GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Abrasive Wear: Wear that occurs when hard particles are suspended in a fluid or
projections from one surface roll or slide under pressure against another surface,
thereby cutting the other surface. For example, when dirt embeds itself into the
overlay of a bearing, this would be considered abrasive wear because the dirt cuts
into or imbeds itself into the bearing.

Active Cylinder Management (ACM): At idle and low load conditions, the 12V and
18V220GL engines only need power from a few of their cylinders to maintain a set
speed. Through the use of active cylinder management, main chamber injections are
deactivated on a preset number of cylinders to reduce overall engine misfire.

Adjusting Valve (Breather System): A butterfly valve that is located in the crankcase
breather system of current naturally aspirated, and previous GSI engines. The
purpose of this valve is to allow adjustment of the breather system flow rate which is
needed in order to properly set the crankcase pressure.

Advanced Power Generation (APG): The APG1000, APG2000, and APG3000

Enginators are included in this model series from Waukesha.

Air Cleaner Element (main) : A dry, paper type filter used to rid the incoming ambient
air of dirt and debris prior, to the air entering the intake system

Air Fuel Module (AFM): The Air Fuel Module (AFM) is one of Waukesha’s four
Custom Engine Control® (CEC) modules. The AFM is designed to control the air fuel
ratio of Waukesha’s gaseous fueled, industrial engines. The VGF, VHP and AT
engines use the same control module.

Air-Fuel Ratio (A/F): A term used to express a proportion (in either weight or mass)
between the amount of air versus the amount of fuel found in an engine’s combustion
chamber. If an air/fuel ratio is 16:1, then there are 16 parts of air for every 1 part of
fuel. Although they vary by engine and fuel composition, typical values for 900 Btu/ft 3
LHV processed natural gas are:

Rich Burn
 Best Power Setting 15.50 : 1 AFR  0.96
 Catalyst Setting (Typical) 15.95 : 1 AFR  0.99
 Stoichiometric Setting 16.09 : 1 AFR  1.00
 Best Economy 17.00 : 1 AFR  1.06

Lean Burn
 AT (11.2% O2) 32.00 : 1 AFR  2.00
 AT & VHP (9.8% O2) 28.00 : 1 AFR  1.74

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  VGF (7.8% O2) 24.50 : 1 AFR  1.52

Air Restriction Indicator: A small tattletale device which senses the amount of
negative pressure created by the engine on the downstream side of the air cleaner
elements. An air restriction indicator's purpose is to monitor the sense of restriction
created by an engine's air cleaner(s) during operation. As an engine's air filter(s)
become contaminated with debris, the amount of restriction (resistance to air flow)
increases. The increase in air filter restriction causes an increase in negative pressure
on the downstream side of the air filter. The intention of the air restriction indicator is
to display a red band when the restriction becomes too great.

Alarm (ALM): A warning fault condition.

Alternate Fuel Terminal (ALT FUEL): The Alternate Fuel terminal of the CEC AFM
is not used at this time. However, in the future it will be used to invoke a second set of
control values that are appropriate for the secondary fuel of dual fuel applications.

Aluminum: A light, silvery-white metallic element which is ductile, malleable, easily

worked and resistance to corrosion. It is extensively used where lightness is
advantageous to a components design. Engines may use aluminum in the
construction of their pistons, bearings, intercooler, etc.

Ampere(amp): The basic unit of measure of electrical current. It is the rate of flow of
current. A unit of electromotive force, one volt acting against the resistance of one
ohm.

ATDC - An abbreviation for After Top Dead Center referring to the position of the
piston in the cylinder relative to the flywheel or crankshaft. In reference to ignition
timing, ATDC refers to the crankshaft degrees after top dead center at which the
ignition timing is set.

Auxiliary Water Cooling Circuit: - A cooling circuit designed to cool or control items
which are not cooled by the jacket water cooling system (cylinder liners, cylinder
heads, exhaust manifolds). Normally, GSI and GL engines utilize the auxiliary water
cooling circuit to control an engine’s intake air temperature by controlling the
intercooler’s inlet water temperature, and also cool the lube oil (oil cooler) and
wastegates. Naturally aspirated engines use the auxiliary cooling circuit to cool the
engine’s lube oil via the oil cooler.

Balance Line: 1) Referring to fuel systems, a tube that is a communication line

between the fuel regulator and carburetor’s air inlet. This tube allows carburetor inlet
air pressure to pressurize or de-pressurize the regulator. The regulator uses the air
pressure, from the carburetor’s air inlet, as an aid in maintaining the regulator’s gas
over air (G/A) pressure to the carburetor. 2) Referring to cooling systems, a small
(3/4 - 1”) pipe that is connected from the water pump inlet to the expansion tank. The
balance line’s purpose is to ensure that the water pumps see a positive coolant

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pressure at their inlet ports. Both the jacket and auxiliary water pumps require a
balance line. The balance line is also called a static line.

Base Line (Lube Oil Analysis): This refers to a lube oil report that is generated by
sampling fresh (unused) oil directly from the drum prior to filling the engine with the oil.
This lube oil analysis report will provide information on what elements are contained in
the new oil. The importance in taking this sample is to create a “baseline” of data that
will allow a comparison between new oil (baseline) and that of used oil samples from
the engine.

Base Load: Base load is that portion of a building load demand which is constant. It
is the "base" of the building demand curve.

Baseload Operation: Baseload operation is a method of fixing the load on a

generator while connected to an infinite utility grid or paralleled with other generators
on an isolated bus. In Baseload operation, the unit will run at the kW load determined
by the Baseload Setpoint. Because Baseload operation is only kW-dependent
(frequency is ignored), certain conditions must be adhered to when operating in this
mode on an isolated bus:

• At least one “swing” unit must be operating in Isochronous (loadshare) mode to

establish bus frequency and absorb changes in bus load.
• The total bus load must always be greater than the combined output of all
generators operating in Baseload mode. Otherwise, the units will reverse power the
“swing” unit and possibly cause an overfrequency condition while trying to pick up load
that does not exist.

BDC: An abbreviation for Bottom Dead Center, referring to the position of the piston at
the bottom of its travel in the cylinder.

Best Economy: The air-fuel ratio of stoichiometric (“rich burn”) engines which will
give the lowest fuel consumption while maintaining normal engine stability, load
response, and continuous power capability. This air-fuel ratio is lean of stoichiometry.
For 900 Btu LHV processed natural gas typical values will be between 17.0:1 and
18.0:1 A/F ( 1.06 - 1.12).

Best Power: The air-fuel ratio of rich burn engines which will give the highest
maximum power level at wide open throttle. This air-fuel ratio is rich of stoichiometry.
For 900 Btu LHV processed natural gas, a typical value will be 15.50:1 A/F ( 0.96).

Blowby: Combustion gasses that move past the piston rings/liners into the
crankcase. Blowby creates a positive crankcase pressure that is negated by an
engine's crankcase breather system. The crankcase breather system is normally
adjusted so there is a slight negative pressure in the crankcase.

BMEP: see Brake Mean Effective Pressure.

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Borax Buffer: A cooling system inhibitor to protect ferrous metals. However, it has
been shown to cause corrosion on aluminum.

