logarithms.
6. Evaluate and simplify expressions involving logarithms.
52
7. Define exponential functions and sketch graphs of exponential functions.
8. Define the natural number and establish it as a base for natural logarithms.
9. Sketch the graphs of ex and e-x.
10. Solve logarithmic and exponential equations.
11. Determine experimental laws in the form:
i. y = axn + b
ii. y = kax + b by application of straight line graphs.
3. TRIGONOMETRY AND CIRCULAR MEASURE (24 hours)
1. Define the six trigonometrical ratios of an angle.

2. Sketch graphs of sine, cosine and tangent.
3. Determine:
i. Period
ii. Angular frequency
iii. Amplitude
iv. Phase angle
of a sinusoidal function.
4. Convert radians to degrees and vice versa.
5. Apply relationships:
i. S = rθ
ii. A = r2θ
iii. θ = ωt .
6. Convert θ-axis to time –axis in waveforms leading to Y = A Sin (ωt ± α) and
determine frequency and periodic time of waveforms and establish the relationship
between angular frequency ( ω ), frequency (f) and period time ( T ) of a function.
7. Determine trigonometrical ratios of any size of angle and associate them with the
four quadrants.
8. Derive and apply the fundamental trigonometrical identities:
i. sin2x + cos2x = 1
ii. 1 + tan2x = sec2x
iii. 1 + cot2x = cosec2x .
9. State and apply:

i. Compound angle formula
ii. Double angle formula
iii. T- angle formula in proving simple identities.
10. State and apply sine and cosine rule.
11. Solve trigonometrical equations of the form:
i. sin θ = k (where -1≤ k ≤ 1)
ii. sin2θ = k (where -1≤ k ≤ 1)
iii. sin (θ ± α)=k (where -1≤ k ≤ 1)
iv. sin nθ = k (where -1≤ k ≤ 1)
v. a cosθ + b sinθ = c (where c is real number)
vi. sin2θ + sinθ + c = 0 (where c is real number).
12. Sine, cosine and tangent approximation for small angle.
13. Basic application of trigonometry to A.C. theory.
53
4, DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (12 hours)
1. Draw a curve and show tangent and normal at a point.

2. Determine the equation of tangent and normal at a given point on a curve.
3. Apply function notation in determining the points on a curve.
4. i. Define lim Δy and show that is the gradient function of y = f (x).
Δx→0 Δx
5. Differentiate from first principles functions with powers of x up to x3, sinx, cosx,
lnx and ex .
6. Differentiate by rule. A function of the form
y = axn + bxn-1 + cxn-2 + ------------------ .
7. Differentiate:
i. Function of a function
ii. Product
iii. Quotient.
8. Determine and classify stationary points of a function using first and second
derivatives.
9. Apply differentiation in rates of change of quantities in the electrical engineering
trade.
5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS (12 hours)
1. State indefinite integrals of functions such as axn, 1/x, sin nx, cos nx and ex.
2. Integrate by substitution functions such as:
i. 1
(1 + x)2
ii. sin (nx) ; sinx . cosx ; sin2x ; sin2x.cosx
iii. enx .
3. Perform integration of functions leading to logarithmic expressions.
4. Determine the area under a curve.
5. Determine the mean and rms value of a sine wave.
6. NUMBER SYSTEMS (10 marks)
1. Explain the concept of base of a number.
2. Apply the concepts to solve problems involving bases 2,8,10 and 16.
(interconversion).
3. Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of bases in 6.2.
4. Apply binary complement operation in effecting a subtraction.
7. COMPLEX NUMBERS AND VECTORS (30 hours)
1. Define a complex number.

2. Evaluate the powers of the imaging number up to j5.
3. Add, subtract, multiply and divide complex numbers in cartesian form (including
powers and roots).
4. Represent complex numbers in cartesian form on an argand diagram.
54
5. Interconnect between cartesian and polar form.
6. Divide, multiply, add and subtract complex numbers in polar form.
7. Apply complex numbers in solution of A. C, circuitry problems.
8. Distinguish among free vector, position vector, unit vector and component vector.
9. Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities giving examples,
10.Add and subtract vectors by:
i. Triangular rule
ii. Parallelogram rule
iii. Polygon rule.
11. Determine the scalar product of two vectors.
12. Construct a phasor from a sine wave.
13. Determine the resultant of a number of phasors.
8. DISPLACEMENT , VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION ( 8 hours)
1. Define:
i. Displacement
ii. Velocity
iii. Acceleration.
2. Construct the velocity/time graphs and apply them to solve problems associated
with linear motion.
3. Apply the following equations in solving problems associated with linear motion:
i. v = u + at
ii. s = ut + ½ at2
iii. v2 = u2 + 2as.
4. Adapt equations in 8.3 for vertical motion under gravity.
9. CIRCULAR MOTION (6 hours)
1. State and apply Newton‟s three laws of motion.

2. Define angular velocity and constant angular acceleration.
3. Convert angular velocity to speed in revs per minute.
4. Connect frequency and period with angular velocity.

5. Relate angular motion to linear motion.
6. Apply the following equations of angular motion:
i. ω = ωo + αt
ii. θ = ωot + ½ at2
iii. ω2 - ωo 2 = ½ αθ
7. Relate torque to angular motion.
10. WORK,POWER,ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY (12 hours)
1. Define:
i. Work done
ii. The Joule
2. Represent and determine work done on a force/distance graph for a constant and
uniformly variable force.
3. Determine work done by an oblique force.
4. Determine work done by a torque.
55
5. Define power.
6. Determine power required for rotation given torque and rotational speed.
7. Define efficiency in terms of:
i. Power ratio
ii. Work ratio.
8. Determine output power of a machine or system by brake pulley test.
9. Calculate efficiency of machine or system.
10. Define energy.
11. State and describe the relationship between energy and work done.
12. State and describe the common forms of energy:
i. Kinetic
ii. Potential
iii. Heat
iv. Electrical
v. Chemical.
13. Apply the following formulae to calculate the following forms of energy:
i. ½ mv2 -kinetic energy
ii. mcθ -heat gained
iii. mgh -gravitational potential energy
iv. vu -electrical energy.
14. State and apply the principle of conservation of energy.
REFERENCE
1. Core Course Mathematics - Bostock and Chandler.

2. Advanced Mathematics ( 1 & 2) - Celia.
3. Technician Mathematics (1-5) - J.O.Bird.
4. Further Mathematics - Bostock and Chandler.
5. Advanced Level Mathematics - Tranter and Lambe.
EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
Scientific Calculator.
12.1.9
COMMON SUBJECT: COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER SKILLS
CODE: 321/04/S07
DESIGN LENGTH
PART I : COMPUTER SKILLS : 45 hours

PART II : COMMUNICATION : 40 hours
PART III: ENTREPRENEURSHIP : 30 hours
TOTAL : 115 hours
PART I : COMPUTER SKILLS
1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS (1 hour)
1. To define a computer in general terms.
56
2. To explain the functions of a computer in terms of:
a. Receiving (and storing) data
b. Processing data
c. Outputting data.
2. COMPUTER EQUIPMENT (4 hours)
1. State the function of the under listed computer components, input and output
devices.
a. Keyboard
b. Mouse
c. Visual Display Unit (VDU)
d. Printers
e. Plotters, e.g. graph plotter
f. Magnetic ink character readers (MICR)
g. Optical character readers (OCR)
h. Bar code readers (CR)
i. Touch screens
j. Joystick
k. Light pens.
3. COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ( 4 hours)
1. State the main functions of each of the under listed internal components of a
computer system unit.
a. Motherboard
b. Power Supply Unit
c. Hard Disk Drive
d. Floppy Disk Drive
e. CD-Rom Drive
f. Processor.
2. Distinguish between internal and external data storage media used with computers.
4. CONFIGURATION (6 hours)
1. Configure/install new hardware, e.g. hard drive.

2. Install/set-up the windows operating system.
3. Install application packages, e.g .Microsoft Word.
4. Connect peripherals, e.g. printers.
5. COMPUTER SECURITY (4 hours)
1. Explain safety precautions to be taken when handling disks.

2. Define the term virus and give examples.
3. Explain the effects of the under listed conditions on computer equipment and
accessories:
a. Food and dust particles on keyboard
b. Excessive heat on data storage media
c. Excessive humidity in a room where the computer is housed
d. Strong magnet near data storage media
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e. Viruses on data and software.
6. SOFTWARE ( 2 hours)
1. Define software
2. Explain the following types of software:
a. Operating System Software as DOS and Windows
b. Application software.
3. State the main differences between DOS and Windows operating system.
7. DOS (4 hours)
1. Perform the under listed operations using appropriate commands:

a. List files and directories which are on the main Hard Disk
b. List all files whose name begin with a given letter
c. List all files with a given file extension
(e.g. ---bat, ---exe, ---com, ---doc)
d. Create a directory on C:\drve
e. Copy a file from a floppy (normally A:\drive) to a specified directory on C:\drive
– and vice-versa
f. Copy all files simultaneously from A:\drive to a specified directory on C:\drive
– and vice-versa
g. Create duplicate copies of a diskette set
h .Rename a give file or directory
i. Delete a specified directory or file
j. Change a file attribute to „Read-Only‟ and vice-versa
k. Display the autoexec-bat file on screen.
8. WINDOWS (6 hours)
1. Perform the under listed WINDOWS( 95 and later) operations:

a. Launch Windows Explorer
b. Create a folder/directory on C:\drive
c. Move a given file to a specified folder
d. Copy a group of files from C:\ to A:\ drive and vice versa
e. Create a start-up diskette
f. Create duplicate copies of a diskette set
g. Rename a given file or folder
h. Change a given file‟s attributes to “Read –Only‟ and vice versa
i. Create a Desktop short cut to a specified file
j. Install an anti-virus programme
k. Scan C:\drive for computer viruses
l. Go to DOS from the desktop.
9. DATA PROCESSING :WORD (6 hours)
1. State the meaning of word-processing and give two examples of word-processing

packages.
2. Use a word-processing package to compile a short business letter.
3. Format gives text to:
58
a. block or select specified text
b. make selected/block text bold
c. underline selected text
d. italicise selected text
e. change blocked text font size or font type as required
f. change selected text to super- or sub-script as required
g. save compiled document to appropriate folder on C:\drive
h. create tables
i. print documents
10. DATA PROCESSING : SPREADSHEET (8 hours)
1. Describe what a spreadsheet is and give two examples of spreadsheet packages

currently in general use.
2. Describe the spreadsheet page layout (columns, rows and cells)
3. Describe how to change row sizes.
4. Enter simple formulas in a cell
5. Use the copy and paste tool to duplicate cell contents in another part of a
worksheet.
6. Use a spreadsheet package (software) to prepare a record of television sets
successfully repaired by each of six journeypersons per week for a given month.
7. Prepare(format) a spreadsheet page to receive and manipulate stock control data
under the following headings:
a. Journeyperson‟s name
b. Unit description
c. Quantity drawn
e. Client‟s name
f. Lob card number
g. Stores person (name)
h. Previous stock (quantity)
i. Current Stock (after deduction)
j. Re-stock threshold level
N.B. Stocks should automatically decline according to quantities drawn. Restocking

by 100 units should be effected once threshold level is reached.
8. Sort selected data in ascending or descending order.
9. Use the following functions:
a. sum
b. average
c. standard deviation
d. count
e. round.
PART II: COMMUNICATION
1. INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION (4 hours)
1. To define forms of communication:

a. Interpersonal communication
b. Intrapersonal communication
59
c. Extrapersonal communication
d. Mass communication.
2. To explain communication theories.
3. To explain the modes of communication.
4. To define:
a. transmitter
b. receiver
c. decoder
d. feedback.
5. To explain communication breakdown.
2. LANGUAGE (4 hours)
To:
1. Construct sentences and paragraphs.
2. Define linguistic abusage
3. Identify style and tone.
4. Use appropriate business terms.
5. Use reference books.
3. SUMMARY AND COMPREHENSION (4 hours)
1. To pick out the important facts in a passage.

2. To summarise passage.
3. To explain terms out of context.
4. SPOKEN COMMUNICATION (4 hours)
1. To use the telephone.

2. To pronounce and enunciate.
3. To talk audibly
4. To appreciate the use of verbal communication in:
a. interviews
b. appraisal
c. reward
d. counselling
e. grievances
f. reprimands
g. dismissal
h. termination.
5. MEETINGS (4 hours)
1. To explain the following:

a. formal (private /public) meetings
b. committee meetings
c. command meetings
2. To convene the meeting in 5.1
3. To write notices, agenda and minutes.
4. To explain the procedures of meetings.
60
5. To define the role of the:
a. Chair person
b‟ Secretary
c. Treasurer.
6. BUSINESS LETTERS ( 6 hours)
1. To classify letters.
2. To write:
a. person to firm
b. firm to person
c. firm to firm
d. inquiry letters
e. quotation letters
f. order letters
g. delivery letters
h. collection letters
i. memorandum
j. complain and adjustment letters.
3.To prepare curriculum vitae.
7. REPORTS (4 hours)
1. To write:
a. progress/routine reports
b. examination/investigation reports
c. accident reports.
8. BUSINESS ORGANISATION (4 hours)
1. To describe the contribution of the departments to the enterprise as a whole.

2. To describe the role of the division of labour.
3. To appreciate the need for co-operation flow of information, communication and

feedback between departments.
4. To appreciate the role of leadership styles, work ethics and human relations to the
Success of the enterprise.
9. LEGISLATION AFFECTING EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES (2 hours)
1. To appreciate the:
a. health and safety act
b. factories act
c. workman‟s compensation.
10. BASIC STORES MANAGEMENT (4 hours)
1. To differentiate between equipment, tools, consumables and working capital.

2. To explain the purpose of requisition and ordering procedures.
3. To appreciate the need for material, handling and storage specifications.
61
4.To understand the effect of depreciation on equipment, capital equipment and the
flow of production.
5.To prepare workshop and log book records.
PART III : ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. CHALLENGES OF AN ENTREPRENEUR (4 hours)
1. Identify the challenges and trends that impact small business development in the
dynamic economic market.
2. Describe the challenge and trends that impact small business development.
3. List characteristics of an entrepreneur.
4. Describe business structures.
5. Describe business ethics.
2. BUSINESS AND LEGAL ASPECTS (4 hours)
1. Identify the legal requirements of a small business.

2. Describe the procedure for business registration.
3. State how a business is licensed.
4. State the effect of sales and income takes on business.
5. State the legal implications with regards to trade marks, patents, copyright, etc.
6. Describe the aspects of business importing and exporting.
7. Describe the roles of the Zimbabwe Standards Association, Internal Standards
Association, Trade Association, Trade Publication and Zimbabwe National
Chamber of Commerce.
3. DEVELOPING BUSINESS CONCEPTS (4 hours)
1. Describe the assessment criteria for a Trade Area.

2. Describe the procedures for market assessment (competitive analysis, market
potential, market share).
3. Describe product positioning strategy and niche marketing.
4. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTING (6 hours)
1. Describe the concept of bookkeeping.

2. Post entry to the correct books of accounts.
3. Describe the process of product pricing.
4. State how capital requirements and operating expenses are determined.
5. Describe the process of application for a business loan from the bank/finance
house.
6. Describe the process of credit management.
7. List types of lease.
8. Describe lease agreement.
9. State the need for business insurance.
10.State Government assistance programmes in setting up business.
62
5. CUSTOMER CARE (4 hours)
1. State the importance of Customer Care and good Public Relations.

2. Describe the process of responding to customer needs and complaints.
3. Identify publics of an organisation and their importance:
a. Customers
b. Suppliers
c. Shareholders
d. Employees
e. Banks
f. Government
g. Society in general.
6. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT (4 hours)
1. Describe the process of Retail Price mark.

2. Describe purchasing procedures.
3. Describe the strategy to be adopted in product distribution.
7. MARKET PLAN (2 hours)
1. State the importance of good business image.

2. Describe the importance of penetrating pricing strategy.
8. BUSINESS PLAN / PORTFOLIO (2 hours)
1. State the importance of a business plan.

2. Develop a business plan in the correct format.
REFERENCE
1. P. Bishop, Computer Science, Nelson UK , 1991.

2. R. Bradley, Understanding Computer Science, Stanley Thornes UK, 1990.
3. C.S French, Computer Science, 1990.
4. O. Chapman, Data Processing and Information Technology, 1991.
5. P. Little ,Business Communication.
6. Mastering Business Communication.
7. C. Smith, Small Business (book 1), Radio Pulpit Publication.
P.O. Box 3436, Pretoria.
8. C. Smith, Small Business (book 2), Radio Pulpit Publication.
P.O. Box 3436, Pretoria.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Computer Lab with 15 pentium 1+

One Dot Matrix Epson Lx 1170
One desckjet 690 or 930
Windows 95+ operating system
Ms-Office packages
3.5” Diskettes.
63
12.1.10
National and Strategic Studies (common at all levels) 401/ S01
Duration 160 Hours

Detailed Syllabus
Pre- colonial Zimbabwe: Mfecane, Bantu Migrations. Pre colonial states (Mutapa,
Rozvi and Ndebele). Slavery.
Colonial History: Role of missionaries, Hunters, Traders and Explorers. The
scramble and partition of Africa. Colonisation of Africa.
Colonial Rule: Various tools/ statutes used to consolidate colonisation and effect of
colonial rule.
Background to Nationalism: Quest for African Independence/ Freedom. Role played
by early independent African States. The rise of Nationalism in Zimbabwe.
Independent Zimbabwe: 1980- 1990 Political developments. 1990 to 1997.
Contemporary Zimbabwe: Contemporary issues in Zimbabwe 1998 to 2003.
Zimbabwe Heritage: Cultural and Religious Inheritance and National interests.
Indegenous resources. Cultural values. Heritage Preservation Initiatives. Civil
Responsibilities.
Legal and Parliamentary Studies: Background (Law and origins of law, Rule of law
and Public Order). The constitution of Zimbabwe (The Executive, The legislature).
Commisions.
International Relations and Development Studies: The Nature of International
Relations. Regional Organisations. International Organisations/ Institutions.
International Political Relations.
Zimbabwe: International Relations.
International Capital and Imperialism. International Economic Relations.
Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship and Patriotism. Customer care and Staff
Motivation. Costing and Pricing. Record keeping and Stock Control. Starting a
business. Business planning. Use of Computers in Business.
Recommended Text Books:

E. Machingaidze From Munhumutapa to 1890.
S. Mudenge A Political History of the Munhumutapa
I. Phimister A Social and Economic History of Zimbabwe
David Smith, Simpson Robert Mugabe
Ibbo Mandaza A Political Economy of Transition
Dan Nabudere The Political Economy of Imperialism
Littlehood International relations
Appleby C, Business Administration
McGuckin, Business for Beginners (A step by step guide to start your new business).
Developmental Studies (common) 340/S06

Duration 246 Hours
Detailed Syllabus
Entrepreneurship Skills Development (72 Hours): Basic characteristic of an

entrepreneurship, Principles of problem solving, The business plan, Managing the
64
business, Cash flow projection, Boarding considerations, Financers, Marketing,
Personnel.
HIV/ AIDS Education (72 hours) Nature, Origin and Extent of HIV/ AIDS;
Transmission and Prevention of HIV/ AIDS; Effects of HIV/ AIDS; Management and
care; Topical Issues (Women and AIDS, at the work place).
Communication and Development Studies (72 hours): Forms of communication;

Language; Summary and Comprehension; Spoken Communication; Meetings;
Business letters; Reports; Business Organisations; legislation affecting employers and
Employees; Basic Workshop Management.
Industrial Safety (30 Hours): Laws Governing Factories and Works, Compensation
and pneumoniocosis; Responsibility for Safety and Health; Principles of Accident
prevention and control.
Recommended Text Books

