Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the

performance of a diesel engine: A review
Ashish Dewangan a,b,⇑, Ashis Mallick b, Ashok Kumar Yadav c, Amit Kumar Richhariya a
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In today’s growing population, it can be easily formulated that fossil fuels will eventually get depleted
Received 26 October 2019 one day; which increases the need for an alternative fuel to satisfy the energy demands of the world.
Received in revised form 10 December 2019 Bio-diesel is one of the prime available sources to fulfil the demand. With the use of alternate fuels such
Accepted 13 December 2019
as biodiesel, environmental emission can be reduced but with a slight compromise of decrease in engine
Available online xxxx
performance. There is additional scope for improvement in fuel properties and engine characteristics by
addition of metal oxide nanoparticles as fuel additives. Improvement in engine performance may also be
Keywords:
achieved by varying the engine operating parameters such as compression ratio (CR), injection timing (IT)
Diesel engine
Metal oxide nanoparticles
and injection pressure (IP) which are used in improving the engine performance. Hence, in the current
Biodiesel paper, the effect of operating parameters CR, IT and IP on the engine performance and also along with
Engine parameters some other parameters as modification of combustion chamber shapes, nozzle geometry and addition
Performance and emission of oxygenated additives on engine performance has been explained.
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International
Conference on Mechanical and Energy Technologies.

1. Introduction sustainable in nature and also cause less emission in environment.

In the world of rapid modernization and industrialization, the
demand of energy of developing nation has been steeply increases.
The most of these energy requirements is fulfilled by the petro-
leum products. In India, the demand of energy is raising at the
average rate of 6.5% annually. The 80% demand of crude oil of India
is fulfilled by imports from other countries. Petroleum fuels are
derived from fossil fuel sources and these sources are limited.
Due to excessive energy demand, fossil fuel sources are depleting
rapidly. Therefore, energy security is being the critical and impor-
tant issue for the nation. Also it has environment concern as its uti-
lization leads to emission which causes environment pollution.
However, if no serious action has been taken then it is predicted
that up to 2030 the greenhouse gases originated from petroleum
sources will rise by almost 39%. To overcome these problems sev-
eral developed and developing countries have advanced their
research work on alternative fuels which are renewable and
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ashish.dewangan@galgotiacollege.edu (A. Dewangan).
Biodiesel has emerged as best alternative fuel to the existing diesel
engine. It is produced from vegetable oil, plant seed, animal fats
and microalgae as well [1,59,62]. The recent auto fuel policy docu-
ment states that bio-fuels are efficient, eco-friendly and 100% nat-
ural energy alternative to petroleum fuels Biodiesel has all
desirable properties as it is non-toxic, biodegradable, efficient
and eco-friendly in nature. Therefore, the use of biodiesel has
gained the pace in all over the world. The prediction of biofuel con-
sumption in 2023 in various sectors is shown in Fig. 1 [59].
Viscosity and auto ignition temperature of biodiesel is high
compared to diesel, which is the main complication for biodiesel
to be used as a potential fuel. This difficulty can be overcome by
using small portions of oxygenated additives like diethyl ether
(DEE) and n-butanol. The additive keeps the lubrication at suffi-
cient levels and also facilitates in increasing the fuel bond oxygen.
When the engine is fuelled with biodiesel, the performance down-
grades and the NOx emission level increases. Changing the operat-
ing parameters (Compression Ratio, Injection Pressure and
Injection Timing) can be done to overcome these difficulties. The
design and operating parameters include high compression ratio

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Mechanical and Energy Technologies.

Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a
diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
2 A. Dewangan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 1. Renewable consumption in transport in 2023.
(CR), improved fuel injection techniques, air management meth-
ods, combustion chamber design, improved oil control, adiabatic
engine, etc. Performance of diesel engine can be affected by chang-
ing the operating parameters- CR, IP and IT by using different bio-
diesel or by mixing additives.
This study is focussed on improving the performance of CI
engine by using different metal oxides such as Cerium oxide
(CeO2), Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), manganese oxide (MnO), copper
oxide (CuO) and Carbon nano tube (CNT) as well as by varying
operating parameters mainly compression ratio (CR), injection
pressure (IP) and injection timing (IT) which also helpful in reduc-
ing exhaust emissions of engine.