Boron: A chemical element that has a very high melting point and is non-metallic.
Boron is typically found in the inhibitor packages that are placed into cooling systems
to correct pH. If boron (and/or sodium) is found on a lube oil report, it usually
indicates that coolant has leaked into the lubricating system.

Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP): The average (mean) cylinder pressure
which, if imposed on the pistons uniformly from the top to the bottom of each power
stroke, would produce the measured (brake) power output. Note that BMEP is
theoretical and not the actual cylinder pressure. BMEP is a useful comparator of
engine performance, an effective yardstick for comparing the performance of one
engine to another.

BMEP (psi) = 792,000 x BHP

Displacement (cubic inches) x rpm

BMEP (bar) = kWb x 1200

Displacement (liters) x rpm

British Thermal Unit (Btu): The amount of heat energy that must be added to one
pound (avoirdupois) of pure water to raise its temperature from 58.5 degrees F to 59.5
degrees F under one atmospheric (101.325 kPa) pressure.
1 Btu = 1055.07 Joule

BTDC: An abbreviation for Before Top Dead Center referring to the position of the
piston in the cylinder relative to the flywheel or crankshaft. In reference to ignition
timing, BTDC refers to the crankshaft degrees Before Top Dead Center at which the
ignition timing is set.

CAC: Charge air cooler

CANBUS: Controller Area Network Bus. A bus standard designed to allow

microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a system without
a host computer.

Camshaft's (Cam) Base Circle: The portion of the cam that does not contain the
lobe. This is the camshaft’s smallest diameter, and also the area of the cam where the
lifter or follower rides when the valve is closed.

Camshaft's (Cam) Lobe: The egg shaped portion of the cam. This is the area of the
cam that raises the lifter, opening the valve.

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Canadian Standards Association (CSA): A regulatory agency to grant product
safety approval with certain Canadian safety standards. CSA is widely recognized as
a standard. Ignition systems and various electrical components are given different
levels of CSA approval once they have passed CSA testing and inspection.

CANBUS (Controller Area Network): A bus standard designed to allow

microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a system without
a host computer.

Carburetor: A device, gaseous engines use, which controls the mixing of air and fuel,
in a specific ratio, to an engine in order to achieve proper combustion. The carburetor
varies the amount of fuel flow into the carburetor, based on how much air flows
through the carburetor’s venturi.

Catalyst Setting: The air-fuel ratio of rich burn engines which will give the best
performance with emissions reductions. This air-fuel ratio is slightly rich of
stoichiometry. For 900 Btu LHV processed natural gas a typical values will be
between 15.95 - 16.05:1 A/F ( 0.991 - 0.998).

Cavitation: Cavitation is a physical phenomenon which erodes material from water

and oil pumps, cylinder liners, crankshaft bearings, etc. The phenomenon of cavitation
begins when the local pressure in a liquid is reduced without a change in temperature.
If a low enough pressure (condition) is reached the liquid will vaporize, forming gas-
filled (vapor) bubbles within the low pressure area of the liquid. Once the low pressure
area collapses, the bubbles implode. The implosion of these “vapor” bubbles can
result in a liquid-erosion of components in the vicinity.

CB: Circuit breaker

CBCS: Circuit Breaker Control Switch

CCCT: Current Compensation Current Transformer

CCW: Counterclockwise

Charge Air Cooler (CAC)

CHP: Combined Heat and Power: A type of cogeneration system

Closed-Loop Control: Closed-loop control is a method of controlling a process. It

looks at the process' output and adjusts the process' inputs according to some
preprogrammed instructions. In the AFM system, the oxygen sensor provides
feedback about the combustion process and closes the loop. This is an accurate form
of process control.

Combined Heat and Power (CHP): A type of cogeneration system

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Combustion Stability Limit: As engine load is reduced from manufacturer's rated
load, combustion pressure within the engine diminishes. Below a certain power
output, combustion is no longer stable, and exhaust oxygen is not a good indicator of
air-fuel ratio. This is the combustion stability limit.

Compression Ratio: A proportion between the cylinders volume when the piston is at
Bottom Dead Center compared to the volume at Top Dead Center. For example, if a
cylinder has 50 cubic inches when the piston is at BDC and has 5 cubic inches when
the piston is at TDC, then its compression ratio is ten to one (10:1).

Coolant Analysis: A method of inspecting the chemical properties of a cooling

system. A coolant sample is extracted from the cooling system and sent to a coolant
analysis laboratory for evaluation. The purpose for a coolant analysis is to allow the
end users to review the results and provide them with the option to re-inhibit or
upgrade the quality of the cooling system by adding specific inhibitors on site.

Copper: A metallic element that is malleable, ductile and is a very good conductor of
electricity and heat. Copper, inside of an engine, is usually found in bearings,
bushings or guides. A high copper indication from a lube oil analysis might indicate a
bearing problem.

Crankcase Pressure: The amount of pressure found in the crankcase during engine
operation. It is normally recommended that during normal engine operation the
crankcase pressure be adjusted to a slightly negative value (0 to -1” or 0 to -25.4mm
H20 Water Column).

Cross-shaft: A shaft which links the two throttle plates of a vee-type engine together.
This shaft helps to ensure both throttle plates are synchronized which helps balance
intake manifold pressures.

CT: Current Transformer

Current Transformer (CT): A device that measures AC current and provides a

stepped down signal in proportion to it.

Custom Engine Control (CEC) Ignition Module: Waukesha Engine’s CEC Ignition
Module provides very accurate and reliable ignition timing for Waukesha Engines.
Most CEC ignition systems consist of a pickup, timing disc, and module. The ignition
module functions by using a Hall effect pickup to read magnetic reference marks on a
timing disc attached to either the governor drive or camshaft gear. The microcircuit-
based, electronic ignition module interprets the sensor's impulses to electronically set
the optimum ignition timing. The electronic ignition module then directs a precisely
timed voltage to the appropriate coil.

CW: Clockwise

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Data-Set: This is the group of site specific data points which are created and stored
within the AFM control as part of the setup process. (PC programmable)

Dead-Band: This is the oxygen sensor target (set-point) tolerance or control window
within which the stepper position remains constant. This parameter is only used on
catalyst applications of the AFM system. (PC programmable)

Deionized Water: Water which is completely mineral-free. This water is corrosive

and must be treated with inhibitors prior to using it in an engine.

Delay Time: This is the amount of time the AFM module waits before searching for
stoichiometry when operating in the best power/economy control mode. The unit of
measure for the displayed delay time is minutes. Acceptable values range from 0.1 -
25 minutes (PC programmable).

Delta T ( T): The difference in temperature measured across a component.

Desired Stepper Position: A term used with the AFM system. In most cases this
curve of plotted stepper positions will match the natural air fuel ratio tracking of the
engine.

Detonation (auto-ignition): An abnormal condition, inside a combustion chamber,

resulting in the auto-ignition of the unburned portion of a fuel/air mixture. Detonation of
fuel occurs because the fuel’s pressure/temperature stability limits have been
exceeded. Normally, the combustion process starts when the spark plug ignites the
fuel/air mixture. Controlled combustion occurs when the flame front moves smoothly
across the combustion chamber until all the fuel/air mixture is burned. Combustion
involving detonation, also starts when the spark plug ignites the fuel/air mixture. The
flame front initiated by the spark plug will begin to burn, increasing the pressure and
temperature in the cylinder. If the pressure/temperature exceeds the unburned fuel’s
limits, the fuel will detonate, resulting in uncontrolled burning (multiple flame fronts) of
the remaining fuel/air mixture. This “uncontrolled burning” results in extremely high
cylinder temperatures/pressures that can cause severe engine damage.