McGuckin, Business for Beginners (A step by step Guide to start your new Business)
Helen Jackson, AIDS in Action Now
Marge Berer, Women and HIV/ AIDS
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER

12.2.0 LEVEL I (ND)
12.2.1
ELECTRICAL POWER TECHNOLOGY CODE: 517/03/004
DESIGN LEGTH
216 hours theory
72 hours laboratory and industrial visits
288 hours in total
1. ROTATING AC MACHINES 40 hours
Synchronous Generator
1. Describe the construction
2. State and describe cylindrical and salient pole rotor types of construction
stating advantages, disadvantages and applications of each.
3. Describe the construction of stator winding in terms of single and double layer
windings stating the advantages and disadvantages of each.
4. Explain and apply the distribution factor and span factor of windings and
derive the elf equation.
5. Draw and explain the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram.
6. Describe the effect of armature reaction in leading, unit and lagging p.f and
state the remedy in each case.
7. Describe the voltage regulation using open circuit and short circuit tests, i.e.
synchronous impedance method, hence determine voltage regulation using
trigonometry.
8. Describe ways of synchronising generators. Note: descriptive only
9. Explain the reasons of operating generators in parallel and state the
precautions. Draw and explain power angle relationship
65
10. Calculate the generated emf and load angle using symbolic notation (vectors)
and trigonometry, hence voltage regulation.
11. Describe the effect of damping windings in stability. Note descriptive only
Synchronous Motor
1. Describe the construction and operation
2. Describe the starting methods
3. Describe and explain the phasor diagrams and different excitations (over,
under and normal)
4. Describe load angle, Torque, Power and induced voltage in motor
5. Explain uses of motor and its limitations. Explain V curves
Induction Motor
1. Describe the construction and explain its operation
2. Explain why it cannot operate at synchronous speed
3. Draw and explain the torque slip characteristics indicating the starting torque
and maximum torque
4. Describe the following starting methods (i) star-delta (ii) rotor resistance, (iii)
auto transformer (iv) double cage rotor. Also describe matching of motor and
starting methods to the demands of the load.
5. Describe the methods of speed control
6. Explain methods of braking a.c motors i.e. mechanical, magnetic and
regeneration
7. Compare and contrast induction motors and synchronous motors with regards
to: (i) uses (ii) advantages (iii) disadvantages (iv) starting methods
2 DC MACHINES (40 hours)

At the end of the unit the student should be able to:
1. Draw and explain the constructional structure with regards to armature and field
windings, magnetic circuit, commutator and brushes
2. Explain armature reaction and its effects and describe ways of minimising it
3. Explain commutation and describe ways of improving it
4. Explain ways of armature winding connections, i.e. lap and wave windings, state
their limitations
5. Explain the use of equaliser connection
6. State commissioning procedures
Generators
7. Describe methods of excitation, state and use the generator equation
8. State and use the expression for the generated emf in the armature conductors
9. Describe the characteristics of shunt, series and compound types
10. Explain generators subject to rapidly varying loads
11. Explain the need of equalising bar in parallel operation of compound wound
generators and calculate the voltages and currents
12. Describe with the aid of a diagram the critical resistance
13. State with reasons, failure to excite and suggest possible remedy to each.
Motors
14. Describe methods of excitation, state and use the motor equation
15. State and use the expression for the generated emf (back emf) in the armature
conductors
16. Describe the characteristics of shunt, series and compound motors and state their
applications
17. Explain motors subject to rapidly varying loads
66
18. Describe methods of measuring efficiency and hence calculate efficiency from
given information, i.e. brake test and swine burne test
19. Explain methods of speed control and their limitations using conventional and
electronic methods. Include calculation of speed and torque
20. Use the test equation Tw = Eb Ia
Where T - average torque
w - Speed in rad/sec
Eb – back emf
Ia - armature current
21. Explain methods of breaking motors, i.e. dynamic (rheostatic) breaking,
plugging or current breaking and regeneration. State their limitations
22. Set protective gear relative to current needs of the machine
3. TRANSFORMERS (40 hours)

At the end of the unit the student should be able:
1. Derive and use the transformer emf equation
2. Phasor diagrams of unloaded transformer and calculate Io, Ic, Im, Rc, Xm, and
cosӨ. Phasor diagram of a loaded transformer assuming the voltage drops in
windings. Define leakage reactance and state methods of minimising it
3. Draw and describe the equivalent circuit of a transformer on load and calculate
referred values. Draw and explain the phasor diagram of a loaded transformer
4. Use open-circuit and short circuit tests to determine voltage regulation,
efficiency and equivalent circuit from given data
5. Use the percentage per unit impedance, reactance and resistance in calculations
6. State and explain the need for connecting transformers in parallel and the
conditions necessary
7. Do calculations on parallel transformers sharing a given load under equal voltage
ratios only
8. Describe principal of operation of auto-transformer. Compare auto-transformer
and double wound transformers in terms of copper requirements, advantages and
disadvantages, and applications.
9. State how harmonics are generated and state ways of eliminating them
10. Explain transformer connections in terms of BS171 standards
11. Explain commissioning procedures and describe how polarity tests are conducted
stating the limitations and also phase rotation determination.
12. Explain how voltage regulation is achieved by using (i) tap changers (ii) moving
coil regulator (iii) induction regulator i.e. single and double
13. Explain how cooling is achieved using oil and its advantages Identify askarels as
an improvement to use of oil and state its characteristics and advantages
14. Describe tests to determine moisture content and dielectric strength.
4. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION OF GENERATION TRANSMISSION

AND DISTRIBUTION (14 hours)
1. Analyse the general economic consideration applied to generating stations and
the distribution between base-load and peak load operation.
2. Define load factor, diversity factor and maximum demand (M.D) and explain
how they determine the overall cost of generation.
3. Calculate the load factor and diversity factor from load curves.
4. Calculate M.D from given data.
67
5. Design a suitable tariff to cover standing and running costs of a given station.
Use two part tariff system.
6. Explain the disadvantage of a low p.f and determine by means of calculation how
its improved
7. Explain HV sub-station citing planning and plant layout with particular regard to
economic factors, safety, ease of maintenance and servicing and environmental
impacts.
8. State the advantages and disadvantages of a.c and d.c transmission systems.
5. PROTECTION (16 hours)

1. Compare methods of excess-current protection of main, sub-main and final
circuits.
2. Compare respective functions of fuses in terms of arcing and pre- arcing times,
fuse elements and circuit breakers in terms of applications and maintenance.
3. Explain the operation and use of IDMTL relay in power system protection and
draw the respective characteristics.
4. Perform short circuit calculations to determine the sizes of protective gear for
discrimination purposes. Note: sizes of reactors to be included to reduce the duty
of protective gear using base values.
6. ILLUMINATION (8 hours)
1. Plan lighting schemes of internal applications by carrying out respective
calculations using illumination tables for offices and factory buildings.
2. Plot polar curves to determine the illumination power density.
3. State commissioning procedure.
7. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEATING

1. Describe and give applications of electro-heating processes and associated
control gear, i.e. resistance, inductance, dielectric and radiant methods.
2. State factors for satisfactory heating and the advantages and disadvantages and
limitations of each.
3. Describe the principle of operation of an arc furnace for the heat treatment of
metals.
4. Describe a.c and d.c welding processes and list the equipment and control gear
used.
5. State and explain the advantages and disadvantages of a.c and d.c welding citing
superior applications of each with reference to resistance and arc welding.
6. Describe the typical electrical systems for water heating and steam raising
stating IEE regulations where necessary.
8. REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (14 hours)

1. Describe vapour compression cycle and absorption systems.
2. Describe individual units in refrigeration and air conditioning systems e.g.
domestic and industrial.
3. Discuss the different types of refrigerants stating the advantages and
disadvantages of each.
9. SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS (8 hours)

1. Describe precautions in hospital operating operating theatres.
2. Describe requirements and regulations regarding petrol filling installations.
68
3. Describe the operation principles of manual call points, heat detectors and
smoke detectors.
4. Describe lightning protection for domestic and industrial installations.
10. FAULT DIAGNOSIS (20 hours)

1. Define fault diagnosis.
2. Identify various electrical faults that may occur in power systems from
generation, transmission, distribution to utilisation of electrical energy.
3. Describe typical procedures in identifying, locating and repairing faults
mentioned in 10.2 above, including safety and corrective actions.
LABORATORY AND INDUSTRIAL VISITS (72 hours)

1. Conduct experiments to determine excitation a.c and d.c characteristics in a.c
and d.c machines, i.e. motors and generators.
2. Carry out experiments to determine the torque-speed characteristics for a.c and
d.c machines.
3. Conduct an experiment to determine the short circuit and open circuit tests of
transformers and hence determine the equivalent circuit and efficiency.
4. Design and construct a low voltage transformer from given output current and
voltage.
Industrial Educational Visits
To visit at least three of the following types of industrial establishments.
1. Generating stations and substations. (E.g. ZESA)
2. Industrial process heating (e.g. ZISCOSTEEL)
3. Special installations (e.g. Sable chemicals)
4. Repair workshops. (E.g. Bottom Armature, ABB or Southworld electrical)
5. Locomotive traction systems. (NRZ)
REFERENCE
1. Theraja: Electrical Technology Book II
2. E. Hughes: Electrical Technology
3. Bhatia: A handbook of Electrical Engineering
4. Shepherd, Morton and Spence: Higher Electrical Engineering
5. Gupta: Electrical Technology
6. F. Thompson: Electrical Installation Technology
7. A.Hughes: Electric Motors and Drives Fundamentals, Types and Applications
Newness, 1993, ISBN:750617411
8. Nesimi Ertugrul, Labview for Electric Circuits, Machines, Drives and
laboratories, Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN:130618061
9. T. Davies, Protection of industrial Power Systems, Newnes, 1996,
ISBN:750626623
10. Glover and Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design, Brooks Cole, 2002,
ISBN: 534953670
69
12.2.2
POWER ELECTRONICS CODE: 517/03/002
DESIGN LENGTH
216 hours theory
72 hours laboratory work
288 hours total
1. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS (22 hours)
1. Non sinusoidal oscillators
a. Define a multivibrator
b. Draw and explain the operation of the following circuits using discrete
Components
(i) Astable multivibrator
(ii) monostale multivibrator
(iii) Bistable multivibrator
(iv) Schmit Trigger
c. For the above circuits draw their waveforms and state the relationship of its
Frequency to the circuit components.
(d) Give at least one application of each circuit.
2. a. Describe the following waveform generators using operational amplifiers:
i. Sine wave generator
ii. Square wave generator
iii Ramp generator
iv Function generator
b. Use their block diagrams to explain the circuit operations and give also its
waveforms at selected points.
1. Draw, explain the principle of operation and describe at least one application of
The ICs:
i. 555timer
ii. 566 VCO
iii. 565 PLL
2. POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES (30 HOURS)

1. For the power diode shown below:
( i) Power Diode
(ii) Schotkley Diode
(iii) Fast Recovery Diode
a. Sketch the voltage/current characteristics.
b. Explain the principle of operation
c. Compare their advantages and disadvantages
d. compare their applications
2. For the following devices:
SCR SCS GTO TRIAC
DIAC UJT PUT LASCR
a. sketch the internal structure
b. Explain the principal of operation
c. Sketch the turn on turn off characteristics
d. Sketch the static and gate characteristics
e. Calculate turn on, turn off and conduction losses for resistive and
inductive loads
70
3. For the following power transistors:
i. BJT
ii. BJT DARLINGTON PAIR
iii. MOSFET
iv. MCT-MOS Controlled Thyristor
a. Sketch the internal structure.
b. Explain the principle of operation.
c. Sketch the turn on and turn off characteristics.
d. Sketch static characteristics.
e. Calculate turn on, turn off and conduction losses for resistive and inductive
loads.
3. MODES OF PROTECTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES (30 hours)

1. Temperature Protection
a. Explain the following types of cooling methods used in temperature protection
i. Air cooling
ii. Forced cooling
iii Liquid cooling
b. Describe heat sink mounting of semiconductor device
c. Perform simple calculation for determining the ratings of the heat sink for steady
state operation.
2. Overcurrent Protection
a. Discuss overcurrent protection for semiconductor devices in:
i. AC circuits
ii. DC circuits
b. Calculate fuse rating and the correct type of fuse.
3. Overvltage Protection
Discuss the following methods of overvoltage protection:
i. Transformer switching
ii. Rectifier fed suppression capacitors
iii. Crawbar circuit
4. Transient Protection
a. Explain the following methods of transient protection:
i. Turn ON SNUBBER CIRCUITS
ii. Turn OFF snubber circuits
b. Calculate the values of snubber circuit components.

5. a. Discuss source of interference.
b. Explain thyristor gate protection against the following:
i. Overcurrent
ii. Overvoltage
iii. Transient
4. GATE DRIVES FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES (10 hours)

1. Gate drive circuits for thyristors.
a. Draw circuits for the following gate drives:
i. DIAC Power Diode
ii. UJT OSCILLATOR
iii. PUT OSCILLATOR
b. Explain with the aid of waveforms the principles of operation of the above drives
71
c. Calculate the frequency of oscillation and component values for the respective
oscillators
d. Explain the use of the above as triggering circuits.
2. Base drive circuits for GTO, BJT, MOSFET and IGBT
a. Draw the circuits of the following base drives:
i. RC and RCD circuits for turn on
ii. RC and RCD circuits for turn off
note: To exclude anti- saturation control.
5. SERIES AND PARALLEL OPERATION OF SEMICONDUCTORS(10

hours)
1. Series Operation
Draw the diagram and explain how steady-state voltage and current sharing and
the transient voltage sharing is achieved (exclude component value calculation)
2. Parallel Operation
Draw the diagrams and explain how current sharing and current sharing with
Individual inductors is achieved.(exclude component value calculation)
6. COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES (14 hours)

1. Draw circuit diagrams for the following techniques of commutation:
a. Line Commutation (Natural Commutation)
b. Forced Commutation
i. Self Commutation
ii. Resonant Commutation
iii. Complimentary Commutation
iv. Impulse Commutation
v. External Pulse Commutation
vi. Load Side Commutation
vii. Line Side Commutation
2. Draw the waveforms to achieve commutation of the above techniques.
3. Explain the operation of the oboe techniques.
7. CONTROLLED RECTFIERS (25 hours)

1. Draw the circuit diagrams of the following rectifiers:
a. Half wave rectifier with R and RL loads
b. Full wave rectifier:
i. Centre tapped with R and RL loads
ii.Bridge fully controlled with R and RL loads
iii. Bridge semi-controlled with R and RL loads
c. Three Phase Rectifiers
i. Three phase half converter with R and RL loads
ii. Fully controlled bridge with R and RL loads
iii. Semi-controlled bridge with R and RL loads
2. Draw the waveforms of the above rectifiers
3. For the rectifiers in 7.1 calculate the steady state:
i. Average output voltage
ii. Average output current
iii. RMS output voltage
iv. RMS output current
v. Supply p.f
72
8. AC REGULATORS / CONTROLLERS (25 hours)
1. Integral cycling
a. Draw the waveforms to explain the principle of operation
b. State and use the equation for supply p.f
c. Describe applications and installation procedure, e.g. soft starting for induction
motors
2. Phase controlled regulators
a. State the equations for:
i. Average current and voltage
ii. Power
iii. Firing angle
b. Compare applications of integral cycling and phase control
3. Static switches
a. Draw the circuit diagrams and explain the operation of the:
i. Bidirectional regulator with a TRIAC
ii. Bidirectional regulator with a SCR
b. For the above regulators calculate:
i. RMS voltage
ii. RMS current
iii. Thyristor voltages
State application of static switches
9. DC CHOPPER (DC TO DC CONVERTOR) (15 hours)

1. Draw the circuit diagrams and waveforms (9.3) and explain the principal of
Operation of the following DC choppers:
i. Buck regulator
ii. Boost regulator
iii. Buck-Boost regulator
2. For the mentioned DC choppers calculate:
i. Average output voltage
ii. Average current
iii. Ripple current
iv. Ripple voltage
v. Duty cycle
3. Draw waveforms for:
i. Input voltage
ii. Output voltage
iii. Voltage across switching device
iv. Inductor and load current.
10. INVERTORS (DC TO AC) (20 hours)

1. Draw the circuit diagrams of the following single phase invertors:
i. Half bridge inverter
ii. Full bridge inverter
iii. Single phase variable DC linked inverter
2. Explain the principal of operation of the above invertors
3. Draw associated waveforms for output voltage and current and voltage across
Switching devices of the above invertors
4. Calculate the average voltage and current of the above invertors.
73
11. CONTROL APPLICATIONS (20 hours)
1. a. Explain open and closed loop control
b. Give examples of both controls with reference to DC and AC motor control
2. a. State all elements of a DC drive
b. Explain how a DC drive operates using a block diagram
c. Explain with the aid of a block diagram how AC drives operate to control an AC
motor, with reference to:
i. Frequency control
ii. Voltage control
iii. Current control
d. Sketch a block diagram to show signal flow
e. State practical examples of where types of control are applicable.
Note: transfer functions are not required.

