Atlas v6

1. Atlas Editor Help

Atlas Generator Screen
File Menu
Edit Menu
Delete Menu
Poles Menu
Cables Menu
Lights Menu
3D View Menu
I/O Menu
Wind Menu
Options Menu
Design Status Menu
Run Menu

1.1 Atlas Generator Screen

Atlas Generator is the first form that is displayed on the screen when the program is started. (Click on Win-
dows Start Menu and under Programs, select ‘Atlas to start the application). Figure: 1.1.a shows, this
screen contains a menu bar and a toolbar. Menu bar contains 13 items that helps in generating the model, run-
ning the analysis / design and viewing the output. The toolbar contains some shortcut keys for file operations
and tools for viewing the model.

Figure: 1.1.a Atlas Generator Screen

1.2 File Menu

The File Menu Figure: 1.2.a has New, Open, Save, Print and Exit commands. New command has a sub
menu showing the three types of model that can be generated.

Figure: 1.2.a File Menu

Through the New command, a new One Point, Two Point or Suspended Box model can be generated.
Upon clicking on one of these three options, a rectangular grid is displayed on which the components of the
model can be placed. The rectangular grid shows the plan view of the model that will be created.

The Open command opens an existing project (*.in) to make a change or re-analyze. The Windows Open file
dialog will show up for the user to select an existing project. The opened project is displayed on the rec-
tangular grid in plan view.

The Save command saves the information about the current project into an input file. On clicking the Save
command, the program will show a dialog, which allows the user to input the title description of the project.
After giving a title to the project, the Windows Save file dialog will show up for the user to specify the name
and path of the input file. The current project needs to be saved before the user opts to run the Analysis /
Design.

The Save As command will allow the current project to be saved in some other name. It works similar to the
Save command.

The Print command prints the contents of the picture box showing the plan view of the model. It will also print
the model in 3D view for deformed and undeformed plot. The printing will take place at the default printer con-
nected to the machine.

The Exit command will close the application prompting the user to save the file, if any changes have been
made.
1.3 Edit Menu

The Edit Menu Figure: 1.3.a as Model, Lights, Cables and Poles commands. Each one will allow the user
to edit the respective property.

Figure: 1.3.a Edit Menu

Edit Model command allows the user to switch between One Point model and Two Point model. This com-
mand is disabled in case of Suspended Box model.

Edit Lights command allows the user to change the property of a light by selecting from the defined light prop-
erties. Once the user clicks on a light that needs to be edited, Edit Light Property dialog is shown and available
light properties set by the user is listed in a combo box Figure: 1.3.b . The user can select his choice of Light
Property and "Return". The user can repeat this to edit more lights and then go back to the main menu by click-
ing on the "Blue" arrow on the toolbar.
 Figure: 1.3.b Edit Light Properties

Edit Cables command has two sub menus: Mes – Type & Cat – Type. Mes – Type allows to edit the property
of Messenger Cable and Cat – Type for the Catenary Cable. In each case, once the user clicks on the cable
that needs to be edited, Edit Messenger / Catenary Property dialog appears and the user can select his choice
of Cable Property from the list. The Edit Cable Property dialog is similar to the Edit Lights dialog.

(Note: In plan view, only one cable appears between two poles, whereas in actual there are two of them, Cat-
enary cable and Messenger Cable).

Edit Poles command allows to edit the property of a Pole. It works similar to Edit Lights command. It is also
possible to change the ‘Z’ coordinate of the pole to enable the poles to have different ground elevation.
1.4 Delete Menu

The Delete Menu Figure: 1.4.a allows you to either delete a particular item of the model or delete the entire
model.

Figure: 1.4.aDelete Menu

If the user tries to delete a cable with lights on it, the lights are also deleted along with the cable. Similarly, if a
pole is to be deleted, it will delete all the connected cables along with the lights on it. The user is prompted of
this in the form of a message and the user has the option of not showing this message box again in future.

In case of Suspended Box model, deleting a Cable will cause the model to be unstable and the option is given
to delete all the cables.

Upon clicking on Lights command, any light can be clicked and deleted. The user can go back to the main
menu by clicking on the "Blue" arrow on the toolbar. The Cables and Poles operate in a similar fashion.
1.5 Poles Menu

The Poles menu Figure: 1.5.a allows the user to add and modify the Pole Properties to the project database.
Once the property of pole is set, the user can place the poles on the rectangular grid.
 Figure: 1.5.a Poles Menu

The property command will always have a default pole property. User Defined Pole Property and Modify
the current Pole Property sub menus allow the user to add and modify the user defined pole properties in the
project. Any added pole property is shown on the sub menu along with the default poles. The user has to
select on the property before placing the pole on the rectangular grid.