Detonation Sensing Module (DSM): One of Waukesha’s four Custom Engine

Control (CEC) modules designed to sense detonation occurring on Waukesha’s
gaseous fueled, industrial engines. If detonation is occurring, the DSM will retard the
ignition timing until 1) the detonation stops, or 2) the "shutdown" light on the module
lights up. In the latter case, the DSM's output can be used to shut the engine off or
activate other warning devices.

Digester Gas: A fuel gas formed by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in
a digester. It is composed primarily of methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2). The
low heat value (LHV) normally ranges from 500-600 Btu/ft 3 (18.63-22.36 J/cm3 ),
minimum octane rating of 120. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) is a typical trace component.

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Discreet: Digital, as in digital input or digital output.

DISP SEL (Display Select) Key: A key on the front keypad of the AFM that when
pushed, causes the liquid crystal display to scroll through its messages.

Droop: When a governor operates in droop mode, it means that the governor will
allow the engine to slow down slightly under load. Droop is used to simulate the
situation with mechanical governors where eh engine will run at a slightly higher rpm
than the setpoint when no load is placed on the engine.

ECP: Enginator Control Panel

ECU: Engine Control Unit

Electrolyte (Battery): A dilute sulfuric acid solution. A battery with a fully charged
specific gravity of 1.265 corrected to 80F (26.7 C) contains an electrolyte with
approximately 36% sulfuric acid by weight, or 25% by volume. The remainder of the
electrolyte is water. Pure (concentrated) sulfuric acid has a specific gravity of 1.835.

Element: Any of more than 100 substances that never have been separated into
simpler substances (elements are listed in a Periodic Table).

Elephant’s Foot: A term used to describe the rocker arm ball tappet.

EMSS: Emergency Stop Switch

Engine Control Unit (ECU): The main control box (electronics & software) of the
ESM system.

Engine Protection Devices: A system of components designed to protect an engine

from operating under potentially harmful conditions. Engine protection devices usually
include: shutdowns for high jacket water, auxiliary water, intake manifold and lube oil
temperature and also low lube oil pressure. An engine protection device usually
consists of a sensor and either an electrical or mechanical means of shutting down the
engine usually by shutting off the fuel and ignition to the engine.

EPROM: Electronic Programmable Read Only Memory. This is the same as ROM
(permanent memory) when speaking about programming the AFM module. The term
EPROM is used to describe an electrical chip that resides in the AFM module. The
contents of ROM memory are not lost when power is removed.

Error Out: A term used in connection with the CEC AFM system. The Error Out
terminal is a sinking circuit with a maximum current rating of 1 amp and a maximum
voltage rating of 50 VDC (no AC voltages are allowed). The Error Out terminal can be
used as a trigger to drive relays, alarms, and lights. When the AFM system is

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operating correctly it is a CLOSED device connected internally to ground. Any system
fault will OPEN the alarm circuit including loss of power and diagnostic warnings. The
Error Out terminal will be OPEN whenever the yellow alarm LED on the front of the
AFM module is on.

ESD: Emergency Shutdown (fault)

ESM: Engine System Manager: An electronic engine control system used on many
of Waukesha’s products beginning about the year 2000. The engine control system
includes all actuators, sensors, and other devices.

ESP: Electronic Service Program (software used with the ESM system)

E-Stop Emergency Stop Button

Ethernet: Ethernet is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for

local area networks (LANs).

Exhaust Back Pressure: The amount of pressure found within the exhaust system
piping. Since exhaust tubing, mufflers, and/or catalytic converters can all restrict the
exhaust flow, a high back pressure could develop in the exhaust system. The exhaust
back pressure is usually measured just downstream of the exhaust outlet.

Exhaust Emissions: The byproducts of engine combustion, resulting from the

engine’s combustion (burning) of an air/fuel mixture. Because of the variety of fuels
that are utilized in gaseous engines, the exhaust emissions may contain many
different components. Exhaust emission components that are typically measured
include: Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons
(HC-Methane and Non-Methane) and Nitrous Oxides (NO x).

Exhaust Venturi: A tube-like component that is located in the exhaust elbow of

previous GSI and GL crankcase breather systems. The exhaust venturi is placed in
the exhaust outlet parallel to the exhaust stream. By placing this venturi or "tube" into
the exhaust flow, a low pressure area is created at the downstream outlet of the "tube"
thereby causing a negative pressure to develop in the tube. An engine equipped with
an exhaust venturi uses the negative pressure created by the exhaust venturi to draw
vapors out of the crankcase.

Expansion Tank: A coolant storage tank placed into the highest point in the cooling
system to allow vent lines to bleed any air from the system and provide a positive
head pressure to the water pumps via the balance lines attached to the water pump
inlet ports.

Explosion Relief Valve: A spring loaded valve attached to certain crankcase doors
designed to protect a crankcase in the event of a crankcase explosion.

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"F1 + Start" Function: A series of two key strokes (F1 and STRT) to cause the
AFM's stepper to travel to the "Start Position". When these keys are consecutively
pressed, the left bank stepper first travels to the "home" position (step 1), then to the
programmed start position. On vee-bank engines, the right stepper will take the same
action, but for the right bank start position setting.

Fill Water (Raw Water): The water used when blending coolant.

Firing Voltage: The firing voltage is the voltage required to electrically bridge the gap
on an engine's spark plugs. This voltage will vary depending on spark plug type and
condition, and engine type and load.

Fouling Deposits: Soft gel or slime deposits found in the cooling system resulting
from suspended impurities or improper water treatment. Fouling deposits usually
collect in low flow areas (lower sleeve bore, radiators, etc.). Fouling deposits develop
from growth of bacteria suspended in untreated fill water

G/A: See Gas Over Air.

Gain: Gain is a term that implies an increase in something. In the AFM system gain
is a multiplier. It influences how large a change is made to the stepper position when
the oxygen sensor signal is not within the specified tolerance of the sensor target (set-
point). A larger gain will result in a larger change (PC programmable).

Gas Admission Valve: A valve used to allow and control gas entry into the
prechamber area on certain GL, lean burn engines.

Gas/Air (G/A): A differential pressure measurement that the fuel regulator maintains.
Gas/Air is typically measured in inches (mm) of H 2O. Technically, “gas over air” is gas
minus air, the carburetor’s gas/fuel inlet pressure minus the carburetor’s air inlet
pressure. For most non-draw thru carburetion engines, fuel will naturally flow into the
air at the carburetor since the fuel is under a higher (“over”) pressure than the air.

GL: Gas, Lean combustion (“lean burn”)

Glycol: A colorless, thick sweet liquid, ethylene glycol (C 2H4(OH)2) used in antifreeze.
The purpose of ethylene glycol is to decrease the freezing point of engine water
(coolant) and also increase the boiling point, thereby allowing an engine’s cooling
system further protection against coolant system freezing and/or boiling.