2. Effect of engine parameters
2.1. Effect of compression ratio
Balakrishnan [2] studied biodiesel with producer gas and
observed 12.81% decrease in BSEC and 28.1% increase in BTE for
CR at 20. Sayin et al. [3] has shown that increase in BSFC and
NOx emission and decrease in BTE, HC, CO and smoke with the
increase in percentage of biodiesel blends. Further, with the
increase in values of CR, IP and IT results in rise in BSFC and BTE
and decrease in exhaust emissions. Kassaby et al. [4] reported
the percentage rise in BTE for Biodiesel blends of 10%, 20%, 30%
and 50% volume as 18.39%, 27.48%, 18.5%, and 19.82% respectively
for increase in CR. For increase in CR from 14 to 18, 36.84% increase
was reported in NOx and 52% and 37.5% reduction in HC and CO
emissions. Also ignition delay period was observed to be reduced
by 13.95% with the increase in CR. Rath et al. [5] stated the
decrease in EGT and BSFC for increase in CR from 16 to 18 with kar-
anja oil biodiesel blends (K10 and K20) in CI engine at full load con-
dition. Jose et al. [6] have done experiment with rubber seed oil
biodiesel in CI engine and found the maximum efficiency as
35.96% and reported that with rise in the value of CR, the EGT,
NOx and CO decreases. Miraculas et al. [7] have reported that at
higher biofuel blends with rise in value of CR, the NOx emission
increases but CO and HC emissions decreases. Muralidharan and
Vasudevan [8] have found higher BTE and lower SFC for waste
cooking oil (B40) biodiesel compared to diesel fuel at high CR.
2.2. Effect of injection pressure
Puhan et al. [9] have performed combustion and emission anal-
ysis in a DI diesel engine with high linolenic-lenseed oil methyl
ester and found that at optimum IP of 240 bar, BTE was higher
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a
diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
and HC, CO, smoke emission were observed to be lower. However,
the NOx emission was reported to be increased. Venkanna et al.
[10] stated that at large value of IP, the pongamia biodiesel blend
at 30% shows better performance and emission characteristics
compared to diesel. Imtenan et al. [11] have reported a reduction
of 18% and 9% in BSFC and BTE respectively at higher IP. They fur-
ther concluded that with increase in IP, the HC and CO is lowered
by 50% and NOx is by 28%. Gumus et al. [12] have found that at IP
of 24 MPa, the BTE obtained was maximum and the BSFC was min-
imum at the blends of B100. At higher blends of biodiesel and at
larger value of IP, the BSFC, CO2 and NOx emission was reported
to be lower. At the same IP, the HC was lowered by 0.03 g/kWh
and CO was lowered by 1.33 g/kWh. They also found that for bio-
diesel B100, at IP of 18, 20, 22 and 24 MPa, the NOx emission were
2.04, 1.76, 0.95 and 1.91 g/kWh respectively. Sayin and Canakci
[13,14] used canola oil methyl esters (COME) blends in diesel
engine and performed experiments at different IP of 18, 20, 22
and 24 MPa. They showed improved performance (BTE, BSEC,
BSFC) and reduced emissions (except NOx) at IP of 24 MPa. At IP
of 200 bar, soybean biodiesel (S20) and corn biodiesel (C20) shows
higher BTE and the lower BSFC [54,57,58]. Ozturk [16] has seen
that BSFC and BTE was not affected by 5% canola oil–hazelnut
soap-stock biodiesel blends at all loads. HC, CO and smoke emis-
sion decreases at this blends but NOx emission slightly increases.
At 10% blends, it negatively affects the BSFC and BTE and at all
loads HC, smoke emission slightly increases at this blend but no
substantial change was observed in CO emission. Fuel IP has
important role in lowering the NOx along with slightly rise in
smoke emission. At standard IP with retarding IT is the optimum
operating parametric combination for NOx reduction. Shehata
et al. [15,53] conducted experiments taking various engine loads
and speeds with Soybean and Corn biodiesel blends (S20 and
C20) with IP of 180, 190 and 200 bar. At 200 bar IP and at maxi-
mum load, BTE was observed to be maximum and BSFC to be
minimum.
2.3. Effect of injection timing
Ashrafur et al. [18] have conducted experiments with alterna-
tive fuels such as biodiesel, alcohol etc. and found that by advance-
ment on IT, the BTE and EGT increases while the BSFC decreases.
Also CO, HC was observed to be decreases and NOx to be increases.
Sayin et al. [19] found that by advance in IT, the CO, HC emission
and smoke decreases while NOx emission increases for all blends
of fuels. Zhu et al. [20] used diesel- Di-methoxy methane (DMM)
blends and reported that by advancing fuel IT, there was improve-
ment in BTE and reduction of smoke while rise in NOx. Parlak et al.
[21] reported that in comparison to diesel engine, in LHR engine
optimum IT was observed at 40 crank angle retarded to TDC. Also
40% declined in NOx was reported in LHR engine. Sayin and Canakci
[22] have used ethanol blended diesel fuel and compared original
IT (27 °CA bTDC) with retarded IT (21° and 24 °CA bTDC). They
found that at retarded IT, the emissions CO2 and NOx increases
while CO and HC decreases comparatively. Further, they estab-
lished that advanced and retarded IT has undesirable effects on
BSFC and BTE at entire speed and load conditions. Sayin and
Canakci [23] observed that advance in IT results in increase of
CO2 and NOx emission and decrease of HC, CO and smoke emission.