Upon clicking on the User Defined Pole Property sub menu, Add Pole Property dialog Figure: 1.5.b is
shown, in which the user can specify the pole type and enter the Compressive strength of concrete (f’c in psi)
for the pole property to be included in the project.

Figure: 1.5.b Add Pole Property

The Modify sub menu is similar to Add sub menu, except that when the Modify Pole Property dialog is shown,
the pole type and the concrete strength have the values of the selected pole property. To modify, the user
need to click on a Property from the sub menu and then click on Modify.

The Place command makes the rectangular grid active and a message dialog is shown stating the two ways a
pole can be placed. The user has the option of not showing this message box again in future. The toolbar has a
button to remove the last placed pole during that session. The status bar shows the current coordinates in
feet, as the mouse moves over the rectangular grid. The Snap to Grid check box makes the poles to be
snapped to the nearest grid location. The dropdown list box in the status bar shows the current pole property
selected. The user has an option to change the pole property while placing the pole.

In case of suspended box model, four poles are required to create a model.
1.6 Cables Menu
The Cables menu1.6 Figure: 1.6.a allows the user to add and modify the Catenary & Messenger Cable prop-
erties to the project database. Once the properties of cables are set, the user can place the cable on the rec-
tangular grid.

Figure: 1.6.a Cables Menu

The User Defined and Modify Figure: 1.6.b in the Mes – Type & Cat – Type sub menu is similar to the one in
Pole Properties, wherein the user can specify the diameter and enter the Modulus of Elasticity (E in psi) for the
cable property to be included in the project.

Figure: 1.6.b User Defined Menu

The Place command makes the grid active and the cable can be placed by clicking on two poles. The drop-
down list boxes in the status bar shows the current messenger and catenary cable property selected. The
user has an option to change them while placing the cables.

In case of Suspended box model, the Place command shows Suspended Box Data dialog Figure: 1.6.c .
Once the user enters the data and "Return", the cables are placed on the grid. The suspended box is centered
between the four poles.
 Figure: 1.6.c Suspended Box Data
1.7 Lights Menu

The Lights Menu Figure: 1.7.a a allows the user to add and modify the Light Properties to the project data-
base. Once the property of pole is set, the user can place the lights on the cables. A default Signal Light prop-
erty is set initially.

Figure: 1.7.a Lights Menu

The Add - Modify Menu sub menu works in a similar way as in Poles and Cables menu. The Add sub menu
shows Add Light Property Figure: 1.7.b dialog, wherein the user can specify the data for the property to add.
First, the Light type should be set.
Figure: 1.7.b Add a Light
 Figure: 1.7.c Add Signal

In case of Traffic Sign, only the Hanger type and the Auxiliary Sign type need to be specified. When the user
selects the Aux. Sign type, a dialog is shown asking for the weight per sq.ft. and ‘X" or ‘Y" direction the sign
faces. If "Other" type of Aux. Sign is chosen, in addition to the direction and weight, the user need to specify
the sign surface area and the eccentricity of the sign (distance from the center of the sign to the messenger
cable). On "Return", the Light property is added to the sub menu along with the default property.

The Modify sub menu is similar to the Add sub menu. It allows the user to switch between the Light types.
Figure: 1.7.d Modifiy Light
 Figure: 1.7.e Modifiy Signal

The Place command on the Lights menu allows the user to place lights with the current selected property onto
the cable. As in poles, the light can be placed in two ways. The user can remove the last placed light by using
the toolbar button. The dropdown list box in the status bar shows the current light property selected. The user
has an option to change the light property while placing the light.

Once, the Poles, Cables and Lights are placed, the rectangular grid looks like shown in Figure: 1.7.f . The
model is shown in the plan view.
 Figure: 1.7.f Rectangular Grid
1.8 3D View Menu

As the name suggests, the 3D View Menu Figure: 1.8.a displays the model in a three dimension. There are
two commands: Undeformed plot showing the model created before running the analysis and Deformed plot,
showing the actual model and the deformed plot in conjunction after running the analysis. Figure: 1.8.a
shows the Undeformed plot of the model shown in Figure: 1.7.f . Different angles can be viewed using the
View Options displayed in the tool bar above the model.
 Figure: 1.8.a 3D View Menu - Undeformed Plot

The check boxes in the status bar gives the user the option to view the plot with or without the Node markers,
Node numbers and Element numbers. The toolbar buttons allow the user to view the plot in different planes.
The plot can be maneuvered with the mouse as follows:

Left click and drag:  to rotate the Plot

Horizontal drag rotates @ screen Y axis.