GMT: Greenwich Mean Time

Grease (Lithium Complex): The type of grease currently recommended for all jacket
water pumps, idlers and governor linkage.

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Grease (Polyurea): The type of grease to be used on auxiliary water pumps built
after 1993.

GRU: Gas Regulating Unit - main fuel gas regulator.

HE: Heat Exchanger

Heat Exchanger (HE): A device used to removed heat from either a liquid or gas. In
a cooling system, a heat exchanger is used to remove heat from the coolant. The heat
from the coolant is removed by a heat exchanger (similar to a radiator) when internally
a cooler water is passed next to passages (or tubes) containing the heated coolant.

Heater Power Control (HPC): A control box which is part of the CEC air fuel module
system for lean combustion (GL) engines only. It controls power sent to the auxiliary
and oxygen sensor heaters.

High Side Driver (HSD): The switching connection is made on the high (positive)
side of the circuit rather than on the ground (low) side.

HMI: Human-machine Interface

Hot Short: A condition that is caused by an excessive heat build-up at some area of a
bearing. When a bearing is heated above the melting point of lead (620 F) or tin (449
F) and is subjected to crankshaft frictional heating, the bearing lining becomes brittle.
Under these conditions, it is possible for portions of the bearing to slough off (Hot
Short). Excessive heat can be caused by insufficient oil flow, a rough shaft or bearing
misalignment.

HSD: See High Side Driver

HT: High Temperature circuit (cooling system)

Hydrometer (Battery): A device used to extract electrolyte from wet cell batteries to
measure the electrolyte’s specific gravity. The electrolyte’s specific gravity will give a
good indication of the charge state of the battery.

ICU: Injector Control Unit

Ignition Timing: On spark ignited engines, ignition timing represents the time, in
crankshaft degrees, when the spark plug is fired. Ignition timing is usually measured
in degrees Before Top Dead Center (BTDC) or After Top Dead Center (ATDC). The
measurement is in relation to the number of crankshaft degrees before or after the
piston has reached top dead center.

IMAP: Intake Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor

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IMAT: Intake Manifold Temperature Sensor

IMP: Intake Manifold Pressure: IMP is used to designate the value of pressure
within the intake manifold, regardless of whether it is positive or negative (vacuum).

Inhibitors (Cooling System): Chemical treatment substances added to the coolant

that help stop corrosion, fouling, and scale from occurring inside of the cooling
system. Corrosion inhibitors create a protective oxide layer over the metal surfaces
within the cooling system. This oxide lay prevents the metal surfaces within the
cooling system from corroding.

Intercooler: A device used to remove heat from intake air that has been compressed
and heated by a turbocharger(s). An intercooler (similar to a radiator) will flow cool
water (80 - 130 F) through a set of internal tubes and fins. The compressed and
heated air, from the compressor side of the turbocharger(s), is directed and passed
over the cooling tubes and fins, thereby removing heat from the air.

I/O: In computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between an

information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world, another
information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system,
and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.

IPMD: Ignition Power Module with Diagnostics (part of ESM)

Iron: A silver gray metallic element that is heavy, malleable, ductile and rusts
(oxidizes) easily in contact with water or moisture. Iron is used in many components
inside of an engine. Components such as cylinder liners, crankcase, cylinder heads,
exhaust manifolds, etc. are all made of iron. In a lube oil analysis, typically the cylinder
liners are the largest contributors to the iron to the lube oil.

ISO: International Organization for Standardization.

Isochronous: When the governor control is isochronous, it means that the governor
will control at a constant engine speed regardless of load (steady state).

Isochronous (loadsharing) Operation: Isochronous (loadsharing) operation results

in all units sharing the plant load proportionally while maintaining rated frequency.
When paralleling multiple units, at least one must be running in Isochronous mode in
order to maintain system frequency and absorb plant load changes. For the same
reason, this mode must be selected when in single-unit operation.

J-Box: Junction Box

Jacket Water Cooling Circuit: A cooling circuit designed to cool items such as
engine cylinder liners, cylinder heads and exhaust manifolds. The jacket water cooling
circuit is offered in three different configurations: the standard, hot water, and

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ebullient. The standard configuration has typical jacket water temperature ranging
between 170 and 190 Fahrenheit (F) (77 - 88 Celsius(C)). The hot water
configuration has typical jacket water temperatures between 220 - 235 F (104 - 113
C). The typical ebullient system temperature is 250 F (121 C). The ebullient system
is used to supply steam for external use.

Junction Box(“J” box): An electrical connection box used to terminate wiring for
easy access and troubleshooting.

Kilowatt (kW): A unit of power measurement. 1 kW = 1000 Watts.

kV: An abbreviation for kilovolts. A kilovolt is equal to 1000 volts.

kW: Kilowatt

Lambda: A measure of air/fuel mixture strength, i.e. richness or leanness of engine

operation. It is usually used to describe lean operation. More specifically, it is the
amount of air provided to a combustion process to the stoichiometric (chemically
correct) amount of air. It is equivalent to the actual air/fuel ratio, A/F, divided by the
stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, A/F s:

 = Air = A/F
Airs A/Fs

LAN: A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical
area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport.
The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide-area networks (WANs),
include their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of
a need for leased telecommunication lines.
Ethernet over unshielded twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common
technologies currently.

Landfill Gas: A fuel gas formed by the decomposition of landfill refuse. It is

composed primarily of methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2). The low heat value
normally ranges from 450 - 550 Btu/ft 3 (16.77 - 20.39 J/cm 3) with an octane rating of
118 - 120. Chlorine and fluorine bearing compounds are typical trace components.

LCD: Liquid Crystal Display. Alpha-numerical display visible from the front of the
AFM module, that informs the system operator of current AFM system status.

Lead: A bright bluish white (readily tarnishes to a dull gray), soft, very dense,
malleable and ductile metallic element. Lead is often found in the overlay material of
tri-metal bearings. A high lead indication from a lube oil analysis usually indicates a
bearing problem.

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Lean: A condition of an engine's air fuel ratio where more air than necessary to
achieve complete combustion is supplied. Lambda () is greater than 1.0. Also see
Air Fuel Ratio.

Lean Burn: A term referring to the combustion associated with lean burn (GL)
engines in which an excess amount of air is supplied to the combustion chamber.
Also see Air Fuel Ratio.

Lean Limit: The most retracted stepper position (or lowest gas over air) that is
programmed for normal engine operation. A more retracted stepper position would
allow less fuel to pass to the engine. The lean limit is used to prevent under-fueling of
the engine. Stepper motor operation is only permitted between the rich and lean limits
(PC programmable).

Lean Turbulence (LT): Lean Turbulence refers to the lean combustion

characteristics of the Series Four® LT engines. These engines do not have the dual
combustion chambers found in the VHP GL engines.

LED: Light Emitting Diode. A semiconductor that emits light (not a light bulb) and is
used as power and alarm indicators, located on the front of the AFM module.

LHV: Low Heating Value

LT: Low temperature circuit (cooling system)

Lube Oil Pump: A gear type engine driven pump, usually mounted on the front or
back of an engine, that supplies the engine with a continuous flow of pressurized oil.