Further reduced IT results in increase of HC, CO and smoke emis-
sion whereas decrease of CO2 and NOx emission. These results
were obtained by comparing it with original IT for entire test con-
ditions. Panneer Selvam et al. [24] have shown the retarded IT
results in increase of BSFC, HC, CO and smoke emission and
decrease of BTE and NOx. Further, advanced in IT resulted in
increase of BTE and NOx emission and decrease of CO, HC and
smoke emission. Wamankar et al. [25] shown that by advancing
 A. Dewangan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3

the IT at 26 °CA bTDC, the BTE and NOx were increased by 6.4% and
23% respectively for synthetic fuel CB10 and BSFC and smoke emis-
sions were lowered by 11.9% and 13.5% respectively compared
with original IT. Murcak et al. [26] conducted experiment in CI
engine with different ethanol–diesel mixtures and studied the
impact of variation of IT on engine performance. Among the vari-
ous blends BSFC was reported to be minimum at 5% and 10% blends
for advance IT of 45°CA at 1400 rpm and at full load. Kumar and
Murugan [27] used synthetic fuel–diesel blends (10% blending) at
numerous IT. By advancing the IT of 26°CA, the BSFC, CO, HC and
smoke emission were lowered while BTE and NOx were increased.
At this IT, BTE raised by 6.4% and the BSFC lowered by 11.9% com-
paratively at full load.
2.4. Combined effect of operating parameters
Jindal et al. [28] showed that both CR and IP together, raises BTE
and lessens BSFC and smoke emissions for jatropha biodiesel. They
concluded that optimum CR and IP are 18 and 250 bar respectively.
Kumar et al. [29] established that improved BTE, BSFC and lessen
exhaust emissions can be achieved at CR of 18:1, IT of 26 °CA
and IP of 240 bar combination compared to standard values of
CR, IT and IP for diesel engine. Sayin and Gumus [30] have shown
that raise in CR, IT and IP results in increase of BTE, BSFC and NOx
emission while decrease of CO, HC and smoke emission. Jindal [31]
has shown that BTE and BSFC for pure karanja methyl ester (KME)
were raised by 8.2% and 2.94% respectively and there were sub-
stantial drop of NOx, HC and smoke emission for CR of 18 and IP
of 250 bar combination compared to neat diesel. Further, by raising
combined CR and IP, performance can be enhanced and emission
can be decreased for KME fuel operating in CI engine. Raheman
and Ghadge [32] found that with advancement in IT and increase
in CR leads to increase of BTE and EGT and decrease of BSFC for
mahua biodiesel. They further concluded that at CR 20 and IT
400, neat mahua biodiesel can be used in Ricardo engine without
affecting its performance. Kumar et al. [33,49] performed test using
B40 blends with CR of 16, 17, and 18, IP of 180, 210 and 240 bar
and IT of 20°, 23°, 26° bTDC. They determined that at CR of 18:1,
IT of 26°CA and IP of 240 bar, BTE and BSFC have significantly
improved and exhaust emissions has reduced compared with die-
sel fuel for standard values of CR, IT and IP at full load. The effect of
operating parameters on engine performance is shown in Table 1.
3. Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles
It was observed that the use of pure biodiesel, the NOx level
increases. This level can be supressed by adding some metal oxides
of Cerium, Aluminium, Manganese, Copper and CNT. Lenin et al.
[56] have found that by inclusion of CuO and MnO nano-particles
in diesel result in considerable reduction of ignition delay and this
leads to good combustion. Sajith et al. [63] experimented using
CeO2 NPs dispersed with jatropha biodiesel in 4-S, single cylinder
CI engine and reported the increase in BTE by 1.5% and significant
reduction in UBHC and NOx by 40% and 30% respectively. Sadhik
Basha et al. [64] investigated with Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) dis-
persed in Jatropha emulsion test fuel in 4-S, single cylinder DI die-
sel engine and reported 15% increase in BTE and 29% reduction in
NOx.
Prabhu experimented in 4-S single cylinder DI diesel engine at
constant IT, IP and speed of 26° bTDC, 216 bar and 1500 rpm
respectively using 30 ppm cerium oxide and 30 ppm alumina
nanoparticles in different combinations of biodiesel-diesel blends
such as 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20A30C30) and 100% bio-
diesel (B100A30C30) by volume. He found that test fuel
B20A30C30 shows improved BTE of 12% and B100A30C30 test fuel
shows 9% improvement compared to other tested blends. It was

Table 1
Comparison effect of Operating Parameters on Engine Performance.