Vertical drag rotates @ screen X axis.

Shift + Left click and drag: to Zoom in and Zoom out of the plot.

Ctrl + Left click and drag: to Zoom with a window.

Double Left Click:  to get back to the Default view. 

Right click on the screen will display the available mouse events.  
Deformed plot command will display the model in the displaced shape along with the actual shape Figure:
1.8.b . The user can toggle between the undeformed plot and the deformed plot with toolbar buttons. The defor-
mation scaling factor can be changed by entering a new value in the text box provided in the status bar. All the
mouse options and the toolbar button operations explained in undeformed plot are also valid for the deformed
plot.

Figure: 1.8.b 3D View Menu - Deformed Plot

1.9 I/O File Menu

The I/O File menu Figure: 1.9.a has two commands: View Input file & View Output file. Both of these oper-
ates in a similar fashion by showing a new screen with contents of the current input / output file.

Figure: 1.9.a I/O Menu

The View Input File command shows the activates Notepad Figure: 1.9.b showing the current input file in
text format. The user can scroll down to see the full contents. The user can print the contents of the input file
to the default printer connected to the machine.

Figure: 1.9.b View Input File

View Output File in a similar way, activates Notepad showing the current output file in text format. The out-
put file can be viewed only after running the analysis during the current session.

View Results Viewer Figure: 1.9.c activates the Results Viewer. The Results Viewer can be viewed only
after running the analysis during the current session.
 Figure: 1.9.c Results Viewer
1.10 Wind Menu

Wind Menu Figure: 1.10.a allows the user to define the wind load acting on the structure. To model the wind
load, the wind speed, the angle and the recurrence is required.

Figure: 1.10.a Wind Menu

Shown below is the Define Wind (Angle, Velocity and Recurrence) dialog Figure: 1.10.b . The user needs
to specify the angle of wind direction to the positive X – axis and the wind velocity in miles per hour.
 Figure: 1.10.b Define Wind Angle

Figure: 1.10.c Pick County Drop Down

The user can also select the wind velocity from the County Drop Down.

1.11 Options Menu

The Options menu activates the Change Default Options & Grid Dimensions dialog Figure: 1.11.a .

Figure: 1.11.a Options Menu

The Default Options are used to change dimensions of the structure. The Clearance parameter represents
the distance from the ground to the lowest point of the lights. The difference between cables is the smallest
distance between the Catenary and Messenger cable. The percentage of sag is used in calculating the height
of Catenary cable and can be modified as well.

The Grid Dimensions allows the user to change the maximum grid dimension as well as the grid subdivision.
These values are not stored when the file is saved and hence they remain only for the current session. By
default, the maximum grid dimension is 200 ft. and grid subdivision is of 10 ft.
1.12 Design Status Menu

Design Status Menu Figure: 1.12.a allows the user to specify the execution state for ATLAS as well as the
soil properties when these are needed.

Figure: 1.12.a Design Status Menu

Analyze command is chosen when it is required to analyze an existing model. This option does not require
any soil properties. By default, Analyze is the execution state for ATLAS.

Check command is chosen when there is a need to check an existing model or design. In such cases ATLAS
analyzes the model and then checks for the adequacy of the elements as well as the foundation. Therefore,
the soil properties are required. Check command activates the Design Soil Parameters dialog Figure: 1.12.b .
 Figure: 1.12.b Design Soil Parameters

The type of soil has to be chosen first which can be Cohesive or Non-Cohesive and based on that the rest of
the properties. For Cohesive soil, the coefficient of cohesion (Cu in psf) is required. For Non-Cohesive soil,
the saturated unit weight of soil (g in pcf) and the friction angle (phi) are required. The value of resistance factor
should also be entered, which has a default value of 0.6.