Magnetic Plugs: Metal pipe plugs, containing a protruding magnet, that are placed in
various passages in the lube oil system. These plugs are used to capture any metallic
debris or particles that pass by them. During oil changes, these plugs should be
removed and cleaned of any debris.

Magneto: A self-powered, low-tension ignition system. The magneto posses an

internal eight (8) or twelve (12)-pole permanent magnet alternator that supplies the
power supply for the magneto. Magnetos are mechanically driven and usually utilize a
drive assembly to turn the magneto at an RPM which varies proportionately to the
engine speed.

Map: A table of values which are referred to when determining a setting. In the case
of the AFM module, a map of intake manifold pressure versus oxygen sensor output is
used in catalyst and lean burn control modes. The intake manifold pressure points
are preprogrammed based on engine model selected. The AFM User Interface
Program interpolates between each set-point for determining intermediate control
values.

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MCS: Loading Mode Control Switch

Mercaptobenzothiazole: “MBT” is a cooling system inhibitor that protects copper

and brass.

Micron: Is a unit of measure equaling 1/1000 of a millimeter (.000040 of an inch).

This term is often used to describe and rate filters according to the particle size.

MODBUS: MODBUS is a serial communications protocol published by Modicon in

1979 for use with its programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It has become a de facto
standard communications protocol in industry, and is now the most commonly
available means of connecting industrial electronic devices. MODBUS allows for
communication between many devices connected to the same network, for example a
system that measures temperature and humidity and communicates the results to a
computer. Modbus is often used to connect a supervisory computer with a remote
terminal unit (RTU) in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems.

Molybdate: A cooling system inhibitor that protects metal surfaces from corrosion by
forming a resistant metal oxide film. Molybdate has also been shown to degrade
glycol.

MPD: Metallic Particle Detector

Nitration (Oil): It is a chemical reaction that occurs when nitrogen dioxide (NO 2),
typically from crankcase blowby (containing NO x), is absorbed by the lubricating oil.
The nitrogen then bonds the oil hydrocarbon chains together, creating substantially
longer chains. These newly formed chains (nitration compounds), formed by the
nitrogen dioxide, increase the viscosity making the oil much thicker. Once nitration
develops, it can continue at an exponential rate, which can ruin lubricating oil quickly.
Nitration compounds can deposit varnish and lacquer deposits on hot metal surfaces.
Nitration can be caused by high crankcase pressures, over extension of an oil’s
service and low lube oil operating temperatures while in the presence of NO x. Nitration
is a key component to observe on the lube oil analysis report.

Nitrite: A cooling system inhibitor (NO2) that certain manufacturers use to protect iron
and steel from cavitation erosion. Between 800 - 2500 PPM is recommended by
Waukesha. The down side is that nitrites can degrade glycol and corrode solder.
Nitrites oxidize to become nitrates (NO 3), a contaminant.

Node: A module that can communicate data over the network to other modules. A
module contains a Neuron Chip. Certain devices are nodes such as Genset
Communication Modules (GCMs) and Control Communication Modules (CCMs).
Other devices are not nodes, as they cannot communicate with other devices, but only
receive messages. An example is the Network Annunciator Module (NAM).

NOx: Oxides of nitrogen. Nitrogen (NO) + Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) = NOx

15
NPSH: An abbreviation for Net Positive Suction Head, referring to the pressure found
at a coolant pump’s inlet port.

OC: Oil Cooler

Octane (number): The measure of the resistance of a liquid fuel to detonate (knock).
Detonation is the point where fuel auto-ignites (detonates) because the fuel’s
pressure/temperature limits have been exceeded.

Offset Steps: This term is used when referring to Waukesha’s air fuel ratio controller
(AFM). It is the number of steps the stepper motor will move away from stoichiometry,
either rich or lean, when the AFM is being operated in the Best Power/Economy
Control mode. If the Offset Steps value is positive, the air-fuel ratio will be adjusted
rich of stoichiometry. If the Offset Steps value is negative, the air-fuel ratio will be
adjusted lean of stoichiometry (PC programmable).

Oil Cooler and Thermostat Assembly: A set of components that controls engine oil
temperature to a specified setting usually, between 180 to 200 degrees Fahrenheit.
The oil cooler (heat exchanger) possess two fluid filled passages. One passage flows
hot oil in need of cooling while the other circulates cooling water that removes heat
from the hot oil. The thermostat then blends hot oil with cooled oil from the oil cooler
to get a specified oil temperature. The oil cooler should be drained during oil changes.

Oil Filter (main): A filter that removes dirt or unwanted elements from the engine oil.
The filter assembly consists of a two-chambered canister containing several filtering
elements. Oil enters into one chamber, the unfiltered oil section of the oil filter, and
passes through a set of filtering elements into the second chamber which holds the
clean filtered oil. The oil filter has a relief valve that opens if the filtering elements
become plugged, which in turn will allow unfiltered oil to enter the engine. This relief
valve should be checked periodically to ensure it is functioning properly.

Oil Pressure Control Valve: This valve is used to adjust main engine oil pressure
and is usually located near the oil cooler or thermostat. The oil pressure is adjusted
and measured when the oil is at normal operating temperature.

Oil Restriction Indicator: This indicator (if equipped), will be located on top of the oil
strainer. It measures the pressure drop between the oil coming into the strainer verses
the oil leaving the strainer, thereby measuring the strainer's restriction. If the strainer
gets clogged with debris, the indicator may read yellow (warning) or red (danger)
meaning that the unstrained oil is bypassing the strainer. If a yellow or red indication is
visible, the operator should shut the engine down, and clean and inspect the oil
strainer to find the source of the debris.

Oil Separator: A filter that is utilized in an engine's crankcase breather system used
to separate contaminants (oil and debris) from the discharged crankcase vapors. The

16
oil separator is a canister shaped-container with a lower inlet pipe and an upper
discharge pipe. Inside of the canister there are two filtration elements. The lower
element, a steel mesh, is a course screen through which vapors must pass when they
enter (bottom) the canister. The upper filter, a cellular foam pad, is a finer filter that
removes the oil from the crankcase vapors.

Oil Strainer: The last filtration device that oil passes through before entering the
engine's main oil gallery. The strainer is an aluminum canister that contains a straining
element (usually stainless steel) that stops particles or debris larger than 75 microns
from entering the engine's oil system. A paper element is used inside of the oil strainer
during engine commissioning or after overhaul to catch any debris that may have
entered the oil system during the construction or connection of the oil system piping.
The oil strainer is to be cleaned during every oil change.

O&M: Operation and Maintenance (manual).

OMRO: Operation, Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (manual).

Oscilloscope: A device for viewing and measuring the characteristics (wave forms,
values, etc.) of electrical voltage.

Oxidation (Oil): It is generally recognized as a chemical reaction occurring by free

radical chain reaction. Unstable oil molecules (reaction chain initiators) react with
oxygen to form peroxy radicals, which in turn attack unoxidized oil to form new
unstable oil molecules and hydroperoxides. The hydroperoxides are unstable and
divide, forming new initiators to expand the reaction. As a result of oxidation, the oil
viscosity and concentration of organic acids in the oil both increase, and varnish and
lacquer deposits form on hot metal surfaces exposed to the oil. Oxidation can occur in
lube oils, especially in high temperature situations or with an over extension of an oil’s
service life. If oxidation begins, it may expand at an exponential rate, which will ruin
the lubricating oil very quickly. Oxidation is a key component to observe on the lube oil
analysis report.