Author Operating Parameter Feedstock Performance

BSFC BTE
Balakrishnan [2] Increased CR Waste fried methyl ester Increase Increase
Sayin et al. [3] Increased in CR EKO biodiesel Increase Increase
Balakrishnan [2] Increased CR Biodiesel with producer gas Increase Increase
Kassaby and Nemitallah [4] Increase in CR Waste oil Increase –
Rath et al. [5] Increase in CR Karaja oil-diesel blend (K10 & K20) Increase Increase
Jose et al [6] Increase in CR Rubber seed biodiesel Increase –
Miraculas et al. [7] Increase in CR Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel – –
Sivaramakrishnan [34] Increase in CR Karanja biodiesel Increase Decrease
Jindal et al. [28] Increased CR and IP Jatropha methyl ester Increase Increase
Puhan et al. [9] Increased IP Linolenic linseed oil Increase Increase
Venkanna et al. [10] Increased IP Pongamia pinnata oil Increase Increase
Imtenan et al. [11] Increase in IP Biodiesel-diesel blend Decrease Decrease
Gumus et al. [12] Increased IP Vegetable oil Increase Increase
Sayin and Canakci [14] Increase in IP Canola oil methyl ester Increase Increase
Shehata et al. [15] Increase in IP Corn and soybean biodiesel Increase Increase
Saravanan et al. [17] Increased IP with EGR Diesel Increase Increase
Ashrafur et al. [18] Advanced IT Vegetable oil Increase Increase
Sayin et al. [19] Advanced IT Methanol blended diesel Increase Increase
Ruijun Zhu et al. [20] Advanced IT Di-methoxy methane Increase Increase
Parlak et al. [21] Retarded IT Diesel Increase Increase
Sakthivel [35] Advanced IT fish oil biodiesel Increase Decrease
Panneerselvam et al. [24] Advanced IT Biodiesel blend - Increase
Wamankar et al. [25] Advanced IT Synthetic fuel blend Increase Decrease
Arun kumar and Murugan [29] Advanced IT Synthetic fuel Increase Increase
Sayin and Canakci [27] Advanced IT Ethanol blended diesel fuel Decrease Decrease
Ahmet murcak et al. [26] Advanced IT Diesel– ethanol Increase Increase
Kumar et al. [29] Increase in CR, IP and Advanced IT Biodiesel (B40) Increase Decrease
Sayin and Gumus [30] Increase in CR, IP and Advanced IT Biodiesel (B100) Increase Increase
Jindal [31] Increase in CR, IP and Advanced IT Karanja methyl ester Increase Increase
Raheman and Ghadge [32] Increase in CR, IP and Advanced IT Mahua biodiesel Decrease Increase
Niraj kumar et al. [33] Increase in CR, IP and Advanced IT Biodiesel blend (B40) Increase Increase

Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a
diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
4 A. Dewangan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

due to the test fuel having better atomization, quick evaporation
rate and good combustion characteristics which leads to better
mixing with air and permits large surface area of fuel exposed to
oxygen molecules for reaction [65]. Kumar et al. [66] studied the
effect of IP using WCO biodiesel and cerium oxide NPs in engine
and found the positive impact on engine performance with
increased IP. Higher injection pressure along with nano particle
increases BTE and decreases BSFC, it was due to improvement in
overall combustion resulting in higher cylinder pressure and faster
heat release rate. Sabet Sarvestany et al. [67] reported that by add-
ing 1% volume of magnetite ferrofluid in methyl esters of mustard
oil increase BTE by 5.122% and reduce BSFC by 4.72%.
4. Effect of oxygenated additives
Oxygenated additives such as Diethyl Ether (DEE) [44,45] have
also been used for improvement in engine characteristics. DEE is
derived from ethanol by dehydration process. The auto ignition
temperature of Diethyl Ether is low and is a superb ignition mag-
nifier. DEE has certain favourable properties as considerable energy
density, high volatility, low auto-ignition temperature, high oxy-
gen content and exceptional cetane number. It assist in cold start-
ing, hence it is utilized as an ignition agitator for biodiesel and
diesel. At atmospheric condition DEE remains in fluid form, thus
it can be easily stored and handled. Babu et al. [46] reported that
with addition of DEE in mahua methyl ester, CO and smoke less-
ened by more than half. Sivalaksmi and Balusamy [47] showed that
by adding DEE at 5–15% with neat neem biodiesel, the BTE and
BSFC was increased. Qi et al. [48] observed that by adding 5%
DEE with soybean biodiesel–diesel blend, BSFC can be improved
and CO emission can be reduced.
Among several oxygenated additive, n-butanol appears to be
most likely additives for enhancing the biodiesel and diesel fuel
properties. It’s another name is 1-butanol and is produced from
alcoholic fermentation of biomass feedstocks [51,60]. It has signif-
icant desirable properties as higher calorific value, less hydrophilic
tendency, higher cetane number and higher miscibility with bio-
diesel and diesels [50,61]. Imtenan et al. [52] conducted experi-
ment with blends of biodiesel originated from jatropha and palm
oil (B20) along with additives n-butanol or diethyl ether in single
cylinder CI engine at full load and over the range of speeds. They
showed significant improvement in BP and BTE and reduction of
CO and NOx emission but slightly increase in HC emission. Zhu
et al. [55] conducted test in modified CI engine along with the
effect of n-butanol, fraction EGR and various injection timings.
They reported that the increase in EGR rate results in reduction
of NOx emission but there was increase in smoke. Increase in n-
butanol percentage results in reduction of smoke but with slightly
rise in NOx.