1. Industrial Electronics
a. Construct using discrete components multivibratos, a Schmitt trigger and ramp
generator
generator
b. Measure the input and output waveforms
c. Illustrate variation of frequency of oscillations
d. Repeat the above using IC components (555 timer, Op Amp
2. Controlled Rectifiers
a. Construct a half wave controlled rectifier using one thyrister with inductive load
coupled with a free wheeling diode
b. Measure thyrister voltages input, output and gate voltages using oscilloscope
3. Commutation Techniques
a. Construct a Jones chopper
b. Display the thirstier and capacitor voltage
a. Construct an AC regulator with a restive load using 2 SCRs in reverse parallel
b. Measure input, output voltages and voltage across the thyristor
5. DC chopper
a. Construct a buck regulator using the following: power transistor or thyristor,
diode, inductor capacitor and resistive load
b. Measure gate signal voltage, output voltage and inductor voltage
6. Invertors
a. Construct a full-wave bridge inverter using a power transistor
b. Measure the input and output voltages and gate voltage using oscilloscope
7. Control techniques
a. Construct a model a model of a single phase DC motor drive, e.g. Jones circuit
b. Show how the speed is controlled.
NB The student practices fault diagnosis by lecturer induced faults on the above
laboratory circuits.
REFERENCE
2. B. Bisuras, Industrial Electronics
3. B. Bisuras, Power Electronics
4. Dr P. S. Bimbha, Power Electronics, Khana Publishers
5. Mohammed Rashid, Power Electonics: Circuits, Devices and
applications, Prentice Hall
74
6. R. S.Ramshaw, Power Electronics-Semiconductor Switches
7. B. W. Williams, Power Electronics-Devices
8. C. W. Lander, Power Electronics
9. D. A Bradley, Power Electronics Tutorial Guide
10. T. Kenjo, Power Electronics for the Microprocessor Age
11. Floyd, Digital Electronics Fundamentals
12. Floyd, Electronics
13. D. C. Green, Electronics IV
14. E. Hughes, Eclectic Motors and Drives: Fundamentals, Types and
Applications, Newnes, 1993
15. Nesimi Ertugrul, Labview for Electric Circuits, Machines, Drives and
Laboratories, Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN:130618861
12.2.3
COMMON SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEMS CODE: 517/03/*07
DESIGN LENTH
144 hours theory
216 hours total
1. DEFINATIONS (4 hours)
Define the following terms

a) Microprocessors
b) Microcontrollers
c) Microcomputer
d) Minicomputer
e) Supercomputer
f) Hardware
g) Software
h) Modem
i) SCADA
j) Transducer (Active and Passive)
k) Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
l) Loop Controller
m) Closed Loop Control
n) Direct Digital Control (DDC)
o) Cascade Control
p) Ratio Control
q) Feedfoward Control
r) Actuator
s) Protocols
t) Distributed Control System (DCS)
2. THE MICROPROCESSOR (32 hours)

1. Define a microprocessor system in the form of a block diagram and show the
Following components:
a) Busses
b) Input/output devices
c) Memories
75
d) Processor
2. Explain the function of the following microprocessor parts:
a) Accumulator
b) Addressing register
c) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
d) Program Counter (PC)
e) Instruction register
f) System clock
g) Timing and control unit
3. Explain the 3-bus concept and define the following terms:
a) Address bus
b) Data bus
c) Control bus
4. Define and explain the following memory types:
a) ROM
b) RAM, dynamic and static
c) RAMM SIMM and DIMM
d) EPROM
e) EEPROM
5. List advantages and disadvantages of each of the above memory types.
6. Explain the following data storage devices:
a) Hard disc drive
b) Floppy disc
c) Unconditional I/O
d) Conditional I/O
e) Handshaking
7. List advantages and disadvantages of each of the above memory devices.
8. Describe the process of interfacing a microprocessor to the I/O parts with respect
to:
a) Initialisation
b) Unconditional I/O
c) Conditional I/O
d) Handshaking
9. With the aid of timing and transition diagrams show how the microprocessor
Interacts with the following devices:
a) Input read
b) Output read
c) Input write
d) Output write
e) Buffer memory
10. Define a program by means of a flow chart.
11. Demonstrate processor interfacing techniques with regards to the following
devices:
a) Input from switches
b) Debouncing switches
c) Light sensors
d) Driving relays
e) Control of ac dc power devices
f) Generating ac waveforms
g) Optical isolation
76
h) Interrupts
12. Describe the following techniques used in memory management:
a) FIFI (first in first out)
b) LIFO (last in first out)
c) LRU (least recently used)
3. SOFTWARE (26 hours)

1. Distinguish between operating and application software giving examples of each.
2 List the programming languages used in PLC and SCADA systems
a) Ladder Logic (LAD)
b) Statement list (STL)
c) Control System Flowchart (CSF)
3. Convert a circuit from a relay logic to ladder logic diagram and vice versa.
4. Convert a logic circuit to a ladder logic diagram and vice versa.
5. Covert a given program from one programming language to the other, e.g. LAD to
STL and SCF to LAD, etc.
6. Develop a PLC program in any of the languages from the narrative description of a
Process.
7. Name and explain ONLINE and OFFLINE PLC programming.
8. Demonstrate the PLC program debugging process.
4. DATA INTERFACE (12 hours)

1. State the need for interfacing.
2. With the aid of diagrams describe the operation of the following interfacing
devices:
a) ADC
b) DAC
c) Opto-Coupler
d) Line Driver
3. State the central control room technical specifications in terms of:
a) Layout
b) Safety
c) Considerations and provision for expression
e) Mimic diagrams
5. DATA COMMUNICATION (14 hours)
1. With the aid of diagrams explain the layout of the following topology
configurations:
a) Bus
b) Ring
c) Star
d) Peer to peer
e) Client to server
2. Define the term protocol.
3. Give examples of protocols in current use in the transmission of control signals.
4. State standard control signals used in industry.
5. Define the following terms used in transmission of data:
a) Band
b) Parity check (odd and even)
77
6. Describe and state the role played by Modem in data communication and give
practical examples.
7. State the two requirements for two computer systems to be networked.
8. State the various methods of transmitting signals from one point to another, and
give
Relevant examples of industrial applications.
9. Compare and contrast methods in in 5.8 in terms of:
a) Cost
b) Speed of transmission
c) Accuracy
d) Interference (noise)
6. CONTROL SYSTEMS (56 hours)

1. Define a control system and state its importance in industrial processes.
2. Describe the open loop and closed loop systems using block diagrams.
3. Describe the use of a stepper motor as an example of open loop control.
4. Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous control systems giving practical
Examples
5. Define:
a) Proportional control
b) Proportional band (PB)
6. a) Describe the effects of PB adjustments on controller output.
b) Describe an application where pro[optional control is most suitable.
7. Define, describe and give practical applications of the following control modes:
a) Proportional plus Integral
b) Proportional plus Derivative
c) Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative Control
8. Define and describe the effects of adjusting the following on the control output:
a) Integral action time
b) Derivative control time
9. Show graphical representations of 6.4 and 6.5 above.
10. a) Compare and contrast analogue and digital control systems.
b) State the advantages of using a plc over relay logic systems.
11. a) Sketch a simple PLC block diagram consisting of input port, image and main
Memory, central processing unit (CPU) and output port and buses.
b) Explain overall operation
12. Describe PLC scanning time with reference to to the number of inputs and outputs
13. State the factors to be considered when procuring PLCs.
14. State the precautions to be considered in the installations.
15. Construct a maintenance schedule for a PLC installation.
16. Distinguish between DDC, SCADA and DCS.
17. Draw the block diagram for DDC, SCADA and DCS and explain the role of each
block
18. Give practical applications of SCADA in Electronics Eng., Telecommunication,
Power Engineering and Instrumentation.
19. Define and explain the relevance of the following terms to control systems
; a) redundancy
b) diagnostics
c) maintainability
d) expandability
78
1. Program PLCs and simulate.
2. Program controllers and microprocessors.
3. Monitor controller tuning on the oscilloscope.
4. Wire I/O devices to PLC and verify documentation between program and hard
wiring.
5. Install network interface cards.
6. Configure PCs for networking.
7. Manipulate SCADA software involving calibration of display objects to real world
devices
8. Troubleshooting.
9. Exercise on access control and security.
10. Manipulate data bus process variables.
11. Construct readable and executable c-programs.
REFERENCE
1. W. Bolton, Control Engineering, Longman, 1998, ISBN: 582327733
2. W. Bolton, Control Systems, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002, ISBN: 750654619
3. Distefano & Stubberud & Williams, Feedback and Control Systems, Schum, 1995,
70170525
4. A.Tewari, Morden Control Design with MATLAB and SIMULINK, John Wiley
& Sons, 2002, ISBN: 471496790
5. J. Morton, PIC: Your Personal Introductory Course, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001,
ISBN: 750650389
6. M. Bates, Introduction to Microelectronic Systems: The PIC 16F84 Microcontroller
Butterworth-HEINEMANN, 2000, isbn: 340759208
7. G. Wilson, Embedded Microprocessor Systems< newness, 2002, ISBN:750650648
8. S Ball, Embedded Microprocessors Systems, Newnes, 2002, ISBN: 750675349
9. Baily and Wright, Practical SCADA for Industry, Newnes, ISBN:750658053
10. Bolton, Programmable Logic Controllers, Newnes, ISBN: 750659866
11. Duck & Read, Data Communication and computer Networks, Prentice Hall,
ISBN: 130930474
12. SIRDIC, Microcontroller Application Training Kit-User and Training Manual;
Volume One for Beginners and Volume Two with Projects.
12.2.4
COMMON SUBJECT: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CODE: 517/03/*08

DESIGN LENGTH
112 hours Theory
32 hours Laboratory
144 hours total
1. BINARY CODES (10 hours)
1. Describe the different codes used in digital techniques such as:
i. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
ii. Hexadecimal
iii. Octal
iv. Gray Code
v. ASCII.
2. Convert from one code to another.
79
3. Perform addition and subtraction and include one‟s and two‟s compliment
2. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC (20 hours)

1. Describe and produce truth tables for all the logic gates.
2. Derive Boolean expressions in SOP and POS from truth tables.
3. State and apply the following:
a. Redundancy Theorem (also called Indopotence Theorem)
b. De Morgan‟s theorem
4. Use Karnaugh maps to minimise Boolean expressions.
5. Design logic from K-map minimisation using universal NAND and NOR gates
Only.
3. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS (16 hours)

1. Draw and explain the half and full adder
2. Explain how a full adder and half adder are combined to implement:
a. Serial addition of two numbers
b. Parallel addition of two numbers.
3. Define the term encoder.
Design an encoder using logic gates.
Define the term decoder
Design a decoder using logic gates.
Explain the operation of a 7-segment display.
Design a 7- segment display decoder/driver.
4. MULTIPLEXERS AND DEMULTIPLEXERS ( 10 hours)

1. Define the term multiplexer.
2. Explain and design a 4to 1 and 8 to 1 multiplexer.
3. Identify IC‟s used as multiplexers, e.g. 74153 and the 4066 analogue switch.
4. Define the term demultiplexer.
5. Explain and design a 4 to 1 and 8 to 1 demultiplexer.
5. PARITY GENERATORS AND CHECKERS (6 hours)

1. Explain the term parity.
2. Explain the function of parity generators.
3. Explain the different types of parity.
4. Explain how a 4 bit data transmission system with parity checking operates.
6. SIGNAL CONVERSION (8 hours)

1. Explain the term associated with electronic converters such as:
a. Resolution
b. Accuracy
c. Linearity
d. Settling time
e. Offset
2. Describe with aid of circuit diagrams the operation of typical D/A converters such
as;
a. weighted resistor
b. R-2R ladder network.
3. Describe with aid of circuit diagrams the operation of typical A/D converters such
As:
80
a. successive approximation
b. ramp.
7. SEQUENTIAL LOGIC (18 hours)
1. Describe with the aid of circuit and waveform diagrams the operation of a range of
Bistable circuits (flip-flops) as SR-FF, clocked SR-SF, JK-FF, D-Type, T-Type,
Mater-Slave JK-FF.
8. COUNTERS (16 hours)

1. Describe with the aid of circuit diagrams and truth tables, flip-flop application of
The following counters:
a. Synchronous and asynchronous up and down counters.
b. Ripple counters.
c. Self stopping
d. Mode-N counters
e. Ring counters
f. Twisted ring counters
2. Design flip-flop counters using state equations and K-maps.
9. SHIFT REGISTERS (4 hours)

1. Describe the operation of shift registers in practical applications such as movement
of data in computers:
a. serial to parallel data shifting
b. parallel to parallel
c. serial to serial
10. LOGIC FAMILIRS (4 hours)

2. Explain the following terms relating to logic circuits:
1. Explain the following terms relating to logic circuits:
TTL
ECL
RTL
DTL
CMOS
Tristate buffers
Propagation delays
Fan in, fan out.
LABORATORY
1. To observe operation of different logic gates by means of their truth tables. i.e.
AND, NAND, OR, NOR, EX-OR, Note: use LED indicators
2. To produce bistable circuits using digital logic gates. Note compare with
multivibrators using discrete components. (Analogue electronics experiment 6)
3. To observe operation of a BCD to 7 segment decoder/driver
4. To observe operation of JL-FF when used with asynchronous input and with
Synchronous inputs.
5. to produce a 4 bit asynchronous binary up counter using T-type flip-flops.
6. to use JK-FF as shift register of the following types:
a. Data storage element
b. SISO register
c. SIPO register
81
REFERENCE
1. B.R.Bannister and D.G.Whitehead, Morden Digital Systems, 2nd Macmillan, 1987
2. A.R.Ward, Applied digital Electronics.
3. Thomas L. Floyd, Digital Electronics.
4. Thomas L. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals with VHDL, Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN,
0130995274
5. R. Tocci, Digital Techniques.
6. K. F. Ibrahim, Digital Techniques.
12.2.5
COMMON SUBJECT: ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS CODE: 517/03/*09
DESIGN LENGTH
168 hours theory
48 hours laboratory
216 hours total
1. TRANSISTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT (20 hours)
1. Define the following h-parameters:
a) hie
b) hoe
c) hfe
d) hre
2. Explain the use h-parameters in calculating the:
a) input and output impedance
b) current gain
c) voltage gain
3. Sketch the frequency and phase response of an amplifier and explain the fall of gain
at both high and low frequencies
2. SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIER (10 hours)

1. Discuss the need for impedance matching in amplifier circuits.
2. Calculate gain in the following multistage amplifiers:.
a) R-C coupled multistage amplifier
b) Direct coupled multistage amplifier
c) Transformer coupled multistage amplifier
3. LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS (24 hours)

1. Describe and explain the principal of operation of class A,B and AB Audio
Frequency amplifiers with particular reference to biasing requirements.
2. Describe push-pull class A,B and AB amplifiers.
3. Calculate power and efficiency for all classes of amplifiers.
4. Describe the causes of signal distortion in push-pull amplifiers.
5. Describe transformer coupling
6. Describe special IC audio power amplifiers e.g. LM377, TBA810, TBA820,
LM380, etc.
4. OPERATINAL AMPLIFIER
1. Describe the effects of negative feedback (NFB) and positive feedback on
Amplifiers.
2. Describe the properties of an ideal operational amplifier (op-amp).
82
3. Discuss the op-amp parameters such as:
a) Open loop gain
b) Common mode gain
c) Differential mode gain
d) Bandwidth
e) Input and output impedance
f) Common mode rejection ratio
g) Slew rate.
4. Explain the operation of the following op-amp circuits:
a) Differential amplifier
b) Differentiator
c) Integrator
d) Instrumentation amplifier
e) Logarithmic amplifier.
5. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY (20 hours)

1. Draw the block diagram of a linear series and a switched mode regulated power
supply.
2. Define voltage and load regulation.
3. Explain the operation of the following circuits:
a) Zener diode regulator
b) Transistor series regulator
c) Op-amp series regulator
4. Explain how variable output voltages can be obtained.
5. Apply IC voltage regulators as the 78-, 79-, LM 317, and LM 377 devices.
6. Explain with the aid of diagrams the principal of operation switched mode power
supplies.
7. Describe the advantages of switched mode power supplies.
6. SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS (14 hours)

1. Explain the effects of positive feedback on amplifiers.
2. State the Barkhausen criterion.
3. With the aid of circuit diagram, explain the principle of operation of the following
oscillators:
a) R-C phase shift oscillator
b) Wien bridge oscillator
c) Hartley oscillator
d) Colpits oscillator.
4. Perform calculations relating to the design and operation of the oscillators given in
6.3 as the loop gain and frequency of oscillation.
5. Explain the advantage of piezo-electric crystal oscillator.
7. NON SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS (24 hours)

1. Explain with the aid of transistor, op-amp and 555-timer circuit diagrams, the
Principle of operation of the following:
a) Monostable multivibrator
b) Bistable multivibrator
c) Astable multivibrator
d) Schimitt trigger.
2. Calculate period and frequency of oscillation of astable and monostable
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multivibrators.
3. With the aid of op-amp circuit diagrams describe the following waveform
generators:
a) Sine wave
b) Square wave
c) Triangular/ramp generator (sawtooth)
4. Draw a block diagram, explain the principle of operation and describe applications
of the:
a) Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)
b) Phase locked loop (PLL)
8. TUNED AMPLIFIERS (8 hours)

1. Explain, with the aid of diagrams, the principle of operation of tuned transistor
Amplifier.
2. Explain frequency response of tuned amplifiers under the following:
a) Under-coupled
b) Critically coupled
c) Over-coupled
9. OPTIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES (8 hours)

1. Define the term laser.
2. List different types of lasers.
3. Explain the principle of operation of the semi-conductor diode laser and gas laser.
4. Explain applications of the above types of lasers as the CD player, etc.
10. TRANSDUCERS (8 hours)

1. Define the term transducer.
2. List the following types of transducers:
a) Thermistor
b) Thermocouple
c) Digital optical encoder
d) Strain gauges
e) Load cells.
3. Explain the principal of operation and describe an application of each transducer
Given in 10.2.
11. SWITCHING DEVICES (8 hours)

1. List the different types of switching devices.
2. Explain the principle of operation of:
a) SCR
b) UJT
c) PUT
3. Explain practical applications of the devices in 11.2.
12. MODULATION AND DEMODULATION (8 hours)

Explain why modulation and demodulation are important in signal
transmission.
Explain that a sine wave can only carry information when modulated.
1. a) Explain why modulation and demodulation are important in signal transmission.
b) Explain that a sine wave can only carry information when modulated.
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2. Amplitude modulation
a) Describe the process of amplitude modulation graphically.
b) Define modulation factor.
c) Derive the equation for the amplitude modulation wave.
d) Relate carrier frequency and side bands
3. Angle modulation
a) Describe frequency modulation.
b) Derive the equation for frequency modulation.
c) Explain deviation and modulation index.
d) Describe phase modulation.
e) State the relationship between frequency (FM) and phase (PM) modulation.
4. Describe a simple and typical AM and FM demodulation circuit.

1. Small Signal Amplifier
To calculate gain by graph and by calculation. To consider the effect of bypass
Capacitor on gain of amplifier.
NB: DC load line must be drawn in order to calculate gain by graphical means.
2. Op-Amp Series Regulated Power Supply
To observe the variation of load current when output voltage is kept constant.
To obtain variable output voltage
i. by potentiometer method
ii. By voltage divider using fixed resistors
3. Op-Amp Integrator
To observe the operation of integration and to calculate the rise time and full time
of the output waveform.
4. Op-Amp Comparator
To observe operation of a comparator in particular magnitude comparators.
5. Wien-Bridge Oscillator
To calculate frequency of operation by calculation and using oscilloscope.
To verify the ratio of feedback resistance in relation to variation of output voltage.
6. Astable Multivibrator (Discrete components)
To verify the frequency by calculation and using the oscilloscope.
To observe the effects of changing frequency determining components.
To modify the circuit to operate as a monostable multivibrator.
To modify the circuit to operate as bistable multivibrator.
7. Push-pull Amplifier
To observe the input and output waveforms.
To observe crossover distortion due to biasing arrangement.
8. Amplitude Modulation
To observe effects of over modulation and under modulation.
9. SCR triggering
To observe the effects of firing angle on the output waveform.
REFERENCE
1. D.C.Green, Electronics III, IV and V, Longman, Essex
2. S.W.Amos, Transducer Circuits
3. N.Morris, Industrial Electronics
4. M.H.Jones, Introduction to Electronics
5. R.J.Maddock, Electronics- A course for Engineers, Longman
85
6. J.Seymour, Electronic Devices and Components
7. J.Watson, Analogue and Switching Circuits Design
8. Wilson and Hawkes, Optoelectronics, Prentice Hall, 1997, ISBN:013103961X
12.2.6
COMMON SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
CODE:517/03/*03
DESIGN LENGTH
216 hours theory
48 hours laboratory
264 hours total
1. APPLICATION OF SYMBOLIC NOTATIONS (24 hours)
1. To define the following terms:
1.1 Resistance
1.2 Reactance
1.3 Impedance
1.4 Conductance
1.5 Susceptance
1.6 Admittance
1.7 Resonance
1.8 Quality factor
1.9 Bandwidth
2. Calculate voltages, currents and power in series and parallel circuits containing
resistance and reactance.
3. Calculate the Q-factor and other values of resonance and state the relationship to
bandwidth.
4. Explain the term resonance for series and parallel R-L-C circuits.
5. Identify and explain the universal resonance curve.
2. NETWORK THEOREMS (34 hours)

1. State and apply the following theorems in network analysis.
a) Thevenin‟s theorem.
b) Norton‟s theorem
c) Transformation between Norton‟s and Thevenin‟s theorems.
d) Superposition theorem.
e) Recprocity theorem.
f) Compensation theorem.
g) Maximum power transfer theorem.
2. Apply Kirchoff‟s laws to the solution of 2 loop and 3 loop networks.
3. Determine circuit voltage and current values using:
a) Star delta transformation
b) Mesh and Nodal analysis
c) Transformation between Norton‟s and Thevenin‟s theorem
d) Superposition theorem
e) Millman‟s theorem
to 2 and 3 loop networks with R, L and C for calculating voltages and currents.
4. Extend the calculations in 3(a), (b) and (c) to three phase networks for balanced and
unbalanced circuits containing resistance and reactance.
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5.Prove the condition for maximum power transfer and derive the formula for
Maximum power transfer.
3. ELECTRIC FIELDS (20 hours)