Oxygen (O2): A gaseous element, number 8 on the atomic chart, which is colorless,
odorless, and essential to all life. The earth’s atmosphere is composed of
approximately 20.9% O2 regardless of elevation. Oxygen is one of the four essential
ingredients (oxygen, fuel, compression, ignition) an internal combustion engine
requires to make power from combustion.

P&ID: Process and Instrumentation Diagram

PC: Personal Computer. Refers to the IBM compatible personal computer used for
monitoring and programming the AFM system.

PDB: Power Distribution Box

17
PE: Protective Earth Ground

Phase: The progress of a cycle in relation to some standard point of reference

expressed in angular measure, 360 degrees, representing a full period or cycle.

Phosphates: Phosphate (PO4) is an inhibitor commonly used in automotive

antifreeze formulations to protect iron and establish pH. It will not deplete, but may
drop out if over-concentrated.

PID: Proportional, Integral, Differential: Gain values for control systems

Pin/Socket Connector (Magneto & CEC Ignition Module): An electrical socket

attached to the primary wiring harness that fastens the harness to either a magneto or
ignition module. The plug functions by using a pin and socket combination to connect
the proper internal magneto/ignition module circuits to the appropriate coils.

PLC: Programmable Logic Controller

Potassium (K): A (+) charged ion used in cooling system treatment to form the
inhibitor salt potassium phosphate (K(+)PO 4(-). The potassium does not by itself
protect metal, but is necessary to give the inhibitor the proper charge and form it into a
salt. Potassium is typically not shown on an analysis report because it does not
prevent anything. It would be shown on a total solids (TDS) report however, because
it is recognized as a solid.

Potential Transformer (PT): A device that measures AC voltage and provides a

stepped down signal in proportion to it, also called a VT or Voltage Transformer.

Potentiometer (pot): An adjustable resistor used to adjust current or voltage.

Power Factor: Power factor is the ratio between the active power (kW) and apparent
power (kVA) in a circuit.

PPM: Parts per million is a measure of concentration (1000 PPM = 0.1%).

Precleaner: A foam rubber pad used for course filtration of air coming into the intake
system. The purpose of the air cleaner's precleaner is to trap larger airborne particles
from entering the main filter element. The precleaner will extend the life of the
standard main air filter by allowing the standard air filter to only filter air containing
smaller or finer airborne debris from the intake air.

Preignition: A condition resulting in the unburned fuel/air mixture, inside of the

combustion chamber, being ignited prior to the timed spark. Preignition usually results
from a localized hot spot inside of the combustion chamber (burned valve, carbon
build up, loose spark plug, etc.). Preignition may cause multiple flame fronts inside of

18
the combustion chamber, creating very high cylinder temperatures/pressures that can
cause severe engine damage.

Prelube Pump: An electric or air actuated pump used to prime the lube oil system
before starting the engine. The prelube pump delivers pressurized oil (less than 5 psi
with cold oil) throughout the lube oil system. The prelube pump pressure must not
exceed 5 psi .

Programming: This term is generally used in connection with the CEC modules, to
describe using a computer to create and store operating data to each module.

psi: An acronym for pounds per square inch used in measuring pressure.

psia: An acronym for pounds per square inch absolute. Gauge pressure plus site
barometer equals psia.

PT: Potential Transformer

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): A technique employed to regulate flow. Pulse-

width modulation of a signal or power source involves the modulation of its duty cycle,
to either convey information over a communications channel or control the amount of
power sent to a load. For example, in the AFM system, it is used to regulate the
voltage to the lean burn auxiliary heater(s).

PWM: Pulse-width modulation.

RAM: Random Access Memory. Temporary AFM system memory used to evaluate
test data-sets before storing to ROM. The contents of RAM are lost whenever power
to the AFM module is removed.

Regulator: A device which delivers fuel to the carburetor at a slightly higher pressure
than the pressure of the air entering the carburetor’s air horn. The difference in
pressure between the fuel and air pressure is called “gas over air” (G/A) pressure.
The regulator’s job is to maintain the difference (or differential) in fuel over air
pressure regardless of the engine’s speed and load (airflow).

Regulator Valve: A one way valve that is used to allow ambient air into the crankcase
breather system. The function of the regulator valve is to aid in regulating the
crankcase pressure. The crankcase regulator valve has an internal valve plate which
only allows air into the breather system, when a sufficient negative pressure is placed
on the regulator housing. By allowing regulated ambient air into the breather system,
the crankcase pressure can be properly controlled.

Remote Start: The Remote Start terminal of the CEC AFM permits movement of the
stepper motors to the start position from external, customer supplied logic. To use
this feature, ground this terminal for three seconds, then unground it. The

19
preprogrammed start position will then be sought by the stepper motors. Allow three
minutes for stepper motor repositioning.

Retard (Ignition Timing): Ignition timing (spark) set after a piston reaches top dead
center (TDC) on its compression stroke. Also, when timing is to be “retarded,” it
means that the timing is set in a manner that will trigger the spark later on the
compression stroke. For example, if an engine’s ignition timing is set to 24 BTDC,
then to retard the timing the ignition would be set to 16 BTDC.

Rich: A condition of an engine's air fuel ratio where less air than necessary to
achieve complete combustion is supplied. Lambda () is less than 1.0. Also see Air
Fuel Ratio. For example, an AFR of 13 to 1 would be a rich AFR for a VHP G or GSI
engine. Also, an AFR of 26 to 1 would be a rich AFR for a VHP GL engine.

Rich Burn: This term refers to the combustion associated with non-lean burn (GL), or
stoichiometric engines. Such engines all often called rich burn engines. Also see air
fuel ratio.

Rich Limit: The highest or most extended stepper position (highest gas over air) that
is programmed for normal engine operation. A more extended stepper position would
allow more fuel to enter the engine. The rich limit is used to prevent over-fueling of
the engine. Stepper motor operation is only permitted between the rich and lean limits
(PC programmable).

Rolling the Engine Over: Rotating (or barring) the engine crankshaft over
mechanically in order to set an engine's moving components into a certain position for
specific adjustments or installations.

R&O: Repair and Overhaul (manual).

ROM: Read Only Memory. ROM is computer memory in which completed AFM
system data-sets are permanently stored on an electronic chip (EPROM chip). When
the AFM module configures data-sets to ROM, the data-set information is not lost
when power to the AFM module is removed. The AFM module allows a limited
number of saves to ROM (5 saves to ROM are possible) before core EPROM chip
replacement is required.

RSC: Remote Start Contact.

RTD: Resistance Temperature Detector.

RTF: Rich Text Format.

RTV: Room Temperature Vulcanizing gasket compounds.

SAA: Special Application Approval.

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S/N: Serial Number.

SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition: Generally refers to an industrial

control system: a computer system monitoring and controlling a process. Also see
MODBUS.

Scale: A hard deposit, found on hot surfaces in cooling systems, that is formed in a
liquid when the mineral content exceeds its solubility level. Scale in cooling systems is
mainly formed by calcium, magnesium, iron and silica compounds in the fill water.