5. Other operating parameters
By modifying some design parameter such as nozzle geometry
and shape of combustion chamber can give significant improve-
ment in performance of the engine. Although, with the usage of
blends of biodiesel in CI engine reduces the emission but due to
improper air mixing and inadequate swirl with lower turbulence
characteristics in the combustion chamber, the performance of
engine decreases. This difficulty can be overcome by altering the
shape of combustion chamber and nozzle geometry. The modifica-
tion brings improvement of combustion process and combustion
characteristics which results in improved thermal efficiency and
reduction of emission as well.
The viscosity of biodiesel fuel is comparatively higher, so nozzle
geometry plays an important role. As by modifying the nozzle
geometry, the spray characteristics can be improved which in turn
enhances the mixing of fuel with air in combustion chamber. By
increasing the holes in nozzle results in more fuels to be discharge
in combustion chamber. The large quantity of fuel with smaller
droplets having the large surface area eases the atomization of fuel
and hence enhances the combustion process which in turn
improves the engine efficiency and reduces the emission [36].
Some popular types of combustion chamber design are Tor-
roidal Combustion Chamber (TCC), Hemispherical Combustion
Chamber (HCC), Shallow-depth Combustion Chamber (SCC), Tor-
roidal reentrant combustion chamber shape (TRCC) and cylindrical
combustion chamber (CCC) etc. The BTE in TCC shape is greater
than SCC and HCC shapes [37]. Larger BTE and lower emission at
greater injection pressure was observed for TRCC shape compared
to basic shaped combustion chamber POME blends at B20 in diesel
engine [38]. Higher BTE and reduced BSFC and emissions at
retarded injection timing was observed for Ultra sulphur diesel fuel
in TRCC shape compared to basic shaped combustion chamber
[39]. Better engine performance and reduced emission was
obtained for the combination of multi-chambered combustion
chamber shape and nozzle injection pressure of 200 bar, when Jat-
ropha biodiesel was used in diesel engine [40]. By varying the noz-
zle injector holes, oxides of nitrogen in engine can be reduced and
also BSFC, CO and UHC can be minimized [41]. The use of biodiesel
in CCC shape and by altering the nozzle geometry, the NOx was
reduced up to 45% and slightly reduction in BTE was observed
[42].Improved BTE was found in CCC shape up to B60 blends of bio-
diesel and NOx reduction was observed to be 40% as compared to
basic shaped geometry of combustion chamber [43].
6. Conclusions
Based on the above review, following conclusions have been
made.
 The effect of metal oxides such as CeO2, Al2O3, MnO, Fe3O4 and
CNT with biodiesel improves the performance .i.e. increases BTE
and reduced BSFC and also reduces the emissions of engine. It is
due to the test fuel having better atomization, quick evapora-
tion rate and good combustion characteristics which leads to
better mixing with air and permits large surface area of fuel
exposed to oxygen molecules for reaction
 The use of oxygenated additives (n-butanol & DEE) with biodie-
sel improves the BTE and BSFC and reduces the emissions of
engine except NOx.
 Due to different calorific value of the biodiesel, the BSFC is
higher compared to diesel. Thus to reduce the variation in
calorific value, larger amount of biodiesel has to be supplied
for same power production.
 Primarily majority of researches displayed an increase in oper-
ating parameters such as CR, IT and IP with B20 providing an
improvement in BTE. Most of researches showed that higher
BTE at larger CR. Further, reduction of CO, HC and smoke emis-
sions and increase of NOx was observed with increase of CR, IT
and IP.
 Among these parameters, CR is one of the important parameter
to control emission except NOx and for improving the
performance.
Author contribution
Mr. Ashish Dewangan conceived the idea of review work. Dr.
Ashok Kumar Yadav and Dr. Ashis Mallick encouraged and super-
vised the work. Mr. Amit Kumar Richhariya assisted in writing

Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a
diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
 A. Dewangan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
the review. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the
final manuscript.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] Kamalesh A. Sorate, Purnanand V. Bhale, Biodiesel properties and automotive
system compatibility issues, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 41 (2015) 777–798.
[2] N. Balakrishnan, K. Mailsamy, Effect of CR on compression ignition engine
performance with biodiesel and producer gas in mixed fuel mode, J. Renew.
Sustain. Energy 6 (2014) 1–13.
[3] Sayin Cenk, Gumus Metin, Impact of compression ratio and injection
parameters on the performance and emissions of DI-diesel engine fuelled
with bio-diesel-blended diesel fuel, Appl. Therm. Eng. 31 (2011) 3182–3188.
[4] E.L. Kassaby Mohammed, Medhat A. Nemitallah, Studying the effect of
compression ratio on an engine fueled with waste oil produced biodiesel/
diesel fuel, Alex. Eng. J. 52 (1) (2013) 1–11.
[5] M.K. Rath, S.K. Acharya, S. Roy, Thermodynamic analysis of compression
ignition engine using neat Karanja oil under varying compression ratio, Int. J.