1. To define:
a) Electric field strength
b) Electric flux
c) Electric flux density
d) Permittivity of free space
e) Relative permittivity
f) Capacitance
2. Calculate the capacitance of:
a) Two parallel wires
b) Coaxial cylinders
3. Calculate the charging current for single phase cable, dielectric stress and
Dimensions of the most economic cable.
4. Derive an expression for the force between parallel plates.
5. Describe losses in capacitor in terms of:
a) Losses in dielectrics
b) Leakage capacitance loss.
6. Draw the phasor representation of the losses and determine the loss angle for the
Series and parallel equivalent circuits and the conversion circuits.
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC PRINCIPLES (16 hours)

1. Perform calculations on:
a) Series magnetic circuits
b) Parallel magnetic circuits
including magnetic factors-space factor and leakage factor.
Draw the B-H curves/loops for ferromagnetic materials and use them to calculate
the magnetic losses.
Define the terms:
a) Remanance flux density
b) Coercive force
c) Saturation
Identify these in the B-H loop
2. Derive the formula W=1/2LI2 for the energy stored in a magnetic field.
3. Derive the expression for the magnitude of force between two current carrying
Conductors.
4. Derive the expressions for self-inductance of a single conductor and the inductance
of two parallel wires.
5. Perform calculations for ac circuits from the expressions above.
6. State the ways of minimising the losses in inductors.
5. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS (20 hours)

1. Derive mathematically the formulae for growth and decay in R-L and R-C circuits.
2. Define the time constant for both cases in 1.
3. Use the formulae derived in (1) above to calculate
a) The time constant
b) Current and rate of rise/decay of current
c) Voltage and rate of rise/decay of voltage
87
during the period of transient growth or decay of voltage/current in dc circuits.
4. Calculate the energy consumed or given out after a period of time.
6. COMPLEX WAVEFORMS ( 20 hours)

define with the aid of sketches the following components of a complex
wave.
1. Define with the aid of sketches the following components of a complex wave.
a) Constant term (dc components)
b) Fundamental
c) Odd and even harmonics
2. Plot one or more of the components over one cycle of the fundamental and sum
them graphically to obtain a complex waveform.
3. State the meaning of each term in an expression of the type
i = A + Bsin(ωt+ϕ) + Csin(2ωt+β) + Dsin(3ωt+α)
4. Perform simple calculations based on the expression given in (3) such as:
a) RMS value
b) Power
5. Explain the effects of harmonics upon power and power factor.
7. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS (16 hours)

1. Compare absolute, reference and laboratory standards.
2. Describe simple measuring techniques to minimise error, including calibration.
3. Explain with the aid of a block diagram, the principal of operation of the following
measuring instruments:
a) Digital multimeter to cover the types
i) Ramp
ii) Integrator
iii) Ram
b) Oscilloscope
c) Spectrum analyser
8. RELIABILITY (16 hours)

1. Explain the importance of reliability with respect to electrical items.
2. Define the terms: reliability, failure, meantime to failure(MTF), meantime between
failures(MTBF) and redundancy.
3. Explain the meaning of the following terms: misuse failure, inherent weakness
failure, sudden failure, gradual failure and degradation failure.
4. Describe the failure of a unit from the failure rates of its constituent parts.
5. Sketch and label the graph of failure rate versus time.
6. Explain the shape of the graph in (5) in terms of early, constant and wear out failure
rate periods.
7. State the relationship between reliability(R) failure rate and operating time,
including series and parallel reliability.
8. State the relationship between failure rate and meantime to failure.
9.Calculate reliability using the relationship in (7) and (8).
10. Sketch and label a graph of reliability versus time.
11. State unreliability i.e. probability of failure (Q) in terms of operating and failure
rate.
12. Sketch and label a graph of reliability against cost.
88
9. TRANSMISSION LINES (24 hours)
1. Describe the transmission of electromagnetic waves on a uniform line of infinite
Length.
2. Distinguish between the primary and secondary coefficients of a transmission line.
3. Define the characteristic impedance Zo and show that for a loss-free line
Zo= 1 / LC
4. Describe the effects of terminating a line with the characteristic impedance.
5. Define phase change coefficient, attenuation coefficient and evaluate the phase
change and attenuation for the following lines:
b) Loss free line
c) Low loss line
d) Loaded line.
6. Show that the velocity of propagation for a loss free line is given by v= 1 / LC
7. Demonstrate knowledge of graphical representation of the incident and reflected
voltage and current waves.
8. Describe and give examples of standing waves and calculate the standing wave
ratio (SWR).
9. Define the reflection coefficient in terms of the loaded line.
10. Use the Smith Chart to determine the following qualities:
a) Load and input impedance
b) Length of line in terms of wavelengths
c) Admittance
d) Reflection coefficient
e) SWR
11. Explain the cause of losses on a transmission line.
10. ATTENUATORS, FILTERS AND TWO-PORT NETWORKS (22 hours)

1. Attenuators
a) Define and explain passive networks and insertion loss.
b) Describe Tee and Pi networks in terms of attenuation and insertion loss
c) Design Pie and Tee networks given the characteristic impedance Zo and the
insertion loss.
d) Explain symmetrical and asymmetrical attenuators.
e) Design symmetric attenuators
f) Analyse cascaded attenuators
g) List applications of electronically controlled attenuators.
2. Two-port networks
a) Define a two-port network as a black box having 2input and 2 output terminals.
b) Define z, h and y parameters for two-port (4 terminal networks in terms of input
and output conditions.
c) Relate the z, h and y parameters to the input and output voltages and currents.
d) Derive the simple equivalent circuits of practical active circuits using these
parameters in a network model.
e) Interchange z, hand y parameters and relate the relationship between them.
f) State and determine the ABCD parameters of a passive network.
g) State that for passive networks the ABCD parameters can be used for analysis.
3. Filters
a) Demonstrate knowledge of the construction of the following ideal passive
filters:
89
i) Low pass
ii) High pass
iii) Band pass
iv) Band reject.
b) State the advantages of active filters over passive filters.
c) Calculate component values for constant-k low pass and high pass filters.
d) Carry out simple response calculations of the filters in (a) above.
11. PHOTOVOLAIC (PV) BASICS (12 hours)

1. Justify the need for PV as energy source in terms of the following:
a) Sustainability
b) Reliability
c) Long-term economic advantages
e) Low maintenance costs.
f) Environmental friendliness.
2. Explain the physical properties of silicon semiconductors with respect to
conduction of electricity versus:
a) Temperature
b) Light intensity
c) Wind speed
3. Describe the following with respect to the silicon solar cell:
a) Basic structure
b) Basic construction
c) Principles of operation
4. Describe the following PV system components:
a) PV generator
b) Charge regulator
c) Battery storage
d) Load
5. List applications of PV with regard to electrical engineering.
6. Demonstrate PV load matching procedures.
7. Explain PV system installation considerations with respect to the following:
a) Tilt angle
b) Orientation
c) Need to avoid shading, i.e. locating/ sitting of PV generator
d) Advantages and disadvantages of sun tracking systems.
8. Describe future trends
9. Design a typical photovoltaic system.
1. Conduct an experiment to verify each of the following:

a)Thevenin‟s Theorem
b)Norton‟s Theorem
c) Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
2. Conduct an experiment to demonstrate the following:
a)Series resonance
b) Parallel resonance
c) Draw the universal curve.
3. Conduct an experiment to demonstrate the operation of the following circuits:
90
a) Filters
b) Attenuators
4. Use the following instrument:
a) Oscilloscope
b) Spectrum Analyser
c) Digital multimeter.
5. Assemble and conduct basic measurements on a photovoltaic(PV) system:
a) Module-to-charge controller
b) Charge controller to battery
c) Battery to load.
12.2.7
COMMON SUBJECT: DRAUGHTING AND DESIGN
CODE: 517/03/*010
DESIGN LENGTH
72 Hours Theory
1.COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION (4 hours )
1. Demonstrate the use of manufacturer‟s catalogue in component identification.

2. Use the component identification and manufacturer‟s data sheet to find
(i)equivalent
Components and (ii) parameters for:
a) Diodes
b) Transistors
c) Operational amplifier
d) Digital IC‟s, including microprocessors.
2.ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DRAWING ( 6 hours)
1. Distinguish between coherent and decomposed representation.

2. Make sketches of the basic electrical /electronic component symbols in accordance
to BS 3939 standards.
3. Draw electrical/electronic circuits to a given scale.
4. Read and interpret block diagrams.
5. Read and interpret components as per given diagram(s).
6. Demonstrate the ability to follow the signal flow.
7. Read and interpret sequential control diagrams.
8. Produce sequential control diagrams from given information.
9. Perform design calculations.
10. Convert a schematic diagram to wiring diagram.
3.HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC DRAWINGS (6 hours)
1. Identify symbols of different hydraulic and pneumatic components.

2. Read and interpret hydraulic and pneumatic diagrams.
3. Make sketches of the basic hydraulic component symbols.
4. Draw hydraulic system circuits to a given scale.
5. Make sketches of the basic pneumatic component symbols.
91
4.COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING (24 hours)
1. List common software packages that can that can be used for technical
drawing.
2. Describe the advantages of computer aided drawing as compared to traditional
manual drawing.
3. Produce drawings to specifications using AutoCAD drawing tools.
4. Use standard tools and setting.
5. Explain :
a) the standard starting screen layout.
b) the selection of general function keys.
c) the command procedure.
d) co-ordinates.
e) lines and layers.
6. Explain the co-ordinate system and its use.
7. Explain colours and line types.
8. Use layers and general rules for drawing.
9. Use drawing commands such as:
Point, line, Circle, Arc, Polyline, Rectangle, Polygon, Ellipse and Text.
10. Use object editing commands such as:
Pline,Edit,Move,Copy,Erase,Rotate,Mirror,Break,Trim,Extend,Stretch,Offset,
Array, Divide, Scale, Change, Fillet, Chamfer and Explode.
11.Use common drawing aids like drawing modes; Snap and Grid.
12. Use the following text features:
a)Text Styles
b) Special characters
c) Editing text
13. Draw symbols, circuit diagram, block and flow chart diagrams using the
following commands:
a) Line types
b) Hatch patterns
c) Blocks
d) Create, Insert and save.,
14. Design suitable casings for projects using AutoCAD.
5.PRINTED CIRCUIT DESIGN-CAD (24 hours)
Produce single and multi-layer PCB designs showing the track and component layout
using TANGO or an equivalent software package.
1. Introduction
a) Explain the screen layout
b) Explain the “Menu”,” Instruction Bar” and “Zoom”.
c) Draw “Screen” and “Status Bar” including “Undo”.
d) Explain the function of “Tools” on the Status Bar”.
e) Select each of the following menu options and explain he functions of each
component under the selected options:
Current Delete Edit File Jump
Move Nets Output Place Set up
Undo Zoom Library.
(Note; the student should take care NOT to delete libraries !)
92
2. Explain that CAD can be used to draw up to a maximum of FIVE Layers.
a) Demonstrate/show how a layer can be selected for PCB design, each layer being
associated with a defined colour,
e.g.
L: BOTTOM Layer
L: TOP Layer.
b) State the „CHECK‟ rules for placing components and other items.
c) Explain the use of the grid and its association with scale and component
dimensions.
d) Draw a single PCB layout with component identification and values for:
i) A full –wave rectifier circuit using four diodes and a filter capacitor.
ii) An operational amplifier based Regulated Variable Power Supply‟
iii) A 555 timer connected as Mono- or Astable Multivibrator or other electronic
circuits.
3. Print or plot the PCB layout by selecting:
i) Layers to print
ii) Printer or Plotter.
6. ETCHING (8 hours)
1. Transfer the printed design to actual PCB.

2.Explain the use of “Positive 20” in transfer of PCB layout on to the PCB board and
exposure time.
3. Use Caustic Soda and highlight the precautions to be taken when using chemicals.
4. Develop PCB‟s by using Ferric Chloride, or a solution of Hydrochloric Acid and
Hydrogen Peroxide in water.
5. Drill, clean and spray PCB‟s with anti-oxidation liquor.
6. Place components, solder, trim and wire PCB‟s.
7. Test circuits (mentioned in 5.2.d.) for correct operation using appropriate test
equipment.
Or for more complex fabrications (considering the available time); test the circuit
connections for continuity using the multimeter.
REFERENCE
1. Jones, Instrument Technology Volume 1-5

2. Lamit/Lloyd, Drafting for Electronics
3. Goetsch/Rickman, Computer Aided Drafting with AutoCAD
4. Maplin Data book/Catalogue (www.maplin.co.uk)
5. Philips, ECG Master Replacement Guide (www.ecgproducts,com)
6. Towers
7. Electronic Handbooks
8. Maruggi, Technical Graphics: Electronics Work text
9. Barry Lunt, Electronic Physical Design, Prentice Hall ISBN:130943878
10. Multisim 2001 Getting Started & Tutorial Manual,2000 ,Electronics workbench,
ISBN 1-55169-085-3
11. Multisim 2001 Educator User Guide,2000, Electronics Workbench,
ISBN 1-55169-085-3
12. Ultiboard 2001 Getting Started & Tutorial Manual, 2000,Electronics Workbench,
ISBN 1-55169-107-8
93
13.Ultiboard 2001 User Guide, 2000, Electronics Workbench, ISBN 1-55169-109-4
TOOLS / EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS
Cable Stripper
Centre Punch
Allen Keys
Anti-static Hand Strap
Callipers
Catalogue/ Manuals
DC Power Supply Unit
Digital Multimeter
Hacksaw
Hammer
Insulation Tape
Magnifying Glass
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
Etching pens/Markers
Pliers
Solder
Soldering Iron/Solder Sucker
Cable Stripper
Scale Rule
Set of Flat Spanners
Star Screw Driver Set
Scriber
Side Cutters
Knife
PCB drill machine and drills
Computer laboratory
Computers with relevant CAD software
Drawing Boards
Plotters/Printers
Drawing Instruments
Drawing Pens
Etching Laboratory (streaming water/sink and proper ventilation)
Etching equipment
Protective clothing and spectacles
Single and double sided PCB boards
Positive 20 spray
Chemicals
Electronic components
94
12.2.8
COMMON SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
CODE: 517/03/*11
DESIGN LENGTH
60 hours theory
12 hours laboratory
72 hours total
1. STRUCTURE (8 hours)
1. Crystalline, glassy and amorphous.

2. Phase diagrams, single phase and multiphase and use of phase diagrams to
predict structure and properties.
3. Influence of grain size and phase distribution on properties.
4. The effect of dislocations and point defects on plastic flow in metals
5. Macro and micro structures
2. PROPERTIES (12 hours)
1. Mechanical properties: strength, elasticity, plasticity, hardness, toughness,

ductility, elementary treatment of fatigue and creep.
2. Electrical properties: conductivity and resistivity, intrinsic and extrinsic
semicoductors, the p-n junction and field effect diode and transistor characteristics
, dielectrics and permittivity, ferroelectric material, magnetic properties, the hall
Effect, superconductivity.
3. Thermal properties: conductivity, expansion, heat capacity, weathering and
corrosion
4. Optical properties: light waves, optical constants, refractive index, light absorption,
Electro-optic effects and applications.
3. METAL CLASSIFICATION (8 hours)
1. Influence of atomic structure and bonding on the structure and properties of

materials.
2. Metals, polymers, ceramics and composites.
3. Properties and typical application of each group of materials in engineering,
including degradation characteristics.
4. TESTING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS (8 hours)
1. Distinguish between destructive and non destructive tests of materials.

2. State the ways of testing whether a material is ferrous or non-ferrous.
3. Describe the methods of detecting the presence of copper, silver, aluminium in an
alloy.
4. Describe proper tests used to distinguish plastic materials.
5. Describe proper tests used to distinguish various types of rubber materials.
6. Describe insulation tests on materials.
7. Desribe oil tests, i.e. crackle tests and dielectrics.
95
5. OPTICAL FIBRES (8 hours)
1. Structure of optical fibre.

2. Properties of optical fibres.
3. Application of optical fibres in electrical engineering.
6. APPLIED MECHANICS (8 hours)
1. i. Rotational dynamics, torque and angular acceleration.

ii. Rotational kinetic energy.
iii. Work done in rotation, angular momentum.
iv. Conservation of angular momentum.
2. i. Fluid motion – Bernoulli principle
ii. Filter pump, aerofoil lift
iii. Carbureltor , Venturi meter.
iv. Pilot static tube principle.
7. GAS LAWS AND THERMODYNAMICS (8 hours)
1.State
i. Boyles law, volume, pressure and temperature.
ii. Ideal gas law: pV = nRT
iii. Connected gas containers.
iv. Dalton‟s law
v. Unsaturated and saturated vapours.
2. Thermodynamics
State and explain
i. Zeroth‟s law
ii. Work done by gas
iii. Internal energy of gas
iv. First law of thermodynamics
v. Work from graphs, reversible isothermal and adiabatic changes.
vi. Carnot and Otto cycle.
1. Temperature dependence on conductivity.

2. Insulation of materials.
3. Behaviour of optoelectronic devices.
4. Magnetic properties of materials.
REFERENCE
1. R.E.Hummel, Electronic Properties of Materials, Springer-Verlag,2001,

ISBN 38795144X.
96
12.2.9
COMMON SUBJECT: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
CODE: 517/03/*01
DESIGN LENGTH
174 hours theory
1. PARTIAL FRACTIONS (6 hours)
1. State the rules of partial fractions for the following types:

a) Denominator containing linear factors
b) Denominator containing repeated factors
c) Denominator containing a quadratic factor.
2. COMPLEX ALGEBRA (16 hours)
1. Revise complex algebra to include exponential form of a complex number.

2. Derive De Moivre‟s theorem.
3. Use De Moivre‟s theorem to find the powers and roots of complex numbers.
4. Use De Moivre‟s theorem to find expansion of sin nQ and cos nQ and vice versa.
3. MATRICES (10 hours)
1. Define a matrix, describe it by its rows and columns.

2. Emphasise the difference between matrices and determinants.
3. Demonstrate the multiplication of two matrices.
4. Show the inversion of a matrix.
5. Solve equation in up to 3 unknown by matrix methods, e.g. Gaussian elimination
method.
4. DETERMINANTS (8 hours)
1. Revise second order determinants and introduce the need for third order
determinants.
2. Show with proof the evaluation of third order determinants including the method of
Saurus.
3. Solve equations of up to 3 unknowns using determinants method.
5. SERIES (18 hour)
1. Derive and apply the following:

a)Arithmetic Progression (AP)
b)Geometric Progression (GP).
2. Find the limiting values of infinite series.
3. Apply the three tests of convergence.
4. Derive and apply the following:
a) Binomial‟s theorem
b) Maclaurin‟s theorem
c) Taylor‟s theorem
d) Euler‟s theorem
97
e) Fourier series.
6. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (4 hours)
1. Define exponential functions.

2. Derive and apply laws of exponential growth and decay.
7. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS (6 hours)
1. Derive hyperbolic functions.

2. Describe properties of hyperbolic functions.
3. Evaluate the hyperbolic functions.
4. Sketch the graphs of hyperbolic functions.
5. Describe catenary as applied to hyperbolic functions.
8. FURTHER DIFFERENTIATION (12 hours)
1. State standard differential coefficients.