Search Delay: This is the amount of time, in minutes, that the AFM module waits
between searches for stoichiometry when programmed in the Best Power/Economy
Control mode (PC programmable).

Sensor Heater Disable: A function or capability designed within the Air Fuel Module
system to turn off the oxygen sensor heater power. This feature may be utilized
during times of short term maintenance.

Sensor Heater Duty Cycle: On the AFM system, an indication of the percentage of
time the AFM lean burn sensor heater is turned on.

Sensor Safe: A term indicating that a material is not harmful to oxygen sensors.
Certain RTV and antiseize compounds may be labeled “sensor safe”.

Sensor Voltage: On the AFM system, the output of the oxygen sensor, expressed in
volts.

SHD: Shutdown.

Silicon: A gray, brittle, non-metallic element typically found in airborne dirt. Silicon,
inside an engine, can be very abrasive and can cause components to wear at higher
rates than normal. High silicon readings in a lube oil analysis can indicate an air
filtration or crankcase pressure problems, which need to be rectified to prevent
premature wearing of engine components.

Sinking Circuit: An electronic switching circuit with a single output terminal used to
provide a path to ground. This mechanism can be used as a trigger to drive remote
devices such as alarms, lights, and relays. When the AFM system is operating
correctly it is a CLOSED device. Any system fault will OPEN the circuit. The circuit is
designed to handle a maximum current rating of 1 amp and a maximum voltage rating
of 50 VDC (no AC voltages are allowed).

Sodium (Na): A metallic element that oxidizes rapidly, when exposed to the air and
reacts violently with water. Sodium is typically found in the inhibitor packages that are
placed into cooling systems. It is a (+) charged ion used in cooling system treatment

21
to form the inhibitor salt sodium nitrite (Na(+)NO 2(-)). The sodium does not by itself
protect metal, but is necessary to give the inhibitor the proper charge and form it into a
salt. Sodium is typically not shown on an analysis report because it does not prevent
anything. It would be shown on a total solids (TDS) report however, because it is
recognized as a solid. If sodium (and/or boron) is found on a lube oil report, it usually
indicates that coolant has leaked into the lubricating system.

Spark Plug: A device located in the combustion chamber used to ignite the fuel/air
mixture. A spark plug has two electrodes (possibly more) that contain an air gap
between them. At the precise moment, the coil sends a high enough voltage to the
spark plug to bridge the gap, thereby igniting the fuel/air mixture in the combustion
camber.

Specification Number (Spec. No.) : A unique number assigned to every engine built.
This number was combined with the serial number in June of 1991. The number is
stamped onto the current engine nameplate. On six cylinder VHP engines, the
nameplate is located on the right front of the crankcase. On twelve and sixteen
cylinder VHP engines, the nameplate is located on the left front of the crankcase.

Spectrometer: A spectrometer is an instrument that determines which elements are

contained in an oil sample (new and used). The oil is pumped into the spectrometer
where the oil sample will alter a plasma-generated white light. The altered light wave
can then be analyzed to determine what element(s) and quantity in parts per million
(PPM) are contained in the oil sample.

SRN: Spark Reference Number: A unit-less number used to compare ignition energy
values from cylinder to cylinder.

Stand-Alone: A power source/generator that operates independently of, or is not

connected to, an electric transmission and distribution network (grid); used to meet a
load(s) physically close to the generator. A stand-alone generator is one that
establishes bus/grid frequency.

Standby System: A standby system is an independent power system that allows

operation of a facility in the event of normal power failure.

Start Position: On the AFM system, a programmable stepper position used to set
gas/air at a value that is favorable for starting. Requires remote or manual initiation
prior to starting (PC programmable).

Step: In the AFM system, one step of the stepper motor equals 1/400 of 1 revolution
of the stepper motor. This small change in position results in 0.00025 inches of linear
travel of the adjusting nut within the stepper motor. This increases or decreases the
fuel regulator spring pressure and correspondingly changes the gas over air pressure
to the carburetor.

22
Stepper Motor: This specially designed electric motor produces a precise step-wise
rotation of the motor shaft instead of the traditional continuous rotation of most electric
motors. The terms stepper motor, stepper, and actuator have the same meaning.

Stoichiometric AFR: The stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is the theoretically-correct air-

fuel ratio for complete combustion. That is, there is just enough air to burn all of the
fuel with no air or fuel left over. The stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is determined by the
chemical composition of the fuel. Thus it will differ for each fuel mixture or BTU rating.

Example:
 Stoichiometry for pure Methane (CH4) is (17.1) parts of air for every (1) part of
fuel => 17.1:1 ( 1.063, on a weight, or mass, basis).
 Stoichiometry for pure Propane (C3H8) is 15.6:1 ( 0.97).
 Waukesha Engine defines local pipeline natural gas stoichiometry as 16.09:1 ( 
1.0).

Stroke: Four (stroke) cycle engines rotate 720 degrees, two complete revolutions of
the crankshaft, in order to complete one cycle. This 720 degree crankshaft rotation is
divided into four distinct sections or strokes. Each stoke occurs for a duration of piston
travel either from the bottom to top or top to bottom. Four stroke internal combustion
engines have 4 strokes: Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust.

Intake Stroke:
Occurs when the piston is traveling downward while the intake valve is
open. This allows a fresh fuel/air mixture to enter the combustion
chamber.
Compression Stroke:
Occurs when the piston is traveling upward while all valves are closed.
During this stroke, since the valves are closed, the piston is compressing
a new fuel/air mixture received during the intake stroke.
Power Stroke:
Occurs when the piston is traveling downward after the cylinder's
compressed fuel/air mixture has been ignited. During this stroke the
valves are closed, except as the piston nears the bottom, the exhaust
valve will open.
Exhaust Stroke:
Occurs when the piston is traveling upward while the exhaust valve is
open. During this stroke, the piston is traveling upward displacing the
burned fuel/air gasses and forcing them out the exhaust port.

STU: Smart Temperature Unit.

Synchronization (throttle plates): When the throttle plates, on a vee type engine,
are linked together so they are “locked” in the same angular position throughout the
movement of both throttle plates. For example, when the left throttle is at 10, the right

23
throttle is at 10 and when the left throttle opens to 40, the right throttle, at the same
time as the left, will also open to 40.

TA Luft: The main air quality standard used in Europe.

Target Voltage: On the AFM system, the control Set Point ("SP") for the oxygen
sensor's output.

TCM (Turbocharger Control Module): A programmable control module and

actuators used to control the pressure differential (delta P) across the engine’s throttle
plate(s).

TCP/IP: Internet Protocol Suite: The set of communications protocols used for the
Internet and other similar networks, named from two of the most important protocols in
it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were
the first two networking protocols defined in this standard.

TDC: An abbreviation for Top Dead Center referring to the position of the piston at the
top of its travel in a cylinder.

TDD: Total Demand Distortion %.

Thermocouple: A device, consisting of two dissimilar metallic conductors in contact,

that produces an electrical current whose magnitude depends on the temperature of
the junction. It is used to measure temperature.