Ambient Energy 35 (2) (2014) 1–9.
[6] D.F. Melvin Jose, B. Durga Prasad, R. Edwin Raj, Kennedy Z. Robert, An
extraction and performance analysis of rubber seed-methyl ester on an IC
engine at various compression ratios, Int. J. Green Energy 11 (8) (2014) 808–
821.
[7] M.G. Antony, N. Bose, Raj R. Edwin, Optimization of biofuel blends and
compression ratio of a diesel engine fueled with Calophyllum inophyllumoil
methyl ester, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 41 (2015) 1723–1733.
[8] K. Muralidharan, D. Vasudevan, Performance, emission and combustion
charac-teristics of a variable compression ratio engine using methyl esters of
waste cooking oil and diesel blends, Appl. Energy 88 (11) (2011) 3959–3968.
[9] Puhan Sukumar, R. Jegan, K. Balasubramanian, G. Nagarajan, The effect of
injection pressure on performance emission and combustion characteristics of
high linole-niclenseed oil methyl ester in a DI diesel engine, Renew. Energy 34
(2009) 1227–1233.
[10] B.K. Venkanna, Swati B. Wadawadagi, Reddy C. Venkataramana, Effect of
injection pressure on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of
direct injection diesel engine running on blends of pongamiapinnatalinn oil
(honge oil) and diesel, Fuel CIGR Ejournal 11 (2009) 1–17.
[11] S. Imtenan, S.M. Ashrafur Rahman, H.H. Masjuki, M. Varman, M.A. Kalam,
Effect of dynamic injection pressure on performance, emission and
combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine, Renew. Sustain.
Energy Rev. 52 (2015) 1205–1211.
[12] M. Gumus, C. Sayin, M. Canakci, The impact of fuel injection pressure on the
exhaust emissions of a direct injection diesel engine fuel with biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends, Fuel 95 (2012) 486–494.
[13] A.K. Yadav, M.E. Khan, A. Pal, Custard apple seed (Annona Squamosa) oil as a
promising feedstock for biodiesel production using advanced techniques and
its experimental investigations on an agricultural diesel engine, Int. J. of Oil,
Gas and Coal Tech. 20 (4) (2019) 473–492.
[14] Sayin Cenk, Gumus Metin, Canakci Mustafa, Effect of fuel injection pressure on
the injection, combustion and performance characteristics of a DI diesel
engine fueled with canola oil methyl esters-diesel fuel blends, Biomass-
Bioenergy 46 (2012) 435–446.
[15] M.S. Shehata, A.M.A. Attia, S.M. Abdel Razek, Corn and soybean biodiesel
blends as alternative fuels for diesel engine at different injection pressures,
Fuel 161 (2015) 49–58.
[16] Erkan Ozturk, Performance, emissions, combustion and injection
characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with canola oil–hazelnut soapstock
biodiesel mixture, Fuel Process. Technol. 129 (2015) 183–191.
[17] S. Saravanan, G. Nagarajan, S. Sampath, Multi response optimization of NOx
emission of a stationary diesel engine, Fuel 89 (2010) 3235–3240.
[18] S.M. Ashrafur Rahman, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, A. Sanjid, M.J. Abedil,
Assessment of emission and performance of compression ignition engine with
varying injection timing, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 35 (2014) 221–230.
[19] Sayin Cenk, Ozsezen Ahmet Necait, Canakci Mustafa, The influence of
operating parameters on the performance and emissions of a DI-diesel
engine using methanol-blended-diesel fuel, Fuel 89 (2010) 1407–1414.
[20] Zh.u. Ruijin, Miao Haiyan, Wang Xibin, Huang Zuohua, Effects of fuel
constituents and injection timing on combustion and emission
characteristics of a compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel-DMM
blends, Proc. Combust. Inst. 34 (2013) 3013–3020.
[21] Parlak Adnan, Yasar Halit, Hasimoglu Can, Kolip Ahmet, The effects of injection
timing NOx emissions of a low heat rejection indirect diesel injection engine,
Appl. Therm. Eng. 25 (2005) 3042–3052.
[22] Sayin Cenk, Canakci Mustafa, Effects of injection timing on the engine
performance and exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel diesel engine, Energy
Convers Manag. 50 (1) (2009) 203–213.
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a
diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
5
[23] Sayin Cenk, Ilhan Murat, Canakci Mustafa, Gumus Metin, Effect of injection
timing on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using diesel–methanol
blends, Renew. Energy 34 (5) (2009) 1261–1269.
[24] N. Panneerselvam, A. Murugesan, C. Vijayakumar, A. Kumaravel, D.
Subramaniam, A. Avinash, Effects of injection timing on bio-diesel fuelled
engine characteristics - an overview, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 50 (2015)
17–31.