Design command is chosen when there is a need for a complete analysis and design of a particular model. In
such cases ATLAS analyzes the model, then checks for the adequacy of the elements and if needed, it
changes the element material properties and revises the analysis. Running in design mode, ATLAS also tries
to find the smallest sizes of poles and cables that successfully pass the design specifications. As in the
Check option the soil properties of the foundation is required and therefore the Design command will activate
the Design Soil Parameters dialog Figure: 1.12.b .
1.13 Run Menu

Run command activates the ATLAS program to execute the analysis / design of the model in session depend-
ing on the design status chosen. When the execution of the program is in progress, the status bar shows the
current stage of analysis. The number of iterations required in each cycle to get to the wind solution is also dis-
played in the status bar. Once the analysis is complete the deformed shape of the model can be viewed from
3D View menu and the output can be viewed from I / O File menu. If in any case, the analysis could not be
completed, the program will display a message and the incomplete output can still be viewed.
2. Atlas Manual
Disclaimer
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Design
Examples
References
2.1 Disclaimer

The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not nec-
essarily those of the Florida Department of Transportation.

The University of Florida, the Florida Department of Transportation, Dr. Marc Hoit and Dr. Ronald Cook dis-
claim any warranty, expressed or implied, including but not limited to, any implied warranty of fitness for a par-
ticular purpose or accuracy of the ATLAS software. The developers shall not be liable for any damages
incurred through the use of ATLAS.

Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida Department of Transportation.

2.2 Introduction - ATLAS Manual

The design in ATLAS is based on allowable stress design. The expected dead and wind loads are compared
to the allowable force or moment permissible in each element of the traffic signal cable system. For strain pole
design ATLAS compares the moments shown in Tables 1 and 2, FDOT Standard Index 17725 to the com-
puted moments at the pole bases and selects the minimum pole size. Note that the computed moment from
the cable tensions will be different than the computed moment from the analysis. This is because the moment
calculation is based on the vector sum of the cable tensions to create the maximum possible moment. The
analysis calculates the moments in both the X and Y directions due to multiple cable directions. The wind load
estimation done in ATLAS is based on AASHTO regulations for highway signs, luminaries and traffic signals.
The dead load is compatible to data from manufacturers of traffic signals, and ASTM standards. For cable
design Atlas checks both load cases: DL only and 1.3(DL + WL). Atlas compares cable DL forces to cable
GUTS/2.5 and for the factored load case it divides the factored case by 1.3 and then compares these forces to
cable GUTS/2.5. Though the ATLAS program permits the selection of the hanger type for the light connection,
it is important to note that this version of ATLAS does not perform a design of the hanger. The designs per-
formed by ATLAS are; cable design, pole design and the foundation design. These designs are further
explained in subsequent sections.
2.3 Definition of Terms

PRIMARY - This indicates the primary (or upper) cable, also referred to as the catenary cable.

SECONDARY - This indicates the secondary (or lower) cable, also referred to as the messenger cable.

BEAMS - This refers to the support poles at each end of the span.

CONNECTOR - This refers to the segment between the primary cable and the messenger cable.

LIGHT - This refers to the signal light.

LIGHT CENTER OF GRAVITY - This refers to the center of gravity of the signal light.

CLEARANCE - Is the distance from the ground line to bottom of sign or light.

INITIAL SAG - This is the sag in the cable due only to self weight and tension. Sag due to signal lights is
not included. This is used as a starting position for the solution procedure.

WIND - This refers to wind loads acting on the signal light, accessories, cables, and poles.

LOADS - This refers to the dead weight loads acting on the signal light and is used in combination with the
wind loads.

SIGNS - This load is for the dead load only applied to the primary cable. The load is identical to the LOADS
only applied to the primary cable.

Figure: 2.3.a illustrates the dead load solution. Figure: 2.3.b illustrates the dead and wind load solution. Fig-
ure: 2.3.c .3 illustrates the modeling of signal light.

Figure: 2.3.a Dead Load solution

 Figure: 2.3.b Dead and Wind Load solution

Figure: 2.3.c Signal Light Modeling

2.4 Design Introduction
The current version of ATLAS provides an automated design capability in addition to its function of performing
a static nonlinear analysis for wind forces. The design option takes the user supplied starting design and tries
different combinations of pole sizes and cable sizes to try to find the smallest of both that successfully
passes the design specifications. Most engineering design requires judgment based on generally accepted
and proven criteria. This judgment requires a human aspect that cannot be replaced by a program. The rec-
ommended sections given as output in ATLAS are therefore, still subject to engineering judgment of the user.
The criteria and assumptions used in ATLAS are given in Appendix E.