2. Derive the formula for differentiation of a product.
3. Derive the formula for the differentiation of a product.
4. Derive the second derivatives of quotient or product.
5. Apply logarithmic differentiation.
6. Differentiate the following:
a) Trigonometric functions including their inverse
b) Hyperbolic functions
c) Implicit functions including second derivatives
d) Parametric equations including second derivatives.
9. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION (12 hour)
1. Differentiate a function having two variables.

2. Determine:
a) First order partial derivatives
b) Second order partial derivatives.
3. Apply partial derivatives.
10. FURTHER INTEGRATION (20 hours)
1. Perform integration by:

a). Parts
b). Algebraic substitution
c). Trigonometric substitution
d). Use of partial fractions.
2. Perform numerical integration by the trapezoidal rule and Simpson‟s rule.
3. Apply integration to a.c. networks:
a) Average values
b) RMS values.
11. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (18 hours)
1. Define differential equations with reference to order and degree.
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2. Demonstrate the methods of solution of the following differential equations:
a) First order differential equations by separation of variables.
b). Homogeneous first order differential equations.
c) .Linear first order differential equations.
d). Operator D. methods.
12. LAPLACE TRANSFORMS (16 hours)
1. Define the Laplace transform of a function.

2. Derive Laplace transform of standard functions, e.g. constant, sin X etc.
3. Solve first order and second order differential equations using Laplace transform
method.
13. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA (4 hours)
1. Apply basic rules of Boolean algebra

a). Addition
b). Multiplication
c). Associative
d) .Commutative
e). Distributive.
2. Apply the De Morgan‟s theorem.
14. STATISTICS (12 hours)
1. Show the practical needs for statistics in industry.

2. Show the need for systematic tabulation of RAW DATA.
3. Define the mean, median and mode; scatter and central tendency; deviation from
mean; standard deviation; variance.
15. PROBABILITY (12 hours)
1. Show permutation and combination by simple numerical examples introducing the

n n
Pr and Cr notations.
2. Derive the several binomial expansion using coefficients.
3. Asses the probability of defectives and non defectives in a sample by using the
binomial distribution.
4. Asses a situation for its suitability for classification as a binomial distribution.
5. Relate the binomial to the Poisson distribution.
6. Asses a situation for its suitability for classification as a Poisson distribution.
7. Relate the binomial to the normal distribution.
8. Asses a situation for its suitability for classification as a normal distribution.
REFERENCE
1. K.A.Stroud,Engineering Mathematics
2. K.A.Stroud,Further Engineering Mathematics
3. I.O.Bird and A.J.May,Technician Mathematics 3 , 4 and 5
4. K.F.Kuhfitting,Technical Calculus with Analytical Geometry
5. L.Bostock and S.Chandler, Mathematics; The Core Course for A-Level
99
6 .A.Green, Statistics for Engineers
7. Harter, Mathematics Applied to Electronics, Prentice Hall 2003
12.2.10
COMMON SUBJECT: INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT

CODE: 517/03/*05
DESIGN LENGTH
100 hours theory
1. COMMUNICATION SKILLS (20 hours)
1. Define communication
2 Explain the role of communication in the management of organisations
3. State the effects of poor communication
4. Describe the communication process by the use of a diagram
5 .Compare various types of verbal and non-verbal communication channels and
Networks
6. Describe communication between levels of an organization and state their
advantages and disadvantages, such as:
a). Horizontal
b). Vertical
c). Diagonal
d). By-passing
7. Explain different types of communication barriers that disturb effective
communication and suggest ways on how the can be overcome
8. Briefly explain how the following communication media can be effectively used in
training other workers;
a). Computers
b). Charts
c). Film projectors
d). Internet (E-mail ,E-commerce)
e). Models
f). Diagrams
g). Meetings
h) . Reports
9. Relate the need for compiling data capture forms, such as:
a). Leave forms (sick, maternity, vacation, etc.)
b). Job cards, log sheets, daily/weekly/monthly reports, etc
2.BASIC MANAGEMENT THEORIES/APPROACHES/PERSPECTIVES

(10 hours)
1. Trace the evolution of development of management perspectives, such as the

following;
a). Scientific Management perspective
b). Behavioural Management perspective
c). Contingency Management perspective.
2. Relate the significance of management perspectives in our present organizations.
100
3. MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS (20 hours)
1. Define a business
2. Identify the stakeholders in a business
3. Define management
4. State the importance of management in a business
5. State and describe the three levels of management and identify the skills required to
operate at the first level.
6. Define the manager
7. Describe the following management functions:
a) Planning
b) Organisation
c) Leading
d) Controlling
e) Motivation
f) Delegation
g) Decision making
h) Coordination
8 State and describe other roles that managers play in an organisation
9. State ways in which you can support the management function.
10.Briefly explain each of the following functional areas of management
Marketing
b) Finance
c) Human resources
d) Purchasing
e) Production
f) Technical
g) Public relations
4. BASIC INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS (15 hours)

1. Explain the role of the following major players in industrial relations
a) Labour
b) Employer
c) Government
2. Briefly explain the following mechanisms that are used to ensure smooth industrial
relations:
a) Worker‟s committee
b) Grievance procedure
c) Code of conduct
d) Negotiation and collective bargaining
e) Performance appraisal and training
3. State the importance of occupational health, safety and welfare.
5.BASIC ECONOMICS (15 hours)

1. Define economics
2. Describe the following basic economic terms:
a) Scarcity
b) Opportunity costs
c) Ceteris paribus
d) Utility
101
e) Marginal utility
f) Law of diminishing returns
g) Law of supply and demand
h) Economic principle
3. Distinguish between micro economics and macro economics
4. Describe the following major factors of production
a) Natural resources
b) Capital
c) Labour
d) Entrepreneurship
5. Briefly the following economic phenomena
a) Unemployment
b) Gross domestic product (GDP)
c) Inflation
6. Explain the following economic systems
a) Free market economy
b) Command economy
c) Mixed economy
6. BASIC ACCOUNTING
1. Define accounting
2. Define the following types of business ownership:
a) Sole proprietor
b) Partnership
c) Company
3. Demonstrate the basic as application of the following procedures with regards to
small companies;
a) Double entry system
b) Basic accounting equation
c) Trail balance
d) Income statement
e) Balance sheet
f) Budgeting
g) Costing
REFERENCE
1. Batty J., Industrial Administration and Management,
Macdonald and Evans Ltd, Plymouth (1979)
2. Beach D., Personal Management of People at Work
3. Bent A. E. and Reeves T. Z., Collective Bargaining in Public Sector , The
Benjamin Cummings Co. , Sydney (1978)
4. Curzon L. B., Teaching in Further Education,
Cassel Education Books Ltd, London (1985)
5. Dublin A. J. Management and Organisations,
South West Publishing Company, Chicago (1989)
6. Duiker P. F. Management Practices

Heinmann Publishers, California (1995)
7. Fielding M., Effective Communication In Organisations,
Juta and Company, Cape town (1993)
102
8. Flippo E., Personnel Management, Macgraw Hill New York (1984)
9. Graham H. T Human Resources Management
MacDonald and Evans Ltd, Plymouth (1983)
10. Hersey and Blanchard, Management of Organisational Behaviour,
Prentice Hall Inc Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1969)
11. Institute of Personnel Management of Zimbabwe,
Module No. 6- Personnel Management, Harare (1995)
12. Little P. Communication in Business
13. Koontz H. Management, Macgraw Hill, New York (1984)
14. Stonner J. S. and Freeman, Management, Macgraw Hill, New York (1989)
15. Zimbabwe Government Printer, Labour Relations Act of 1985, Harare (1985)
16. Robbin and Caulter, Management, Macgraw Hill, New York (2000)
12.2.11
PROJECT APPROVAL CRITERIA
All critical criteria listed below should be applied when approving a proposed
PROJECT.
 The project complexity should be acceptable in relation to the aims of the

National Diploma Technician Course.
 The project should be relevant to the major subject of the course.
 At least 25% of the duties/ tasks of the relevant “occupational competency
profile” should be identified and listed as being directly related to the
proposed project.
Furthermore, specific project requirements should be stated using the
additional information as given in the “occupational competency profile”.
 The amount of the project work should be realistic in relation to the time
allocation.
 Demonstration of full operation as outlined in the project specifications should
be possible.
 The project should be of use within the local context and preferably
marketable.
 The quoted project costs should be realistic and affordable.
 All required project materials should be available.
 After positive consultations an approved project proposal signed by at least
two project lecturers should be handed over to the project coordinator.
PROJECT OUTCOMES AND ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

First Assessment 100 (Effective 10%)
Planning (20) The student should have planned the time needed for all the
main project activities.
He/ She keeps from week to week a record of the work done
and plans in detail all activities for the coming week.
Progress (30) The student should have worked on his/ her project for at least
two weeks after the approval.
He/ She is able to defend all work done from week to week.
He/ she should indicate/ show materials acquired.
103
Comprehension (50) The student should have a correct block diagram and be able to
explain the principle(s) of his /her project at “block diagram”
level.
He/She should be able to refer parts of the circuit diagram to
the block diagram and to describe all electronic/ electric
functions applied.
Second Assessment 200 marks(effective 20%)
Planning(20) The student should keep his/her record of work done up to date
The time plan should be adapted according to project
developments.
Progress(60) The student should have the project construction half way
completed
He/She is able to defend all work done from week to week
Comprehension(120) The student should be able to explain the operation of the
project at component level
The student should be able to calculate output parameters at test
points
Final Assessment 700 marks(effective 70%) x achievement factor ( HEXCO
examination date )
Write Up(100) The candidate should present a typed report with double
spacing. The report should include a facing page, introduction,
operating principles, detailed description of operation,
construction/programme design/details, alignment and test
instructions, user instructions, cost economy ,conclusion and
bibliography(Refer to report details as given in the project
guidelines).
Demonstration(200) The candidate should be able to demonstrate complete
operation of the project and be able to outline the trouble
shooting procedures.
Comprehension/explanation(100)
The candidate should be able to explain the operation of/her
project, to explain the principle operation of the project at
component level, to explain the results obtained and to explain
calibration procedures
Testing(100) The candidate should be able to use appropriate testing
equipment to show signals/voltages/currents at various test
points as desired by examiners. To demonstrate ability to
follow testing procedures, to interpret the test findings and to
demonstrate the calibration procedures.
Craftsmanship(150) The candidate should provide evidence of competence in
project construction on the:
General Outlook: casing-size, material used, positioning and
mounting of accessories (switches, LED‟s, etc), labelling.
PCB: lay out, size, quality of soldering and etching, mounting
of components, positioning of components.
Wiring: use of correct wires/cabling, correct size and colour
coding, tidiness and correct positioning.
Safety: Earthling, proper insulation, correct type and number of
fuses/MCB‟s use of correct size of bolts and nuts
104
Creativity(50) The candidate should be able to modify his/her project and to
justify any modification carried carried out.
Achievement Factor The achievement factor reflects the completeness and the
operational state of the project.
Complete and Fully operational 1
Complete and Partially operational ¾
Complete and not operational ½
Incomplete 0
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
12.3.0 Level II (HND)
12.3.1
SUBJECT: ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT CODE:720/03/S03
DESIGN LENGTH: 72 HOURS
1.HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
1. Define the concept of human resources planning by use of such tools as assessment,
schemes, job analysis, job description and job specification.
2. Apply the various methods of recruitment and selection of employees.
3. Appreciate the need for induction of new employees.
4. Conduct performance appraisals effectively toward promotion and/ or demotion of
workers.
5. Describe various methods of workers‟ compensation such as wages, salaries,
incentive schemes, bonus schemes and worker‟s benefit programs.
6. Implement such workers‟ conditions of service as welfare policies, safety practices,
pension and social security schemes programs.
7. Demonstrate knowledge of conflict management techniques, sources of conflict and
types of conflict.
8. Apply current Zimbabwe labour Relations Act in dealing with the following labour
issues, namely; Strikes, collective bargaining, impasse handling, code of conduct and
grievance handling.
2.MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
1. Describe the principle of MBO

2. Demonstrate the usability of the MBO approach to managing workers.
3. Describe the concept of TQM.
4. Explain the application of systems approach to organisation management.
5. Inter relate TQM to systems theory of an organisation.
6. Distinguish between an open system and closed system approach to management.
105
3.PRODUCTION (OPERATIONS) MANAGEMENT
1. Choose the site of factory basing from such factors as nearness to the market,
source of raw materials, water, source of energy, availability of labour and availability
of transport.
2. Determine plant layout in relation to the following; movement of materials,
distance between machines, safety and interdependence of departments.
3. Describe the following types of machine layout with their advantages and
disadvantages:
- Line layout
- Functional layout
- Group layout
4. Describe the factors affecting equipment selection, e.g, cost, compatibility, after
sell service support, availability of skilled operators etc.
5. Explain plat maintenance strategies like, planned maintenance, routine
maintenance, and preventive maintenance.
6. Apply the concept of the “reliability curve” to maintenance planning and practice.
7. Demonstrate knowledge of ensuring quality in production.
8. Distinguish among the following methods of production, i.e, process of production,
batch production and job production.
4. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1. Describe the concepts of work study, time study and method study.
2. Apply the following techniques of project planning, critical path analysis, Gant
Chart and computer aided project planning software e.g, MS project.
3. Undertake the tendering procedures involved in project proposals.
4. Conduct project estimation and costing procedures.
5.MARKETING MANAGEMENT
1. Define the concept Marketing

2. Briefly explain the role of the following marketing management activities,
advertising, promotion, distribution and selling.
3. Explain using diagrams the concept of product life cycle.
4. Describe the concept of marketing mix.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of such marketing strategies as social interaction,
sponsorship of competitions, e.g, sports, donating to charity, advertising, after sales
services and new product development.
6.BUSINESS LAW
1. Describe the various sources of law.

2. Describe the various types of law.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of such components of the law of contract as, Lease
agreement contract, Sales Contract Agreement, etc.
4. Describe the legal procedures involved in the formation of a company, e.g,
Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association.
5. Describe the membership structure of a registered company as required by law, e.g,
Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer and other directors sitting in the board of directors.
106
7.FINANCE MANAGEMENT
1. Describe the theory of a firm.

2. Distinguish between the fellow economic markets, free market economy, monopoly
and oligopoly.
3. Explain why government should intervene in the country‟s market activities, e.g,
through introduction of tariffs, taxation; export processing zones, protectionism, and
affirmative action in trade preference.
4. Describe the concept of economic growth of the firm, industry and country.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of various sources of finance such as commercial banks,
finance houses, non governmental organisations (NGO‟s) and other government
agencies like SEDCO, IBDC, ZNIC, AAG etc.
6. Relate the various types of tax payments requirement to the government, e.g,
Income Tax, Sales Tax and Pay As You Earn (PAYE) tax.
7. Perform the procedures involved in budgeting and costing.
REFERENCE
1. Batty J., Industrial Administration and Management,

Macdonald and Evans Ltd, Plymouth (1979)
2. Beach D., Personal Management of People at Work
3. Bent A. E. and Reeves T. Z., Collective Bargaining in Public Sector , The
Benjamin Cummings Co. , Sydney (1978)
4. Curzon L. B., Teaching in Further Education,
Cassel Education Books Ltd, London (1985)
5. Dublin A. J. Management and Organisations,
South West Publishing Company, Chicago (1989)
6. Duiker P. F. Management Practices
Heinmann Publishers, California (1995)
7. Fielding M., Effective Communication In Organisations,
Juta and Company, Cape town (1993)
8. Flippo E., Personnel Management, Macgraw Hill New York (1984)
9. Graham H. T Human Resources Management
MacDonald and Evans Ltd, Plymouth (1983)
10. Hersey and Blanchard, Management of Organisational Behaviour,
Prentice Hall Inc Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1969)
11. Institute of Personnel Management of Zimbabwe,
Module No. 6- Personnel Management, Harare (1995)
12. Little P. Communication in Business
13. Koontz H. Management, Macgraw Hill, New York (1984)
14. Stonner J. S. and Freeman, Management, Macgraw Hill, New York (1989)
15. Zimbabwe Government Printer, Labour Relations Act of 1985, Harare (1985)
16. Robbin and Caulter, Management, Macgraw Hill, New York (2000)
17. Lipsey Economics MacGraw- Hill, New York (1985)
107
12.3.2
MICROCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
DESIGN LENGTH: 100 HOURS THEORY

40 HOURS LABORATORY WORK
140 HOURS TOTAL
1. OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. What is an operating system (Kernel).

2. Memory organisation for simple processes.
3. Input/ output software.
4. Disk drivers‟ software.
5. Operations of the disk driver.
6. Disk arm scheduling algorithms.
7. File storage on disk
i. Block storage of data
ii. Sequential allocation
iii. Use of file allocation: Table (FAT)/ NTFS
iv. Use of I- nodes.
8. Process scheduling in concurrent operating systems
i. Concurrency and parallel processing
ii. Processes and scheduling
iii. CPU utilisation and multiprogramming
iv. Scheduling criteria
v. Scheduling algorithms
vi. Next job run to completion
vii. Round robin scheduling
viii. Multiple queues
ix. Shortest job first.
2. MEMORY MANAGEMENT
1. Memory management overview.

2. Windows memory management and main features.
3. UNIX memory management and main features.
4. UNIX file management
5. MS- DOS file management and main features.
6. Virtual memory system.
3. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND TECHNIQUES
1. Software engineering paradigms

2. Software development methods
3. Problem analysis
4. Program design
5. Problem implementation
6. Program testing
7. Introduction to programming in C problem development strategy.
8. Introduction to programming in C
108
9. How C++ improves upon C
10. Introduction to Java
11. Introduction to HTML (Web Site Based Design).
4. APPLICATION SOFWARE
1. General application packages

a) Spreadsheets
b) Word processors
c) Databases
2. Operational application packages
a) Time sheet management systems
b) MS project
c) Auto CAD
d) Mathematical application programs e.g, Matlab
3. Administrative Application Packages
a) Payroll
b) Accounting
5. SOFTWARE SYSTEMS SECURITY AND MAINTENANCE
1. Policy - IT
2. Environmental issues
3. Quality issues related to software purchasing
4. What is software maintenance?
5. Adaptability, consistency and licensing
6. Compatibility, robustness, updates
7. User friendliness backup support
8. Accounts/ Password, fire walls, (Hacking) viruses.
LABORATORY
1. Differentiate operating systems

2. Implement memory management systems using DOS, Windows, UNIX.
3. Design, develop and implement software programs in C and C++.
4. Use application software
5. Formulate and implement software systems security and maintenance policy.
REFERENCE
1. Mueller S, Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 3rd Edition, 1996.