[25] Arun Wamankar, S. Murugan, Effect of injection timing on a DI diesel engine
fuelled with a synthetic fuel blend, J. Energy Inst. 88 (2014), https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.joei.2014.11.003.
[26] Ahmet Murcak, Can Hasimoğlu, Ismet Çevik, Hüseyin Kahraman, Effect of
injection timing to performance of a diesel engine fuelled with different
diesel– ethanol mixtures, Fuel 153 (2015) 569–577.
[27] A.K. Wamankar, S. Murugan, Effect of injection timing on a DI diesel engine
fuelled with a synthetic fuel blend, J. Energy Inst. 88 (4) (2015) 406–413.
[28] S. Jindal, B.P. Nandwana, N.S. Rathore, V. Vashistha, Experimental investigation
of the effect of compression ratio and injection pressure in a direct injection
diesel engine running on jatropha methyl ester, Appl. Therm. Eng. 30 (2010)
442–448.
[29] Kumar Niraj, Goel Varun, Chauhan Sant Ram, Evaluation of the effects of
engine parameters on performance and emissions of diesel engine operating
with biodiesel blend, Int. J. Ambient Energy 37 (2) (2014) 1–15.
[30] Sayin Cenk, Gumus Metin, Impact of compression ratio and injection
parameters on the performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled
with biodiesel-blended diesel fuel, Appl. Therm. Eng. 31 (16) (2011) 3182–
3188.
[31] S. Jindal, Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio and
injection pressure in a direct injection diesel engine running on Karanj methyl
ester, Int. J. Sustain Energy 30 (1) (2011) 91–105.
[32] H. Raheman, S.V. Ghadge, Performance of diesel engine with biodiesel at
varying compression ratio and ignition timing, Fuel 87 (12) (2008) 2659–
2666.
[33] Niraj Kumar, Varun & Sant Ram Chauhan 2014, ‘Evaluation of the effects of
engine parameters on performance and emissions of diesel engine operating
with biodiesel blend’, Int. J. Ambient Energy, 37(2), pp. 1–15, 2016.
[34] K. Sivaramakrishnan, Investigation on performance and emission
characteristics of a variable compression multi fuel engine fuelled with
Karanja biodiesel–diesel blend, Egypt J. Petrol (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ejpe.2017.03.001.
[35] Gnanasekaran Sakthivel, N. Saravanan, M. Ilangkumaran, Influence of injection
timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel
engine running on fish oil biodiesel, Energy 116 (2016) 1218–1229.
[36] Mahantesh M. Shivashimpi, S.A. Alur, S.N. Topannavar, B.M. Dodamani,
Combined effect of combustion chamber shapes and nozzle geometry on the
performance and emission characteristics of C.I. engine operated on Pongamia,
Energy 154 (2018) 17–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.097.
[37] S. Jaichandar, K. Annamalai, Effects of open combustion chamber geometries
on the performance of pongamia biodiesel in a DI diesel engine, Fuel 98 (2012)
272–279.
[38] S. Jaichandar, K. Annamalai, Combined impact of injection pressure and
combustion chamber geometry on the performance of a biodiesel fueled diesel
engine, Energy 55 (2013) 330–339.
[39] S. Jaichandar, P.S. Kumar, K. Annamalai, Combined effect of injection timing
and combustion chamber geometry on the performance of a biodiesel fueled
diesel engine, Energy 47 (1) (2012) 388–394.
[40] Chandrashekharapua Ramachandraiah Rajashekhar, Tumkur Krishnamurthy,
Chandrashekar, Chebbiyyan Umashankar, Rajagopal Harish Kumar, Studies on
effects of combustion chamber geometry and injection pressure on biodiesel
combustion, Trans. Canadian Soc. Mech. Eng. 36 (4) (2012) 429–438.
[41] Subhash Lahane, K.A. Subramanian, Impact of nozzle holes configuration on
fuel spray, wall impingement and NO x emission of a diesel engine for
biodiesel–diesel blend (B20), Appl. Therm. Eng. 64 (1) (2014) 307–314.
[42] Mahantesh M. Shivashimpi, S. A. Alur, S. N. Topannavar, B. M. Dodamani
(2017). Combined Effect of Cylindrical Combustion Chamber Shape and Nozzle
Geometry on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of C.I. Engine
Operated On Pongamia. Proceedings of the 1st International and 18th national
ISME Conference on Mechanical Engineering: Enabling Sustainable
Development, NIT Warangal, India February 23rd–25th, pp. 113–118.
[43] M.M. Shivashimpi, S.A. Alur, S.N. Topannavar, Effect of cylindrical combustion
chamber shape on the performance and emission characteristics of C.I. Engine
operated on pongamia, J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 12 (25) (2016).
[44] K. Subramanian, A. Ramesh, Use of diethyl ether along with water diesel
emulsion in a DI diesel engine, SAE Trans. (2002), 2002–01-2720.
[45] A.S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, C. Muraleedharan, Experimental investigations on
diethyl ether as fuel additive in biodiesel engine, Int. J. Global Energy 29 (3)
(2008) 329–336.