Thermostat: A device used to maintain a constant coolant temperature. Within an

engine’s jacket water cooling system, the thermostat(s) directs coolant, heated by the
engine, to either a heat exchanger (to be cooled) or back to the jacket water pump (to
be re-circulated). The jacket water thermostat maintains the coolant temperature
exiting the engine by diverting it to either the heat exchanger or bypass pipe(s). Within
an engine’s auxiliary cooling circuit, the thermostat blends water heated by the
intercooler, wastegates (GL and GSI) and the oil cooler (all engines) with cool water
coming from the heat exchanger. This thermostat blends the hot and cool water
together to maintain a specific intercooler water inlet temperature.

Thermostatic Control Valve: A valve (assembly) containing one or more

thermostats used to control fluid temperature.

Throttle Reserve: The differential in pressure found downstream and upstream of the
throttle plate. This is usually an indication of how much power (reserve) the engine
may have left.

Throttle Valve: The plate or butterfly that control the amount of air/fuel mixture that
reaches the engine. Basically, the greater the volume of air and fuel delivered, the

24
more power the engine will produce. The throttle valve is linked to and controlled by
the engine’s governor.

Timing Light: A tool used to measure an engine's ignition timing. An inductive type
timing light functions by clamping the pickup over the spark plug wire and pointing the
light emitting end of the timing light onto a timing strip usually located on the engine's
flywheel. Battery powered types (two "D" cells) are the most convenient.

Timing Tape: An adhesive tape attached to the outer rim of the flywheel used to
indicate ignition timing in reference to the crankshaft’s position. The timing tape is
positioned in a manner that locates the Top Dead Center (TDC) mark (on the tape)
with the flywheel and pointer assembly, when a specific piston is at TDC. The flywheel
tape is marked in degrees of rotation before and after top dead center.

Tin: A lustrous, silvery metallic element which is soft, malleable and ductile. Engines
typically use tin on the flashing of pistons, for break-in, on the flashing of bearings,
and in the bearing overlay. High levels of tin, based on a trend type lube oil analysis,
may indicate that the bearing overlay is wearing.

Tolyltriazole: Tolyltriazole (TTZ) protects copper and brass. It has been shown to
be more stable than mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT).

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): A measure of the combined solids within a liquid (as
in coolant), such as calcium and magnesium. Dissolved solids give water its "hard"
quality.

Turbocharger: An air charging device that uses exhaust gas energy to compress
intake air. A turbocharger is basically comprised of a center housing to support,
lubricate and cool the shaft, a compressor wheel and housing, and a turbine wheel
with shaft and turbine housing. The turbocharger rotates when exhaust gasses flow
through one side of the turbocharger (turbine housing and wheel). Since the exhaust
(turbine) wheel and intake (compressor) wheel are mounted on a common shaft, the
exhaust gasses turn the exhaust wheel, which in turn drives the compressor wheel,
forcing air into the intake manifold.

Axial Shaft Run-out: Axial shaft run-out or "end play" on a turbocharger shaft is
the amount of clearance the shaft has in the direction that is perpendicular to
rotation (shaft end to end movement). While the turbo is at rest, a dial indicator can
be used to measure the amount of movement that can occur by pushing the shaft
end parallel to the shaft then back in the other direction.

Radial Shaft Run-out: Radial shaft run-out on a turbocharger shaft is the amount
of clearance (shaft movement) the shaft end has in the direction perpendicular to
the shaft. While the turbo is at rest, a dial indicator can be used to measure the
amount of movement that can occur by pushing the shaft end upward and
downward.

25
UHC: Unburned Hydrocarbons.

USB: In information technology, Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard
to interface devices to a host computer. USB was designed to allow many peripherals
to be connected using a single standardized interface socket and to improve the Plug
and play capabilities by allowing hot swapping, that is, by allowing devices to be
connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer or turning off the device.
Other convenient features include providing power to low-consumption devices
without the need for an external power supply and allowing many devices to be used
without requiring manufacturer specific, individual device drivers to be installed.
USB is intended to replace many legacy varieties of serial and parallel ports. USB can
connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and
joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives,
and external hard drives. For many of those devices USB has become the standard
connection method.

User Interface Program: The personal computer program that is used to create
data-sets and communicate with the AFM system.

Valve Lash: The clearance or distance between the valve and rocker arm ball tappet
when the valves are closed. Hydraulic lifters usually have a zero (0) or no lash.

Valve Overlap: A condition when a cylinder's intake and exhaust valves are both
open at the same time. This condition occurs near Top Dead Center (TDC) of the end
of the exhaust stroke and at the beginning of the intake stroke. At this time, the
exhaust rocker arm is rotating in the direction that allows the exhaust valve to close,
while the intake rocker arm is rotating in a direction that forces the intake valve to
open during the standard direction of engine rotation (counter-clockwise rotation for
Waukesha engines).

Venting (Bleeding): The process of removing trapped air from a system containing
liquids. Coolant systems require the use of vent lines, at high points in the system,
which are permanent lines used to ensure that air does not circulate throughout the
cooling system. By placing these lines at high points in the cooling system, any air that
becomes trapped (air will try to get to the highest point in the system) will be removed
from the coolant.

Venturi Extractor: A multi-chambered tube that creates a negative pressure which is

used to draw vapors out of the crankcase to regulate crankcase pressure on current
GSI and GL engines. The venturi extractor assembly functions by using a small
amount of compressor discharge air fed into the venturi extractor to develop a low
pressure chamber or area. This low pressure chamber creates a negative pressure in
which the crankcase vapors can be drawn into the venturi extractor.

26
Volt Ohmmeter (VOM): An analog (Simpson 260 - Industry Standard) or digital meter
used to measure AC voltage, DC voltage, amperes and ohms in electrical circuits. A
digital VOM measures voltages and resistances more accurately than an analog VOM
meter, but may have problems displaying these readings in high electrical noise
environments such as around CD ignition systems. Features that are an advantage
over analog meters are: peak hold, peak minimum and maximum storage.

VR: Voltage Regulator.

Walk Around: A visual inspection that entails walking around the entire engine
viewing different aspects and components of the engine.

WAN: Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area
(i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or
national boundaries). Contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area
networks (LANs), controller area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks
(MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, or specific area. The largest and
most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.

Water: The transparent, colorless liquid, H20, which composes three-quarters of the
earth’s surface. Water (deionized) is typically used in an engine’s cooling system.
When water is detected in a lube oil analysis, the water, in the lube oil, usually comes
from either a coolant leak or from condensation that occurs from heating (running) and
cooling (shutting down) the engine’s crankcase.

WED: Waukesha Engine, Dresser (now named Dresser Waukesha).

Wear Elements (Lube Oil Analysis): Are the elements that make up the “wearing”
components of the engine. A lube oil analysis can identify elements such as iron
(cylinder sleeves, rings and iron pistons), lead (bearings), copper (bearings - inner
layer), chromium (piston rings and diesel engine sleeves), aluminum (pistons and
aluminum bearings), nickel (bearings and cylinder sleeve alloy) and tin (bearings and
piston flashing), which can be used to help troubleshoot or aid in preventative
maintenance programs for an engine.

WKI: An acronym for Waukesha Knock Index. It is the measure of a gaseous fuel’s
ability to resist detonation (knock) when considering the total composition of a gas
including combustibles and non-combustibles.

WTD: Kilowatt transducer.

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