2. Somerville I, Software Engineering, 3rd Edition, 1994.
3. Pressman R. S, Software Engineering, 3rd Edition, 1992.
4. Friedman F. L., Koffman E. B., Problem solving, Abstraction and Design using
C++, 2nd Edition, 1997.
5. Bishop P. Computing Science, 2nd Edition, 1981.
6. Silberschaltz A Peterson, Operating System Concepts, 3rd Edition, 1988.
7. Ritchie C, Operating Systems, 2nd Edition, 1995.
109
8. B. Kanjere and Vallaiei, Microcomputer Systems Design, 1988/ 1999.
9. Microcomputer Fault Finding and Design, 1st Edition, 1991.
10. Frederick Driscol and Van Nostrand, Microprocessor and Microcomputer
Technology, 1993.
11. T Harnley, Microcomputer and Microprocessor Technology, `1993.
12. Richard Riley, Teach Yourself C++, Hodder Arnold, 2003.
13. Graham Wilson, Embedded Systems and Computer Architecture, Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2001.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
1. Equipment
Computers, printers, telephone connection, logic probe
2. Software
DOS- Windows- UNIX, C & C++, HTML, Java, AutoCAD, Matlab, Payroll Software,
Accounting, Spreadsheet, Word processor, Database.
12.3.3
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS CODE:720/03/S02
DESIGN LENGTH: 196 HOURS
1. THIRD ORDER MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
1. Solve simultaneous equations by

a) Gaussian elimination
b) Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
c) The Triangular Decomposition method
2. Apply to the solution of physical problems. Hermtian and skew Hermitian Unitary
matrices.
2.SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Solve second order differential equations:

Types of solutions:-
a) Real and different roots
b) Real and equal roots
c) Complex roots
2. General solutions by primitive method, i.e,
Y = Complementary Function + Particular Method
3. Solve second order Equation with both constant and variable coefficient by
primitive method
4. Use D‟ Operator methods to solve 2nd Order differential equations
5. Solve Differential Equations by using Power Series
i. Legendre‟s equation
ii. Legendre‟s polynomials
iii. Bessel Equation
iv. Bessel Functions
110
6. Apply solution of 2nd order differential equations to:
i) Free Oscillations
ii) Forced Oscillations
iii) Electric circuits.
3. FOURIER SERIES
1. Revise graphs of Y = A Sin nx and ACos nx

2. Revise harmonics
3. Revise periodic functions
4. Define fourier series- functions of 2- pie
5. Derive Dirichlet conditions
6. Derive Fourier coefficients.
7. Define sum of Fourier series at a finite discontinuity
8. Describe Odd and Even functions.
9. Define Sine series and Cosine series
10. Define half range series
11. Describe series containing only odd harmonics or only even harmonics
12. Describe functions with period T
13. Describe half range series period T.
14. Describe masking effect of DC component on Odd symmetry.
15. Calculate rms value of harmonic waveforms.
4. LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
1. Revise basic properties on Laplace Transforms

2. Revise inverse Laplace Transforms
3. Derive Laplace Transform of differential coefficients up to second order.
4. Revise rules of partial fractions.
5. Solve differential equations.
6. Derive Heaviside Unit step functions H (t- c).
7. Describe suppression and shift.
8. Derive Laplace Transform of H (t- c).
9. Derive Laplace Transform of H (t- c). F (t- c)
10. Derive second shift theorem
11. Describe periodic functions
12. Describe Laplace Transform involving periodic functions
13. Derive Dirac Delta function or unit impulse function.
14. Describe Delta function at the origin
15. Calculate area of pulse = 1
16. Integrate the impulse function.
17. Derive Laplace Transform of delta (t- a)
18. Apply in solving differential equations e.g, Convolution theorem and stability
criteria in control systems.
5. COMPLEX VARIABLE
1. Differentiate a complex function.

2. Describe regular or analytic function.
3. Define singularities or singular points i.e, points at which f(z) ceases to be regular.
111
4. Use Cauchy- Rieman equations to test whether w = f(z) has a derivative.
5. Perform complex integration.
6. Perform contour integration i.e, evaluation of line integrals in the z- plane.
7. Define Cauchy‟s theorem

8. Define deformation of contours
9. Perform conformal transformation – mapping in which angles are preserved in size
and sense of rotation.
10. Perform Schwarz – Christoffel transformation.
6.FURTHER CALCULUS
1. Solve differential equations using Liebnitz‟s theorems and derivatives.

2. Perform quadratic integration
i. Define as the integrals of Qn dx where Q = ax + bx + c and n = -1 or +/- ½
ii. Derive rules for quick solutions, using a table of standard quadratic
integrals.
iii. Solve line integrals, double integrals, triple integrals.
3. Perform Numerical Integration
i. Solve equations by Newton- Raphson iterative method and modified method
ii. Solve differential equations by Taylor Series – 1st order differential
equations
iii. Solve by Euler‟s method: truncation errors; graphical interpretation.
iv. Solve by Euler- Cauchy method (improved Euler method)
v. Solve by Gauss- Seidel method.
vi. Solve equations involving boundary value problems.
4. Apply numerical integration to solve 2nd order differential equations.
5. Perform circular integration, including double and line integrals.
7.STATISTICAL INFERENCE AND PROBABILITY
1. Apply tests of significance to confidence limits, variance, t- squares.

2. Define contingency tests.
3. Inspect and perform quality control in terms of weights and volume measures.
4. Define Weibull distributions.
5. Calculate manufacturing costs, tolerances and modified limits.
6. Define Z transforms then compare to Laplace transforms. Define and apply Z
transforms theorem.
7. Define inverse Z transforms and relate to response of systems.
8. Perform probability and conditional probability calculations.
8. FURTHER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
1. Describe how partial differential equations arise in engineering.

2. Describe methods of solutions.
3. Derive formulation of typical solution
Y = Sin(x+ at) of one dimensional travelling wave.
4. Derive formulation of the partial differential equation which gives rise to this
dy 1 dy
solution viz;  .
dx a dt
112
5. Describe the reverse process of moving from the partial differential equation given
by a system analysis to its solution.
6. Describe a detailed analysis of the physical meaning of the processes.

7. Apply in one, two or three dimensions to travelling waves on transmission lines
leading to;
i) Diffusion equation
ii) Poisson equation
iii) Laplace continuity equation
iv) Maxwell equations.
9. VECTORS
1. Describe vectors in space.

2. Describe the DOT product.
3. Calculate the cross product and Tripple Products
4. Describe lines in space.
5. Describe planes in space.
6. Calculate limits and continuity of vector valued functions.
7. Derive derivatives and integrals of vector valued functions.
8. Describe space curves and calculate their lengths.
9. Derive tangents and normals to curves.
REFERENCE
1. K. A. Stroud- Engineering Mathematics

2. K. A. Stroud- Further Engineering Mathematics
3. I. O. Bird & A. J. May – Technician Mathematics 3, 4 & 5
4. K. F. Kuhfitting- Technical Calculus with Analytical Geometry.
5. L. Bostock & S. Chandler- Mathematics: The Core Course For A‟ Level.
6. A. Green- Statistics For Engineers.
7. Kreyszik: Advanced Engineering Mathematics.
8. Bajpai and Mustoe- Engineering Mathematics
9. Bajpai and Mustoe- Advanced Engineering Mathematics.
10. Harter- Mathematics Applied to Electronics.
113
12.3.4 PROJECT CODE:720/03/S07
RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT STRUCTURE
Common to all disciplines in Electrical and Electronic Engineering
TITLE PAGE
The title page is the identity page of the Project Report and should comprise the
following :
1. Name of Researcher, Title of the Research, Institution, Course and Course
Level, Due date.
PRELIMINARIES
This is the section where students present such topics as :

Preface, Abstract, Dedications, Table of Contents, Table of Figures etc.
CHAPTER ONE :- INTRODUCTION
This is the introductory chapter/section of the research report and comprises the
following topics which introduces the reader to the research:-
1. Background of the Research Study.
2. Purpose of the Study/Objectives of Study.
3. Statement of the Research Problem.
4. Subproblems
5. Hypothesis of the study
6. Assumptions of the study.
7. Importance of the study
8. Deliminations of the study
9. Limitations of the study
10. Definition of Terms
11. Summary
CHAPTER TWO : - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This is the Section of the research report where the researcher has to display his
knowledge base of issues related to the area of study. The research has to review
what has been done by other fellow researcher which is related to his area of research.
Also research has to display the practical and theoretical relevance of his work
through referring to other related literature.

114
CHAPTER THREE : RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES (DESIGN)
This is the section of the report where the research lays down clearly HOW and the
PROCEDURE USED to carry out the research. The following topics provide the
framework of this section:
1. Target population
i) Target population sample.
2. Data collection procedures
i) Data Collection Instruments
ii) Advantages (benefits) and Disadvantages (limitations) of the data
collection instruments
3. Validity and reliability of the Research
4. Data Presentation (Results) and Analysis Procedures
5. Summary
CHAPTER FOUR : DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS (RESULTS)
This is the section of the report where the researcher present findings or results of
the research. These findings are presented in various ways (methods) depending on
the nature of data. Used of tables, graphs, pictures, charts is encouraged. Also, the
research findings are disclosed in this chapter towards revealing the hidden meaning
of the research findings/results.
CHAPTER FIVE : SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Summary
This is the section of the report where the researcher briefly narrate how the research
was carried out from the first step to the final results.

2. Conclusion
This is the section of the research report where the researcher should narrate all
deductions arrived at as a result of the research. These deductions should be based on
the findings/results of the research study, while addressing the statement of the
research problem.
3. Recommendations
This is the section of the research where the researcher converts the research
conclusions into useful recommendable courses of action to be taken towards problem
solving. These recommended programs of action must be related to the research
problem and should suggest solutions.
115
APPENDICES
This is the section of the research report where the researcher should ANNEX or
attach any other relevant data t hat might be importance to the reader of the report e.g.
statistics extracted from other sources, pictures, data collection instrument etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- END OF REPORT -
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA - PROJECT

APPROVAL CRITERIA AND ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING
PROJECT APPROVAL CRITERIA
All critical criteria listed below should be applied when approving a proposed
PROJECT
 The project complexity should be acceptable in relation to the aims of the

Higher National Diploma course.
 The project should be relevant to the major subject of the course.
 At least 25% of the duties/tasks of the most relevant “occupational
competency profile” should be identified and listed as being directly related to
the proposed project. Furthermore, specific project requirements should be
stated using the additional information as given in the “occupational
competency profile”
 The amount of the project work should be realistic in relation to the time
allocation.
 Demonstration of full operational as outlined in the project specifications
should be possible.
 The project should be of use within the local context and preferably
marketable.
 The quoted project costs should be realistic and affordable.
 All required project materials should be available.
 After positive consultations an approved project proposal signed by at least
two project lecturers should be handed over to the project coordinator.
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA- PROJECT

APPROVAL CRITERIA AND ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING
PROJECT ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING
At the end of the project period, the trainee will be assessed on his/her produced
report and oral presentation based upon his/her approved project.
116
The assessment weighting is as follows :
REPORT (50 marks)
Title (cover face, preliminaries, abstract, acknowledgments) 5 marks

Introduction (description of aims, etc) 20 marks
Literature review 10 marks
Methodology 15 marks
Results, data presentation and analysis 30 marks
Conclusion, summary, recommendations 15 marks
Appendices, References 5 marks
ORAL PRESENTATION (50 marks)
Interview by a panel of whom at least 50% shall be independent

assessors
Demonstration
12.3.5
ADVANCED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
CODE:720/03/S01
DESIGN LENGTH
157 hours Theory

48 hours Laboratory work
205 hours in total
I. APPLICATION OF COMPLEX NOTATION (15 hours)
At the end of the unit the trainee should be able to :
1. State and apply Miller‟s Theorem

2. Draw to scale and explain simple locus diagrams of series RL and RC circuits
with the J-operator leading to complex plane and S-plane.
3. Analyze single-phase circuits and phase representation of P + JQ in electrical
motors, generators, transformers and power factor correction units.
2. FIELD THEORY (20 hours)
1. Define and apply Maxwell‟s equations in field theory analysis.

2. Define and apply Poisson”s equation in field theory analysis.
3. Apply Boundary conditions in field theory analysis
4. Explain the propagation of plane waves in a perfect dielectric and their
propagation in an imperfect dielectric and imperfect conductor.
5. Explain the concept of skin effect in field theory.
117
6. State and explain:
a) Conlomb‟s law
b) Gaussion law
c) Biot Savart‟s law
d) Apply these laws to linear circular and cylindrical conductors.
N.B. include vector analysis.
7. Calculate self and mutual inductance for two wire conductor system including
coaxial cable.
8. Explain the importance for shielding for :
a) static magnetic fields
b) Alternating magnetic fields.
1. Find the inductance due to low-frequency internal linkages
2. Carry out electrostatic and magnetic field plotting procedures to determine
capacitance and inductance.
3. TRANSMISSION LINES 16 hours
1. Explain the difference between sort, medium and long transmission lines.
2. Draw the equivalent circuit, phasor diagram expression for percentage
voltage regulation for a short-transmission line.
3. Calculate the values of power input and output, efficiency. Regulations,

sending and receiving end voltages and currents for each of the lines in (1)
above.
4. Derive the ABCD expressions for short, medium and long transmission
lines connected I parallel.
4. SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING (30 hours)
At the end of the unit the trainee should be able to:
1. Explain the differences in the analysis of continuous and discrete signals and
systems.
2. Carry out calculations for transient parameters for DC and AC, RL, RC and
RLC circuits using classical method (calculus).
3. Define the terms damping, under-damping and over-damping for the circuits
in (2) above.
4. Calculate series and parallel resonance for RL, RC, and RLC circuits.
5. Describe Time-Domain response of linear circuits with impulse, step, ramp
and sine function.
6. Apply Laplace transform methods in parts (1) to (5) above.
7. Use the Convolution Integral and initial and final value theorems for solving
Laplace based equations as applied in electrical power systems and machines.
8. Explain the use of operation of the following digital filters in digital signal
processing :
i) Butterworth
ii) Chebyshev
118
iii) Bessel
9. Evaluate signal to noise ratio in signal processing.
5. FEEDBACK THEORY (20 hours)
1. Develop and realize open loop and closed loop transfer function for electrical
machines.
2. Explain the uses of an operational amplifier when used for negative feedback
principle (voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, and current shunt).
3. Describe controllability matrix of a plant using the basic analogue computer
programming methods: direct programming, parallel programming and
iterative.
4. Determine the stability of a system using pole-zero diagrams for Bode plotting
and frequency compensation and using loci diagrams.
N.B. Introduce the terms Root-Locus and Nyquist.
5. Use the Routh – Hurwitz and Runge Kutta Stability test criterions.
6. Use pole placement method for the optimization of response.
6. HARMONIC ANALYSIS (20 hours)
1. a) Define Fourier integrals and transforms (including fast Fourier

Transforms).
b) Use Fourier series/transforms to analyse harmonics for the
following waveforms:
i) sinusoidal (both half and full-wave)
ii) square
iii) rectangular
iv) triangular
2. Analyse power and energy spectrum for the waveforms in 1(b) above and
calculate their relative values.
3. Apply the Fourier transform to circuits to find :
i) Current when impulse voltage (VT) is applied to RL circuits.
ii) Current when steady voltage V is applied at t = 0, to an oscillatory
RLC circuit at rest.
iii) Output voltage when a unit voltage step is applied to an ideal low pass
filter.
4. Define and apply Z-transforms in filters.
7. MEASUREMENT (16 hours)
1. Derive the balance equations for a generalized bridge circuit for complex
impedances.
119
2. Derive the balance equations and carry out calculations of the unknown
quantities for the following bridges:
a) Wein bridge
b) Owen bridge
c) De Saunty bridge and
d) Schering bridge
3. Calculate accuracy of measurement in terms of accuracy of the bridge.
4. State and explain how stray electromagnetic coupling between components
may be minimized.
5. Derive expressions for quality factor of the Q-meter and be able to carry out
calculations/measurements of the Q-factor.
8. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS (20 hours)
1. a) Explain the need for load flow analysis

b) Define slack, floating, swing or reference bus
c) Define load bus
d) Define generation bus or voltage controlled bus.
2. a) Derive and state the generalized modal current equations for an
n bus system.
b) Perform calculations on radial and simple loop networks up to 5
(five)-bus system.
3. Perform real power flow load calculations

4. Derive the equivalent circuit of a tapped transformer for modal
admittance matrix.
5. Carry out iteration methods using:
a) The Gausss-seidel and
b) The Newton-Raphson methods.
1. Conduct an experiments to measure inductance, capacitance and dielectric

loss using the following bridges:
a) Wein
b) Owen
c) Be saunty
d) Schering
2. Carry out experiments to establish loci diagrams for RL and RC series circuits.
3. Conduct an experiment to analyse harmonic e.g. using the spectrum analyser
and/or oscilloscope.
4. Carry out field plotting experiments to determine capacitance and inductance.
120
5. Carry out programming exercise to perform a load flow analysis using
Newton-Raphson and Gauss-Seidel Methods.
REFERENCE
1 A.S. Morris, Measurement and Instrumentation Principles, Butterworth-

Heinemann, 2001
2 LabView for Electric Circuits, Machines, Drives and Laboratories, N Ertugrul,
Prentice Hall, 2002
3 Glover and Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design, Brooks Cole, 2002
4 Mulgrew-Grant-Thompson, Digital Signal Processing: Concepts and
Applications, Palgrave MacMillan, 2002
5 Distefano-Stubberud-Williams, Feedback and Control Systems, Schaum, 1995
6 Harter-Beitzel, Mathematics Applied to Electronics, Prentice Hall, 2003
7 W Bolton, Control Engineering, Longman, 1998
8 W Bolton, Control Systems, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002
9 Berude, Computer Simulated Experiments for Electric Circuits Using

Electronics Workbench, Prentice Hall, 2003
10 Shepherd & Morton, Higher Electrical Engineering
11 A.H. Morton, Advanced Electrical Engineering Technology
12 Wadhwa, Power Systems
13 Weedy, Power Systems
14 Gupta, Electrical Engineering Technology
15 Theraja, Electrical Engineering
16 Hughes, Electrical Technology
17 Professor Appiah (UZ), Control Systems
18 IEE Publishers
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
1. Oscilloscope
Spectrum analyser
Signal (function) generators
Personal computer plus diagnostic and simulation software
Breadboard/Veroboard
Galvanometer (Null Detector)
Variable a.c. and d.c. power supply
Power factor meter
Distortion meter
Power meter
121
12.3.6
POWER SYSTEMS CODE:720/03/S05

DESIGN LENGTH
146 hours theory
186 hours in total
A. GENERATION (20 hours)
1. Discuss the different types of energy (i.e. replenishable and non-replenishable)

available for electricity generation, including their quantity and lifetime.
2. Give detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of generation stations
considering the following :
i) Structure
ii) Location/Sitting
iii) Operation
iv) Efficiency (including methods of its improvement)
v) Economic consideration
vi) Advantages and disadvantages of each station
vii) Environmental effects for the following stations
a) Solar (photovoltaic)
b) Hydro including pumped storage
c) Thermal (coal, oil and gas)
d) Nuclear
e) Geothermal
f) Magneto Hydrodynamic (MHD)
g) Wind and reciprocating engine
NOTE: Include calculations for relative output power and efficiencies.
B. GENERATORS (20 hours)
1. Analyze the operation of large synchronous generators operating either as a

single unit or in parallel with other machines and appreciate the limiting
factors involved (i.e. stability and cooling).
i) Sketch and explain the phasor diagram for single phase generator
supplying an isolated load and an infinite bus bar, including load angle
and stability (power angle diagram)
ii) Draw the operating chart and analyze the behaviour of a synchronous
generator to include
a) load angle and steady state stability
b) Transients and sub transients under short circuit conditions.
c) Changes in load.
Also show limiting conditions of stator current, rotor current, power
input on the operating chart.
122
iii) Analyze and perform calculations on the operation of generators in
parallel and effect of transmission line reactance under different
governor conditions.
iv) Explain the behaviour or isolated turbo alternator with voltage
regulator on sudden application of static load, effect of the governor
turbine lag and inertia of the rotating systems on production of
oscillations.
C. EXCITATION SYSTEMS (6 hours)
1. Describe types of excitations systems, i.e. shaft driven, separately driven and
brushless exciters.
2. Explain exciters stability, use of saturable liners, and use of main regulators
and shunt field regulators.
3. Explain the cause and avoidance of reversal of polarity.
4. Describe automatic voltage regulators, direct and indirect types and vibrating
types.
D. TRANSMISSION (20 hours)
1. i) Perform calculations on the sending end voltage and current in terms

of receiving and voltage and current in lines.
ii) Perform power flow calculations in an interconnector.
iii) With the aid of diagrams describe the structure of different types of
supporting structure in transmission lines, (i.e. straight runs and
changes in routes).
iv) Determine the spacing between conductors and the minimum
clearances.
v) Determine the sag and tension of spans in a line passing over a
country of a given profile.
vi) Explain the environmental effects of transmission lines.
2. i) Discuss advantages and disadvantages of D.C. transmission.

ii) With the aid of diagram discuss different types of D.C. lines and their
applications (i.e. unipolar, bipolar and homopolar).
iii) Explain the incorporation of H.V.D.C. into AC equipment and their
applications.
iv) Describe in detail the construction, operation and mathematical
analysis of converter station equipment.
E. INSULATORS (20 hours)
1. Describe properties of insulators and explain mechanisms of breakdown (i.e.