[46] Babu P.R., Rao K.P., Rao BA, Srivastava S, Beohar H, Gupta B., et al. The role of
oxygenated fuel additive (DEE) along with mahuva methyl ester to estimate
performance and emission analysis of DI-diesel engine.
[47] S. Sivalakshmi, T. Balusamy, Effect of biodiesel and its blends with diethyl
ether on the combustion, performance and emissions from a diesel engine,
Fuel 106 (2013) 106–110.
[48] D.H. Qi, H. Chen, L.M. Geng, Y.Z. Bian, Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol
additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel-diesel
blended fuel engine, Renew Energy 36 (2011) 1252–1258.
6 A. Dewangan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
[49] A.K. Yadav, Vinay, B. Singh, Optimization of biodiesel production from annona
squamosa seeds oil using response surface methodology and its
characterization, Energy Sources Part A 40 (9) (2018) 1051–1059.
[50] A.K. Yadav, M.E. Khan, A. Pal, Ultrasonic assisted production of biodiesel from
karabi oil using heterogeneous catalyst, Biofuels 9 (2018) 101–112.
[51] I. A. Khan, S. K. Singh, A. K. Yadav, D. Sharma, Enhancement in the performance
of a diesel engine fueled with pongamia methyl ester and n-butanol as
oxygenated additive, Int. J. of Ambient Energy, DOI:10.1080/01430750.2018.
1437559
[52] S. Imtenan, H.H. Masjuki, M. Varman, M.A. Kalam, M.I. Arbab, H. Sajjad, S.M.R.
Ashrafur, Impact of oxygenated additives to palm and jatropha biodiesel
blends in the context of performance and emissions characteristics of a light-
duty diesel engine, Energy Convers. Manag. 83 (2014) 149–158.
[53] A.K. Yadav, M.E. Khan, A. Pal, Biodiesel production from oleander (thevetia
peruviana) oil and its performance testing on a diesel engine, Korean J. Chem.
Eng. 34 (2) (2017) 340–345.
[54] Ashok Kumar Yadav, Osama Khan, Mohammad Emran Khan, Utilization of
high FFA landfill waste (leachates) as a feedstock for sustainable biodiesel
production: its characterization and engine performance evaluation, Environ.
Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (32) (2018) 32312–32320, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-
018-3199-0.
[55] Y. Zhu, Z. Chen, J. Liu, Emission, efficiency, and influence in a diesel n-butanol
dual-injection engine, Energy Convers. Manag. 87 (2014) 385–391.
[56] M. Lenin, M. Swaminathan, G. Kumaresan, Performance and emission
characteristics of a DI diesel engine with a nanofuel additive, Fuel 109
(2013) 362–365.
[57] Yadav, A.K., Khan T.A., Kumar S. Methyl ester of gmelina arborea oil as a
substitute to petroleum diesel: an experimental study on its performance and
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a
diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
emissions in a Diesel Engine Energy Sources, Part A. Doi.10.1080/
15567036.2019.1636164
[58] A.K. Yadav, M.E. Khan, A. Pal, Kaner biodiesel production through hybrid
reactor and its performance testing on a CI engine at different compression
ratios, Egypt. J. of Petroleum 26 (2017) 525–532.
[59] Renewables 2018, International Energy Agency-2018. IEA.
[60] A.K. Yadav, A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, Effect of n-butanol and diethyl ether on
performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with diesel-
pongamia biodiesel blend, J. Energy Eng. 144 (6) (2018) 04018062.
[61] A.K. Yadav, A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, Synthesis and stability study of biodiesel
from kachnar seed oil, J. Energy Eng. 144 (5) (2018) 04018053.
[62] A. Dewangan, A.K. Yadav, A. Mallick, Current scenario of biodiesel
development in India: prospects and challenges, Energy Sources Part A 40
(20) (2018) 2494–2501.
[63] V. Sajith, C. Sobhan, G. Peterson, Experimental investigations on the effects of
cerium oxide nanoparticle fuel additives on biodiesel, Adv. Mech. Eng. 2 (1–6)
(2010) 581407.
[64] J. Sadhik Basha, R.B. Anand, An experimental investigation in a diesel engine
using carbon nanotubes blended water–diesel emulsion fuel, J. Power Energy
225 (2010) 279–288.
[65] A. Prabhu, Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics
of a DI diesel engine, Ain. Shams Engg. J. 9 (4) (2017) 2343–2349.
[66] S. Kumar, P. Dinesha, M.A. Rosen, Effect of injection pressure on the
combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a biodiesel engine
with cerium oxide nanoparticle additive, Energy 185 (2019) 1163–1173.
[67] N. Sabet Sarvestany, A. Farzad, E. Ebrahimnia-Bajestan, M. Mir, Effects of
magnetic nanofluid fuel combustion on the performance and emission
characteristics, J. Dispersion Sci. Technol. 35 (12) (2014) 1745–1750.