Methodology

Commodity

Crop: Cabbage

Scientific name: Brassica oleracea

Local name: Repolyo

Locality: Benguet, Cordillera Administrative Region

Layout

 Facility Dimensions:
o Length: 45meters
o Width: 20 meters
o Height: 7 meters
 Pallet Dimensions
o Length: 0.6096 m(2 ft )
o Width: 0.3048 m(1 ft )
o Height: 0.36576 m(1.2 ft )
 Stacking arrangement
o 10 stacks
o 21 columns
o 20 rows
o Pathway / dist between stacks= 1.5 m

Capacity

Total production for 2016: 81,778.02 metric tons/year (81,778,020 kg/year)

Total area planted: 4097 hectares

totalproduction ( areaofplantation ) ( 0.70 )

Equation (1) Yield =
totalareaplanted (3 )

Design consideration

For economic purposes, the total area of plantation of cabbage is assumed to be less than
70 hectares. Total yield of cabbage for storage is assumed to have a 30% loss brought by
processes prior to storage such as trimming and washing. Harvesting season can be done
quarterly depending on the condition and variety of cabbage considered.
DESIGN PROCESS

Assumptions:

 Cabbage size: 1.5 kg

 Cabbage diameter: 15.24 cm (6 inches)

volume of pallet , m 3
Number of cabbage each pallet can hold=
volume of cabbage , m 3

total number of cabbage

Number of pallets=
number of cabb age per pallet

CALCULATION OF TYPES OF LOADS

A. Product Load
Table 1. Properties of cabbage used in the computation of product load

Property Value Unit

moisture content 92.15 %
initial freezing point -0.9 °C
specific heat above 4.02 kJ/kg-K
freezing
specific heat below 1.85 kJ/kg-K
freezing
latent heat of fusion 308 kJ/kg
heat of respiration 0.016 W/g
thermal conductivity 0.5268 W/m-K
initial temperature 22 °C
required cooling 0 °C
temperature
total mass 228, 475.6833 kg

Sensible heat equation

q sens =m C p (T 1−T 2)

where
q sens = sensible heat, KJ
m = mass of product, kg
Cp = specific heat of product above freezing point, KJ/kg-K
T1 = initial temperature of product, K
T2 = required cooling temperature of product, K
 Heat of respiration equation
q resp=mR

where
q resp= heat of respiration, KJ
m = mass of product, W/g

The total product load was then computed using equation (11)

Total product load equation

q ∏ ¿=¿ ¿ q sens+ q resp

where
q ∏ ¿¿= total product load, kJ

B. Air infiltration load

In the computation of the air infiltration load, some properties are assumed, as
summarized in Table 5.

Table 2. Properties used in the computation of air infiltration load

Property Value Unit

doorway flow factor 0.8
effectiveness of doorway protective 0.95
device

number of doorway passages 6

door open-close time 15 seconds per passage

time door simply stands open 30 minutes

daily time period 8 hours

infiltration air enthalpy 57.21 KJ/kg-K
specific 0.8358 m3/kg
volume
humidity 0.0138 kg-v/kg-da
ratio

refrigerated air enthalpy 9.283 KJ/kg-K

specific 0.7777 m3/kg
volume
 humidity 0.003699 kg-v/kg-da
ratio
Forklift truck dimensions:
Width: 1.3 m
Height: 1.5m

Door dimensions:
Height: 2.1 m
Length: 2m
Total area: 4.2 m2

The doorway open-time factor, Dt equation

Sensible and latent heat refrigeration load equation

 The density of infiltration air, ρi and refrigerated air, ρr was computed using the formula
ω+1
ρ=
ν
where
ρ = density of refrigerated air/infiltration air, kg/m3
ω = humidity ratio of refrigerated air/infiltration air, kg-v/kg-da
ν = specific volume of refrigerated air/infiltration air, m3/kg

The density factor, Fm was computed using the equation,

The infiltration load was then computed using the formula,

q infil = q Dt Df (1-E)

where
q infil = infiltration load, kW
Dt = doorway open-time factor
Df = doorway flow factor
E = effectiveness of doorway protective device
 C. Transmission load

In the computation of transmission load properties are assumed in the table below:

Table 3. Properties used in the computation of transmission load.

Convective heat Thermal Thickness, mm

transfer conductivity (
coefficient ( W
)
W m−K
2 )
m −K
walls concrete 1.5 170
and styrofoam 0.026 100
floor HD300
door aluminum 205 0.8
polyeurethane 0.03 0.1016
foam
ceiling Plywood 0.13 6
Styrofoam 0.026 100
HD300
Ambient temperature 10
= 22°C
Inside temperature = 15
0°C
Source

Heat transfer coefficient equation

1
U=
1 x 1
+ +
hi k h f
where
U = overall heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2-K)
x = wall thickness, m
k = thermal conductivity of wall material, W/ (m-K)
hi = inside surface conductance, W/ (m2-K)
h f = outside surface conductance, W/ (m2-K)

The total transmission load is then computed using the equation,

qtrans= UA∆ T
 where
qtrans = transmission load, W
A= outside area of section, m2
∆ T = difference between outside air temperature and air
temperature of the refrigerated space, K

D. Internal Load

Heat load contributed by personnel

Assumptions:

 4 personnel

qperson = (272-6T) (N)

where
qperson = heat load contributed by personnel, kJ/hr
T = temperature of the refrigerated space, °C
N = number of working personnel

Heat load contributed by pallets

Assumptions:
 Density: 0.95g/m3
 Specific heat: 1.8 kJ/kg-K
 Mass: 2.85 kg
qpallet = (mCp∆T) (N)

where
qpallet = heat load contributed by pallets, kJ
m = mass of each crate, kg
∆T = difference between outside air temperature and air
temperature of the refrigerated space, K
N = total number of pallets used

heat load contributed by the lighting

Assumptions:

 17 Lighting fixtures
 1 light for every 56m2 and each generate 8 watts per m2
 qlights = (heatgen) (A)(N)
where
qlights = heat load contributed by lighting, kJ/hr
heatgen = heat generated by each lighting fixture, W/m2
N = total number of lighting fixtures
heat load contributed by the fans were computed as
Assumptions:

 8 evaporative fans
 993 Watts/fan

qfans = (heatgen) (N)

where
qfans = heat load contributed by the fans, KW
heatgen = heat generated by each fan
N = total number of fans
Total internal load equation:
Assumptions:
 Heat generated by truck is 20 439.05 Watts

qinternal = qfans+ qtruck + qlights + qpallet + qpeople

E. Equipment load
The equipment load was computed using the formula,

q equip = 0.05 ((q ∏ ¿+q infil

+qtrans+q
∫¿ ¿
¿ )

where
q equip = equipment load, kJ
q ∏ ¿¿ = product load, kJ
q infil= infiltration load, kJ
q trans = transmission load, kJ
q∫ ¿¿ = internal load, kJ

With a safety factor the total refrigeration cooling load was then computed as
q total =q ∏ ¿+q +qtrans+q ¿
infil ∫¿+ qequip + SF ¿

where
q total = total refrigeration cooling load, kJ
q ∏ ¿¿ = product load, kJ
q infil= infiltration load, kJ
q trans = transmission load, kJ
q∫ ¿¿ = internal load, kJ
q equip = equipment load, kJ
SF = safety factor = 0.10