Townsend Avalanche, etc) and their prevention and detection.
2. Explain the causes and effects of surges and how they can be minimized.
123
3. Describe effects of moisture and dirt on breakdown voltage and how design
reduces these effects.
4. Explain why insulation stress is a maximum adjacent to the life and how the
stress may be more evenly distributed by grading and by use of rings.
5. Perform calculations on string efficiency.
6. Analyze the effects of lighting and switching surges in producing traveling
waves and performs calculations.
7. Define corona and explain its causes and how it can be minimized. Also carry
out calculations on critical destructive voltages considering ideal and practical
situations.
8. Explain the design and construction of pin type, suspension type,
9. Explain the construction and operation of a surge diverter.
10. Explain the need for insulation co-ordination and its applications.
F. UNDERGROUND CABLES (15 hours)
1. Analyze characteristics of cables to show the relationship between electric

stress
charge, flux, potential difference and dielectric permittivity.
2. Derive cable capacitance and perform calculations to explain its effects on
operating
characteristics, i.e. charging and discharging currents.
3. Analyze the effects of voids in cable insulation and the mechanism of
ionization
breakdown.
4. Explain the importance of loss angle in assessing quality of cable insulation.
5. Describe artificial methods of coding HV cables (i.e. internal and external)
6. Describe methods of identifying cable faults and the locating using fault
localizing
bridges.
G. TRANSFORMERS (15 hours)
1. Describe 3 phase transformer connections including phase shifts.

2. Analyze and perform calculations on the combined use of tape charging
transformers
and reactive power injection for voltage control.
3. Explain and calculate the effect of booster transformers.
4. Describe the construction and use of reactors.
5. Perform calculations to evaluate the performance of regulation lines with
transformers
and reactors
6. Analyze and perform calculations on paralleling of transformers (1 phase and
3 phase)
with unequal voltages using equivalent circuits.
124
H. SWITCHGEAR (6 hours)

1. Explain the principle of arc extinction and perform calculations determining
current in
arc and RRRV.
2. Analyze the switching of magnetizing and capacitive currents.
3. Select suitable switchgear and prepare typical layout for distribution (i.e.
main, sub-
main and sub circuit).
I. POWER SYSTEM PLANNING (8 hours)
1. Explain the need for load forecasting, factors affecting load forecasting and
methods of load forecasting.
2. Explain unit commitment in power systems and how it is carried out.
3. Explain the need for optimal economic dispatch and describe methods of
optimization including iterative methods, linear and non linear programming.
J. POWER SYSTEM CONTROL ( 6 hours)
1. Explain including mathematical analysis Power Frequency control, i.e.

governor control and load frequency control.
2. Explain including mathematical analysis of voltage and reactive power
control, i.e. injection of reactive power (using shunt capacitors, reactors and
synchronous generators) tap changing transformers and booster
transformers.
3. Explain the principles of microprocessor based speed controllers.
4. Define state estimation and explain its application in control.
5. Explain application of SCADA in control of power systems.
6. Describe systems centre design.
K. ALTERNATIVE SOURCES (RENEWABLE ENERGY) (10 hours)
At the end of the course this trainee should be able to :
1. Photovoltaics (PV)
1. Draw the I-V characteristics of a solar cell.

2. Determine the following parameters from the I-V characteristics:
a) open circuit voltage
b) short circuit current
c) maximum power point (MPP)
125
d) fill factor (FF)
e) efficiency
3. Design a PV generator from a combination of identical solar cells to
achieve a desired output, given the characteristics of a single cell.
4. Explain the concept of “hot spots” in relation solar cell.
5. Explain methods of avoiding the occurrence of “hot spots” in PV
systems.
6. Design a PV system to match a known load given the necessary
insolation
data.
2. Solar Thermal Systems Fundamentals
1. State and define the 2 types of solar thermal collectors (flat-plate and
concentrating) and outline their major differences.
2. State the advantages of a solar water heating system as compared to an
electric geyser or boiler n terms of:
a) running costs/maintenance costs
b) system economic life span
c) sustainability
State a major short-term disadvantage of such a system.
3. Define the solar fraction of an energy system.
4. State the significance of solar fraction in any system
5. Size a solar water heating system for small-scale use e.g. home, clinic
etc.
6. Outline the installation procedure of a solar thermal system in terms of
:
a) orientation of collector
b) collector tilt angle
c) need to avoid shading a i.e. location/sitting of solar thermal
collector.
7. Explain the environmental benefits of using a solar water heating
system.
8. Describe a possible application of solar water heating systems in
industry, and explain the implications of using such a system in
relation to :
a) running costs
b) installation costs
c) energy conservation
d) sustainability
4. Biomass/Biogas Systems
1. Define biomass and biogas.
2. List examples of biomass types.
3. Explain the need for biotechnologies in terms :
a) availability of raw materials and their sustainability
b) economic development of a country
c) self independence of a country in terms of energy needs.
d) Environmental friendliness
4. Design the following types of biodigesters:
a) fixed dome biodigesters
b) flexible bag biodigester
126
5. Carry out a resource analysis of biogas given the various types of
feedstock available at a particular situation.
6. Match the biogas resources to the biogas demand and be able to size a
biodigester accordingly.
7. Explain application of biotechnologies in :
i) developed countries
ii) developing countries
At the end of the course the trainee should be able to :
1. Conduct experiments to determine alternator characteristics (excitation voltage

and current, load angle, stability, etc.)
2. Conduct experiments to determine insulation properties (i.e. breakdown, loss
angle, dielectric permittivity, etc.)
3. Carry out simulation of lines to evaluate parameter (ABCD) and line
performance.
4. Build up and demonstrate generation using photovoltaic cells to include
regulator, charger and invertor.
INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION VISITS
At the end of the course the trainee should have:
1. Visited at least three of the following types of industrial establishments:

1. Generation station and substation (ZESA)
2. Industrial process heating (e.g. ZISCO)
3. Special installations (e.g. Sable Chemicals)
4. Solar Systems (e.g. Triangle)
5. Locomotion traction systems (NRZ)
REFERENCE
1. POWER SYSTEMS, B.M. WEEDY

2. HIGHER ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SHEPHERD, MORTON AND
SPENCE
3. POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (WITH CD-ROM), GLOVER
AND SARMA, BROOKS COLE, 2002
4. PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS, T DAVIES,
NEWNES, 1996
5. PRACTICAL SCADA FOR INDUSTRY, BALLY AND WRIGHT,
NEWNES, 2003
6. SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEMS FOR AFRICA, M HANKINS, AGROTEC
(HARARE) AND COMMONWEALTH SCIENCE COUNCIL (LONDON),
1995
127
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
1. i) D.C. motors and generators

ii) A.C. motors and generators (single and 3 phase) both induction and
synchronous.
iii) Impulse generators
iv) Microprocessors
v) Personal computers and simulation software (see reference 3)
vi) Oscilloscopes
vii) Measuring instruments (voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters, p.f. meters,
etc.)
viii) Measuring bridges
ix) Pyranometer
x) Solar Electric System
12.3.7
MACHINES AND DRIVES CODE:720/03/S04
DESIGN LENGTH
188 hours Theory
228 hours in total
1. MACHINES FUNDAMENTALS (18 hours)
4. Explain in detail the construction and principles of operation of rotating

machines.
5. Draw and explain the three distinguishable modes of operation of rotating
machines which are motoring, generating and braking, under steady – state
operation.
6. Analyze the rotating machines structures, in detail including the stator, rotor,
air gap and the magnetic circuit and identify their use in different rotating
machines.
7. Derive the general expressions for induced emf and torque for a single phase
stator winding and rotor winding and carry out calculations to determine coil
currents under stable and unstable conditions.
8. Derive the expression for steady torque as applicable to separately excited,
shunt and series dc machines and use it to perform calculations involving
speed, rotational voltage coefficient, mutual inductance and currents under
steady-state operation.
9. Explain the rotating field due to a three phase winding and derive and
expression for mean torque under steady-state conditions.
10. Perform calculations involving three phase synchronous machines and
induction machines for torque, stator phase current, rotor current, power and
induced rotational voltage.
128
2. MACHINE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
Design, a single phase ac motor given the following specifications:

i. Supply voltage
ii. Frequency of supply
iii. Required power output
iv. Required torque
Take into consideration, optimization of performance and weight reduction.

The design should include mechanical dimensions of the frame, number of
turns of coil, number of poles, coil gauge to supply the required torque and
type of winding.
2. Develop a typical flow diagram for the design and analysis operation of the
single phase motor, illustrating the sequence of operations involved.
3. DC MACHINES (18 hours)
1. Draw an equivalent circuit of DC machines and derive the developed torque

under instantaneous field current and evaluate the steady-state average torque.
2. Analyze the torque/speed characteristics of a separately excited dc machine

and also explain the four quadrant modes of operation under motoring and
braking.
3. Explain the principles of operation of a semi-converter (single phase and three

phase) and also full converter in both the field and armature circuits as
applicable to speed control of a separately excited machine, and perform
calculations involving, speed, current and firing angles of thyristors.
4. AC MACHINES (26 hours)
At the end of the unit trainee should be able to :
1. Explain the principle of operation of a 3-phase induction motor in terms of the

spatially distributed sinusoidal flux density.
2. Draw an equivalent circuit of single phase induction machine and derive the
performance characteristics in terms of the developed torque, power and
establish the power factor angle under constant supply voltage.
3. Determine the torque/speedy characteristics as a function of slip and explain,

with aid of diagram, the three modes of operation : motoring, regeneration and
plugging/braking.
129
4. Explain the principles of operation of a synchronous machine in terms of two
magnetomotive forces (mmf) due to armature and field currents.
5. Describe the salient pole and cylindrical rotor machines in terms of their
equivalent circuits, developed torque and torque angle characteristics.
6. Define popular torque and show how it limits the range of torque angle under
stable conditions of motoring and regeneration.
7. Perform calculations for ac machines involving frequency, torque, speed, input

and output power and efficiency.
5. SPECIAL MOTORS (12 hours)
1. Describe with the aid of diagrams, the construction and operation of :

a) Brushless DC motor,
b) Slip ring induction machines,
c) Stepper motors-variable reluctance and hybrid,
d) Switched reluctance motor
2. Explain their different areas of applications and the typical drive circuits.
6. DC DRIVES (30 hours)
1. Perform calculations for AC-DC converters, involving the following:

i) Harmonic content and percentage total harmonic distortion
ii) Power factor (input and output)
iii) Distortion power factor
iv) Rectification ratio
v) Utilisation factor
3. Give any two typical applications of a chopper-fed drive.
4. Describe the series and parallel chopper configurations and explain their
operation in the 4-quadrants.
5. Explain the possible control modes of a dc chopper-fed drive under the
following categories:
a) Power (or acceleration) control
b) Regenerative brake control
c) Rheostatic brake control
d) Combined regenerative and rheostatic brake control.
6. Analyse a half wave and full wave (single phase) controlled rectifier dc drive
applicable to a DC machine in terms of motoring, generating and plugging.
7. Draw the waveforms and explain a 3-phase thyristor bridge configuration of
simple variable speed drive.
8. Draw and explain the concepts of a dual converter in terms of the two modes
of operation :
a) Circulating current mode
130
b) Non-circulating current mode
9. Describe the 3-phase operation and draw waveforms for a dual converter and
perform calculations involving a separately excited dc machine.
10. Explain, with aid of a block diagram, the open loop and closed loop control of
a basic variable speed dc drive.
11. Determine the open loop and closed loop transfer functions and draw their
respective block diagrams for a separately excited machine under
control/reference voltage and load torque disturbances. For closed loop speed
control, state the advantages of inner current loop and concept of filed
weakening.
12. Perform calculations to determine the output due to an impulse and step
disturbance.
13. Define a phase locked loop control system and explain its operation, with aid
of a basic block diagram.
14. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a DC drive as applicable to

industries.
7. AC DRIVES (38 hours)
1. Explain with the aid of diagram where necessary, concepts of AC variable

speed drive in terms of -
a) Stator voltage control
b) Rotor voltage control
c) Frequency control
d) Stator voltage and frequency control
e) Stator current control and
f) Voltage, current and frequency control
2. Briefly explain the control strategies used in a closed loop system for an
induction in terms of :- a) scalar control
b) Vector control and
c) Adaptive control
3. Perform calculations on voltage controlled and frequency controlled drives.
4. Describe a 3-phase cycloconverter drive applicable to a synchronous machine
and perform calculations involving speed, torque and power.
5. Derive the general expressions for voltage and current for single and multiple
pulse width modulation control for square wave operation and perform
calculations involving fundamental values, harmonic factor, distortion factor
and lowest order harmonics.
6. Plot the harmonic profiles up to 7th harmonic order for single and multiple
pulse width modulation control.
7. Explain the operation of a typical load commutated inverter such as an Auto-
sequentially commutated inverter (ASCI) and efficiency and regulation.
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an ac variable speed
drive.
131
8. MICROPROCESSOR BASED DRIVES (16 hours)
1. Compare and contrast analog and digital drive control system in terms of
construction, advantages and disadvantages.
2. Analyse the various functions of a microcomputer in a drive control system
and draw a basic schematic diagram of a computer-controlled four quadrant dc
drive.
3. Write a program to control the speed of a dc and ac machine.
4. Identify the various diagnostic elements and also software for a computerized
drive system.
9. SELECTION AND SIZING OF DRIVES (12 hours)
1. List the various parameters required in the selection and sizing of a ac and dc
drive, and discuss their importance.
2. Carry out a case study with justification to select asuitable ac and dc drive.
1. Conduct an experiment to verify speed control of an dc and ac machine.

2. Construct a cycloconverter for variable frequency speed control..
3. Conduct an experiment to demonstrate the principles of operation of a stepper
motor.
4. Measure and analyse harmonic content of a typical demo-drive (ac and/or dc).
5. Conduct and experiment to demonstrate or evaluate system response under
know disturbances and establish the transfer function.
6. Carry our an exercise to realise a physical circuitry from a given transfer
function and evaluate the performance.
INDUSTRIAL EDUCATIONAL VISITS
At the end of the course the student should have visited at least three of the following
types of industrial establishments.
1. Industrial Process Heating (e.g ZISCO STEEL)
2. Industrial Automation
3. Sugar Processing Plants (HIPPO, TRIANGLE, ZSR)
4. Mines (MASHAVA, GATHS, ZIMASCO)
REFERENCE
1. POWER ELECTRONICS – D.A. BRADLEY – LATEST EDITION

2. COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS : Components and systems –
A.C. DOWNTON – LATEST EDITION
132
3. ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES –SLEMON (ADDISON
WESLEY) – LATEST EDITION
4. ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES – HINDMARCH (PERGAMON
PRESS) – LATEST EDITION
5. POWER ELECTRONIC CONTROL OF AC MOTOR-MURRPHY,
TURNBULL (PERGAMON PRESS) – LATEST EDITION
6. POWER ELECTRONICS – SINGH – LATEST EDITION
7. HIGHER ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – J. SHEPHERD, A.H. MORTON
& L.F. SPENCER – LONGMAN – LATEST EDITION
8. LABVIEW FOR ELECTRIC CIRCUITS, MACHINES, DRIVES AND
LABORATORIES, N. ERTUGRUL, PRENTICE HALL, 2002
9. ELECTRIC MOTORS AND DRIVES: FUNDAMENTALS, TYPES AND
APPLICATION (2ND ED., A. HUGHES, NEWNES, 1993
10. POWER ELECTRONIC: CIRCUITS, DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS, M.
RASHID, PRENTICE HALL, 2003
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
1. EQUIPMENT
CRO
Function generator
Spectrum analyzer
DMM
Power supplies
Demo-drive
Tachometer
Computers and software
Stepper motors
Various ac – dc machines and drives
2. TOOLS
Full tool kit
12.3.8
PROTECTION SYSTEMS CODE:720/03/S03
DESIGN LENGTH
72 hours Theory
120 hours in total
I. FAULT ANALYSIS (8 hours)
11. Identify common types of faults i.e.

i) Line-to-earth
ii) Line-to-line
iii) Line-to-line to earth
133
iv) Across all phases
v) Across all phases to earth
12. Perform calculations of three-phase balanced fault currents.
13. Describe method of symmetrical and asymmetrical components including
derivations of related equations, and perform calculations involving them.
2. PROTECTION SYSTEM QUALITIES (8 hours)
3. Describe qualities required for protection i.e.

i. Selectivity of dissemination
ii. Stability
iii. Speed of operation in terms of time
iv. Sensitivity
v. Economic consideration
vi. Reliability
2. i. Determine the stability required for protection
ii. Determine the speed of operation required for protection
iii. Calculate the reliability required for protection.
3. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION (8 hours)
1.Explain and describe the following in detail:

a. Types of faults
b. Earth-fault/leakage protection
c. Combined leakage and overload protection
d. Merz-price protection (differential protection or the restricted earth
fault protection)
e. Properties and treatment of the transformer oil.
4. FEEDER PROTECTION (8 hours)
At the end of the unit trainee should be able to :
9. Describe the following in detail:

i. Time graded over current protection for radial, II and ring.
ii. Differential protection, i.e. differential pilot wire protection, Mert-price
voltage balance, Translay Scheme
iii. Distance protection
5. PROTECTION OF BUS BARS (8 hours)
1. Explain the following :

i) Differential protection
ii) Fault bus protection
134
iii) Zoning and co-ordination of protection.
6. PROTECTION AGAINST OVERVOLTAGES AND LIGHTNING AND

PROTECTION OF MOTORS (8 hours)
15. Explain fully the following :

i) Undervoltage protection
ii) Overload and undervoltage protection interlock
iii) Back up protection by high breaking capacity (hbc) fuses.
16. Perform calculations for the above mentioned in (1).
7. FUSES (8 hours)
2. Describe the following :

i) Current, voltage rating, current limiting fuses, lime-current curve of
fuses, fuse co-ordination, earth fault time graded protection.
2. Describe the use of microprocessors in protection schemes.
3. Perform calculations on voltage controlled and frequency controlled drives.
8. RELAY PROTECTION (8 hours)
5. Describe the construction and operation of the following components of

protective schemes.
a. Current transformers (C.T.‟s)
b. Voltage transformers (V.T.‟s)
c. Induction disc relay
d. Induction lap relay
e. Permanent magnet moving coil
f. Balanced beam
g. Summation transformers
6. Perform related calculations for the components of protective schemes

mentioned in (1).
9.GENERATOR PROTECTION (8 hours)
3. Explain faults on generators and their protection..
135
4. Explain unbalanced loading protection.
5. Describe starter wdg faults protection (Mert-price system).
6. Explain modified differential protection for AI, Balanced earth fault protection
for small generators, stator inter-turn protection.
At the end of the trainee should be able to :
7. Conduct simulation exercises of the following :

a. Lighting and over voltages
b. Fault analysis
c. Co-ordination of protection devices
d. Motor protection
e. Generator protection
f. Bus bar protection
g. Transformer protection
REFERENCE
11. A course in electrical power, j.b. gupta, s.k. kataria & sons delhi 1998
12. Protection of industrial power systems, t. davies, newnes, 1996
13. Higher electrical engineering – j. shepherd, a.h. morton & l.f. spencer
14. Power system analysis and design (with cd-rom), glover and sharma, brooks
cole, 202
15. Labview for electric circuits, machines, drives and laboratories, n. ertugrul,
prentice hall, 2002
16. Electric motors and drives: fundamentals, types and application (2nd ed., a.
hughes, newnes, 1993
17. Power electronics: circuits, devices and applications, m. rashid, prentice hall,
2003
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
1. Personal computer (PC)

2. Simulation software packages for the various fault protection systems.
3. Other necessary application packages relevant to the subject of electrical faults
and protection systems.
136
12.4.0 LEVEL III (B.TECH)
12.4.1
POWER SYSTEMS CODE: EPE 4101
Duration : 100 hours
1. DISTRIBUTION PLANNING
(a). Load estimation
(b). Diversity factor
(c). Primary and secondary distribution design.
(d). Selection of voltage substations.
(e). Computer methods.
2. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
(a). i. Gauss-Seidel and Newton Rhaphson.

ii. De couple method
(b). Tap change transformer, network modification and outage
representations.
(c). Application of load flow in planning, operation, security and

assessment.
(d). Use of computer methods.
3. POWER SYSTEM CONTROL & STABILITY
(a). Turbine governor control
(b). Load frequency control
(c). System control centre design
(d). Steady state , transient and dynamic stability.
4. ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM
(a). System constraints
(b). Economic dispatch neglecting and including transmission line losses.
137
(c). Optimisation of thermal and hydro systems
-traditional and modern methods of optimisation.
5. ENERGY MANAGEMENT
1.Management of energy on demand and supply side:
(a). Planning
-load forecasting
-unit commitment (sequencing and selection of energy generation).
-integrated transmission planning.
(b). Efficiency
2. Energy auditing
3. Renewable energy technologies
6. HIGH VOLTAGE DESIGN AND PROTECTION
(a). Lightning and switching surges.
-formation of lightning
-formation of surges.
-Protective devices
i. expulsion gaps
ii. protector tubes
iii. rod gaps
iv. surge diverters or lightning arrestors.
(b). Cable insulation
(c). Insulators (including bushing design)
(d). Design of lightning protection for installations with special emphasis to

rural dwellings.
138
(e). Impulse generators (design and construction).
7. FAULT CALCULATIONS
(a). Symmetrical
(b). Assymmetrical
(c). Protection system design based on:
-fault level
-type of installation
LABORATORY
(a). Simulations
(b). HV measurement techniques

- alternating current(power line)
- direct current
(c). Modelling of lightning.
(d). Insulation tests (HV)
(e). Industrial visits- Generating station & Sub-station

- Industrial process heating
- Locomotion and traction.
RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
1. Wadhawa C.L(1991)Electrical Power Systems(2nd Ed), Wiley Eastern Ltd.
2. Prubha Kundur,Neal J Balu,Mark G Lauby.(1994)Power System Stability and

Control.
3. Martin A.Uman(2008)The Art and Science of Lightning Protection.
4. E L White (2009)Lightning Protection.
5. D P Kothari , J S Dhillon (2004) Power System Optimization .
139
12.4.2
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS CODE: EPE 4102
Duration : 80 hours
1. STATIC ELECTRIC FIELDS
i) Electrostatic field Theory

- Streamlines
- Equipotentials
- Boundary conditions
- Field strength and current densities
ii) Electric Field Plotting to include computer methods
iii) Gauss theorems and applications
iv) Dielectrics in static electric fields
v) Applications (e.g. high speed ink jet printing, ESA, industrial emission control)
2. STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS
i) Magnetic field theory

- Streamlines
- Equipotentials
- Boundary conditions
ii) Magnetic field plotting methods including computer methods
iii) Magnetic circuits
iv) Behaviour of magnetic materials
v) Applications
3. TIME VARYING FIELDS

- Displacement current
- Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction
- Maxwells equations (both static and harmonically varying currents)
-Electromagnetic boundary conditions
-Wave equations and construction of their solutions
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
- Plane wave behaviour in lossless and conducting media.
-Propagation of electromagnetic waves in free space
-Reflection and transmission of waves for lossless and lossy media.
140
-Polarisation: linear, circular and elliptical
-Applications
5. TRANSMISSION LINES
-Transmission line theory : parallel lines, coaxial, metallic
waveguides( Rectangular, TE & TM modes) ,microstrip lines
-Application of Smith chart
-Dielectric wave guides
-Optical wave guides: theory of operation, modes of propagation, structure and
characteristics, application
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE & COMPATIBILITY
-Causes of electromagnetic interference

- Electromagnetic compatibility of manufactured electronic equipment
- Testing methods.
LABORATORY
1. Electric Field Plotting.

2. Magnetic Field Plotting.
1.A.H. Morton(1982) Advanced Electrical Engineering Technology,Pitman,USA.
2.Carlson , Electromagnetic Fields and Waves(2nd Ed).
3.Bhag Guru and Huseyin Hizroglu, Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamental( 2nd
Ed).-Bhag
-ebook-ISBN10:0511206798; ISBN13:9780511206795
4. Applied Electromagnetics.
5. Shepherd, A H MORTON & L F SPENCE.Higher Electrical Engineering.
141
12.4.3
CONTROL SYSTEMS CODE: EPE 4203
Duration : 100 hours
1. REPRESENTATION
1 .Modelling dynamic and control systems (Electrical, Mechanical, Rotational,

Electromechanical using differential equations).
2. Block diagrams of control systems.
3. Transfer functions.
2. SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSE
1. First and second order characteristics and responses.

2. System response to inputs and initial conditions(step,ramp,implulse and harmonic
response).
3. Transient and steady state performance assessment , steady state errors: system
types, specification and sensitivity.
3. STABILITY
-Stability analysis of linear systems using:

i. Routh-Hurwitz criterion.
ii. Nyquist criterion.
iii. Root-locus analysis.
iv. Bode diagrams.
v. Nicholas chart, M & N circles.
4. COMPENSATION
1. Single degree and two degree of freedom systems.

2. Analysis of
i. Cascade lag compensation.
ii. Cascade lead compensation.
iii. Cascade lag-lead compensations.
3. Analsye controllers
i. Proportional Integral (PI).
ii. Proportional Derivative (PD.
iii. Proportional
4. Analyse feedback compensators and appropriate design procedures.
5. Frequency response for both cascade and feedback compensators.
5. SPACE STATE MODELS
1 . Modelling a dynamic and control system using state space equations.
142
2. Evaluate state transition matrix.
3. Discrete and continuous time state diagrams.
4. Linear and non linear time varying systems.
6. SOLUTION OF STATE EQUATIONS
-Solve the following State Equations

i. Linear discrete and continous time.
ii. Non-Linear discrete and continous time.
7. CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY
1. Definition of controllability and observability.

2. Determination of the following discrete or continous time systems.
i. Controllable or non controllable.
ii. Observable or non orbservable.
iii. Controllable and or orbservable.
Use Diagonilisation and Kalmen Criteria or any other criteria.
3. Canonical form of a system showing:
i. Controllability.
ii. Observability.
8. MODAL CONTROL
1. Design the following controllers for a given plant:

i. Single input and single output (SISO).
ii. Multiple input and multiple output (MIMO).
2. Transform a controllable/observable system in state to equivalent companion form.
3. Effect of feedback on controllability and orbservability.
9. DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
1. Apply sampling theory.

2. Digital control analysis using z and inverse z transforms.
3. Data recovery.
4. Response and digital filters.
5. Optimal control systems.
LABORATORY
1. Design of PI , PD ,and PID controllers.

2. Programming Programmable Logic Controllers.
3. Simulation using MATLAB,mathematics or any other related software.
143
1. John J. D‟Azzo Constantine H.Houpis Linear Control System Analysis and Design
(Conventional and Modern)(3rd Ed).
2. Tewari A.(2002)Modern Control Design with Matlab and Simulink, John Wilel &
Sons.
3. M. Gopal .Modern Control System Theory( 2nd Ed). Published for one World,
Wiley Eastern.
4. Richard C.Dorf(1967)Modern Control Systems, Addison Wesley , Massachusetts.
5. Grantham W.J & Vincent T.L.Modern Control Systems, Analysis and Design .
6. Golten J &Veriver A.Control System Design and Simulation ,McGraw-Hill.
144
12.4.4
ELECTRICAL MACHINES CODE: EPE 4104
Duration : 90 hours
1. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Permanent magnet materials and circuit design: materials in use and B-H
characteristics.
Recoil and air-gap lines.
Permanent magnet systems with air-gap.
Design equations.
Magnetic circuits with leakage flux.
Operation in the presence of demagnetized field.
A.C. motor operation from non-sinusoidal supply.

i. air gap mmf harmonics
ii. motor performance calculations
iii. motor losses
iv. harmonics torques
v. motor instability.
2. CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINES
Detailed construction of the following electrical machine:
i. transformers
ii. dc machines
iii. ac machines.
iv. special motors
3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ROTATING MACHINES
1. Self and mutual inductance of stator and rotor windings.
2. General expressions for induced e.m.f.(transformer and rotating voltages).
3. General expressions for torque.
4. Three phase windings and fields:

i. flux density distributions
ii. three phase single layer concentric windings
iii. three phase single layer mush windings
iv. three phase double layer windings
v. e.m.f induced in full pitch coil
145
vi. distribution (or breadth) factor
vii. coil span factor
viii. e.m.f. induced per phase
ix. m.m.f. due to a full pitch coil
x. m.m.f. due to one phase of a three phase winding
xi. m.m.f. due to a three phase winding(graphical and analytical
treatment).
xii. three phase rotating field torques(including non-pulsating).
4. ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN CONCEPTS
1. Computers in design.
2. Concepts of design: i. Modelling

ii. Winding
iii. Coil
3. Losses in electrical machines determine:

i. Heating
ii. Temperature rise
iii. Efficiency of machine.
4. Heating and cooling:

i. Mechanism of heat transfer
ii. Transient heating
iii. Cooling methods:
- transformer
- rotating machine.
5. TRANSFORMER & ROTATING MACHINE DESIGN
Design a machine to obtain physical details which will satisfy a given specification:
1. The physical details required are the:

i. type of frame
ii. ventilation
iii. bearing and shaft details
iv. insulation system
v. magnetic core dimensions
vii. windigs.
2. Items that may be specified are:
-rating , starting current, speed , starting torque, efficiency, power
factor, number of stator and rotor and slots, slot factor, frame diameter
and length, shaft diameter, temperature rise, reliability.
6. HEATING SYSTEMS DESIGN
146
Principles, construction and design of the following heating systems:
1. Induction.
2. Dielectric.
3. Resistive.
7. A.C. & D.C. MOTOR DRIVES
1. Criteria for selecting drive components.
2. Dc-Servo drives.
3. Variable –Frequency- PWM-voltage source inverter(VSI).

- Square-wave VSI & CSI
4. Synchronous servomotor drives with:

- sinusoidal waveforms
- trapezoidal waveforms.
5. Microprocessor controlled drives.
6. Design of power electronics converters.
LABORATORY
- carry out transformer , motor and generator tests

- Simulations for electrical machine design: (including climatic or
environmental testing for manufactured equipment)
- PSpice(Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis).
- EMTP (Electro-Magnetic-Transients-Program).
- Quick Field Software
- Develop/Use of Computer programmes (e. g C ++ etc.)
-transformers
-rotating machines.
1. Alexander Gray(2007)Electrical Machine Design.
2.S.K.SEN.Principles of Electrical Machine Design with Computer Programs (2nd

Ed).
3.Quick Field Analysis for Electric Machines Design.
(www.quickfield.com).
147
4. R.K.AGARWAL.Design of Electrical Machines.
5.Mohan.Undeland.Robbins.Power Electronics-Converters,Application and DESIGN.
6. A.Shanmugosundaram, R.Palani Electrical Machine Design Data Book.
7. Shepherd, A H MORTON & L F SPENCE.Higher Electrical Engineering.
8. M.G. Say .A.C. Electrical Machines.
148
12.4.5
INSTRUMENTATION CODE: EPE 4205
Duration : 90 hours
1. SIGNAL CONVERSION
-Analogue to digital and Digital to analogue conversion
-Multiplexers.
-Digital measurement systems for the following parameters:

i. voltage
ii. power
iii. frequency
iv. time
2. SIGNAL PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
i. Sample data systems
ii. Analogue and digital filtering
iii. Signal averaging
iv. Wave and distortion analyser
v. Spectrum analyser
v. Digital trouble shooting
3. DATA DISPLAY AND STORAGE
i. Alphanumeric displays
ii. Graphic and pictorial displays
iii. Digital oscilloscope
iv. Digital printers
v. Magnetic and optical disc recorders.
4. CALIBRATION
149
i. Electrical Metrology
ii. Calibration of electrical power related measuring instruments.
5. INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS
i. Overall system design and timing
ii. Data loggers and data acquisition system
iii. Computer interfacing and bus connected systems
LABORATORY
1. Realising ,Virtual instruments with LABVIEW.

2. Data acquisition & signal processing with LABVIEW.
3. Microcontroller programming & Application.
4.Power measurements.
1.Bernard Mulgrew,Peter Grant,John Thompson.Digital Signal Processing (Concepts

and Applications) (2nd Ed).
2. Robert A. Wittle.Electronic Test Instruments.
3. RD.Begamudre.Digital Instruments 9. E.H.V. AC Transmission ,Wiley Easter

Ltd.
4. Kogakusha.Electronic Mesurements and Instrumenation, McGraw Hill.
5. B.M. Oliver and J.M. Cage.Computer based Automated test instruments.
150
12.4.6
RESEARCH METHODS CODE: EPE 4206
Duration : 60 hours
1. UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH
1. Definitions of research
2. Nature of research
3. Purposes of research
4. Origins
5. Research institutes
2. IDEOLOGIES BEHIND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
1. Paradigms of research
2. Positivism in research
3. Scientific
4. Social
5. Interpretive
6. Descriptive and analytical research
7. Critical approaches
3. PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
1. Sources of research projects
2. How to select a project
3. How to state a project
4. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
1. Experimental research
151
2. Laboratory study
3. Survey
4. Correlational
5. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
1. Ethnographic studies
2. Historical studies
3. Action research
4. Analytical studies
5. Core studies
6. Tracer studies
6. POPULATIONS, SAMPLES AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. Population, sample, sample size, sampling theory and techniques.
2. Probability sampling, random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling

and cluster sampling.
3. Non- probability sampling, convenience sampling, snowball sampling, quota

sampling and purposive sampling.
7. QUALITIES OF RESEARCH DATA
1. Validity
2. Reliability
3. Representativeness
4. Applicability
8. ETHICS AND CONDUCT IN RESEARCH
1. Confidentiality
152
2. Privacy
3. Consent
4. Information dissemination criteria
9. DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN PROJECTS
1. Construction
2. Assembly
3. Production
10. REPORTING RESEARCH AND PRESENTATION
1. Describe the structure of a research project report.

Note: A detailed outline of a research project report structure is attached as
supporting document.
2. State factors for successful presentation.
1. Anderson G. (1990) Fundamental of Educational Research, The Falmer press

London.
2. Bell J., Bush T & Fox A., Goodley J and Golding S (Eds) 1984, Conducting Small
Scale Investigations in Educational Management, PCP London
3. Candy P.C. (1989) Alternative Paradigms in Educational Research Association for

Education research Vol. 16 No. 3 p1- 11
4. Cohen L. and Manion L. (1994) Research Methods in Education (4th Ed)

Routledge, London & New York
5. Thomas J. R and Nelson J.K (1996) Research Methods in Physical Activity (3rd ed)
Human Kinetics USA, Canada and UK.
6. Leedy P. C (1989) Practical Research Planning and Design (4th Ed) Macmillan, NY
and London
7.Hussey J and Hussey R. (1992) Business Research Appraisal Guide for

Undergraduate and Postgraduate students, Macmillan Business London.
153
12.4.7
LEVEL III PROJECT , CODE: EPE 5000
Duration 640 hours
Project should be industrial based real life solving problem.
Project Approval Criteria
1. The project complexity should be acceptable in relation to the aims of the Bachelor
of Technology.
2. Consideration should take into account originality, creativity and adaptability.
3. Amount of Project work should be realistic in relation to the time allocation.
4. Demonstration of full operation as outlined in the project specification should be

possible.
5. The project should be of use within the local context and preferably marketable.
6. The project material should be locally available.
7. Quoted project costs should be realistic and affordable.
8. The project should be relevant to the Electrical Power Engineering Field.
154

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KWEKWE POLYTECHNIC

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Regulations and Syllabi for the Bachelor of Technology

2011 Academic Year

1.0.0 Title and Level of Award 8

National Certificate (NC) in Electrical Power Engineering 17

12.1.0 Entry Level (NC) 17

Bachelor of Technology Honours Degree Level I 64

12.2.0 Level I (National Diploma) 64

Bachelor of Technology Honours Degree Level II 105

12.3.0 Level II (Higher National Diploma) 105

Bachelor of Technology Honours Degree Level III 137

12.4.0 Level III ( B-Tech.) 137

To make Tertiary Education and Training tools for economic emancipation,

The Bachelor of Technology (Honours) degree in Industrial (Mechanical and

This handbook contains information for students interested in the Bachelor of

The programme is designed to enable skilled Artisans, Technicians and Technician

a. These regulations shall bind both the Committee of Principals of Polytechnics of

• „Programme‟ a plan of study over a period of time

• „Level‟ a subset of a course covering 1 or more years

• „Level I‟ National Diploma (ND) covering at least two years

• „Level II‟ Higher National Diploma (HND) covering one year as

• „Subject‟ a set of related concepts studied and examined as a

• „Course‟ a programme consisting of one or more subjects leading

• „Discipline‟ a broad field of enquiry, study, research, etc

• „Coursework‟ (c/w) is a set of assignments, tests, etc carried out by

• „Industrial time spent in industry under supervision of both

• „NC‟ National Certificate by HEXCO

• „ND‟ National Diploma by HEXCO

• „HEXCO‟ Higher Education Examinations Council

• „ZIMSEC‟ Zimbabwe School Examinations Council

• „vocational‟ studies/courses in the commercial sector

• „technical‟ studies/courses in the technical sector

• „referred‟ candidate being given another chance to re-write failed

• „deferred‟ indefinite suspension of decision on candidate pending

• „plagiarism‟ use of another person‟s ideas or academic theft

1.0.0 Title and Level of Award

Bachelor of Technology (Honours) Degree in Electrical Engineering

2.0.0 Aims of the Programme

The programme is designed to produce graduates in engineering who will be

2.1 Design and manufacture electrical equipment

3.0.0 Entry Requirements

A minimum qualification of NC in Electrical Engineering or Equivalent.

4.0.0 Mode of Study

Full time or Block release

Entry Level (NC)

Mode of Study: Full-time split as follows

Level In – College Industrial Total

6.0.0 Level Structure and Duration

6.1.0 Entry Level (NC)

6.1.1 NC in Electrical Power Engineering

Subject Code Duration

6.2.1 ND Electrical Power Engineering

Subject Code Duration

Subject Code Duration

6.3.0 Level II (HND)/ Equivalent

6.3.1 HND Electrical Power Engineering

Subject Code Duration

6.4.0 Level III (2 years)

Subject Code Duration

7.0.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME AND WEIGHTING

7.1.0 Entry Level (NC)