The design in ATLAS is based on allowable stress design. The expected dead and wind loads are compared
to the allowable force or moment permissible in each element of the traffic signal cable system. For strain pole
design ATLAS compares the moments shown in Tables 1 and 2 of FDOT Standard Index 17725 to the com-
puted moments at the pole bases and selects the minimum pole size. Note that the computed moment from
the cable tensions will be different than the computed moment from the analysis. This is because the moment
calculation is based on the vector sum of the cable tensions to create the maximum possible moment. The
analysis calculates the moments in both the X and Y directions due to multiple cable directions. The wind load
estimation done in ATLAS is based on AASHTO regulations for highway signs, luminaries and traffic signals.
The dead load is compatible to data from manufacturers of traffic signals, and ASTM standards. For cable
design Atlas checks both load cases: DL only and 1.3(DL + WL). Atlas compares cable DL forces to cable
GUTS/2.5 and for the factored load case it divides the factored case by 1.3 and then compares these forces to
cable GUTS/2.5. Though the ATLAS program permits the selection of the hanger type for the light connection,
it is important to note that this version of ATLAS does not perform a design of the hanger. The designs per-
formed by ATLAS are; cable design, pole design and the foundation design. These designs are further
explained in subsequent sections.

Design Option
Cable Design
Strain Pole Design
Non-Standard Pole Design
Foundation Design
Design Loads
Wind Loads
Design Example
2.4.1 Design Option

The design procedure that is adopted in this report is provided in the Florida Department of Transportation
Design Standard for Cable Supported Traffic Control Devices Report, which from now on is referred to as ref-
erence [1]. The pole selection is made to comply with 2008 FDOT standard index 17725 The ATLAS program
provides three design options.

Option 1 - Optimal design procedure

Option 2 - Design section check procedure
Option 3 - Analysis only

Option 1 performs an iterative design to give the near optimal design sections that are adequate to support the
expected loads. Option 2 performs a design check for adequacy of the chosen members of the sections given
in the input file, and Option 3 performs only the analysis of the system. The ATLAS program relies on pre-spec-
ified sections, given in reference[1] as the available design sections. Attempt to select sections outside this
list will result in an error statement being printed and an exit from the program. In the event that sections other
than those listed are to be analyzed, the analyze only Option 3 should be selected.

Note that additional concrete poles can be added to the design database. Allowable stress
design has been assumed for the design of the different components of the traffic signal system.

Cable Design
Strain Pole Design
Foundation Design
Design Loads
Design Example
2.4.2 Cable Design

Cable sections and properties assumed available in the ATLAS design program are as follows:

Cable type Diameter Nominal Weight Minimum Reqd Tensile strength

ASTM A-475 specification Area (kips)
(in) (in2) (kips/in)

Siemens-Martin Grade. Class A 1/4 0.034 0.00001 3.15

Utility Grade. 3/8 0.079 0.0000225 11.5
Class A
Utility Grade 7/16 0.116 0.0000333 18.0
Class A
Utility Grade 1/2 0.15 0.0000433 25.0
Class A

Table: 2.4.aAvailable Cable Sizes

The cable data is fixed into the program. Only the cable diameters shown in Table: 2.4.a are available.
2.4.3 Strain Pole Design

The pole sections assumed available are pole types PIV, PV, PVI, PVII and PVIII as specified in FDOT Stand-
ard Index 17725. These poles are coded into both ATLAS and the preprocessor. The strain poles are analyzed
by breaking the pole into two sections along the height. The properties of the poles printed in the output are
computed at effective heights to represent a prismatic beam stiffness approximately equivalent to the tapered
beam stiffness of the poles. The effective beam heights and pole heights are obtained as shown below in Fig-
ure: 2.4.a .
 Figure: 2.4.a Equivalent Pole Configuration

The cross section at any depth x of the tapered beam is a taken to be a square. The x for equivalent prismatic
e
beam area, x , is computed as follows:
ea
The x for equivalent prismatic beam moment of inertia, x , is computed as follows:
e ei

where:
x  = Computed in ft
ea
x = Computed in ft
ei
α= 0.16"/ft
L = Total length of pole (ft)

The pole equivalent properties are computed from the following equations:

where:
tt = Pole thickness at the top (in)
r = Radius of the conduit hole at the top (in)
A = Effective cross sectional area (in2)
e
I  = Effective moment of inertia (in4)
e
J  = Effective torsional moment of inertia (in4)
e

Note that the equivalent axial stiffness is calculated at a different height compared to the bending stiffness.
The required pole height given as output from a design or check analysis in ATLAS is the total height of the
pole above the ground, rounded to the nearest foot increment, plus the minimum embedment required. The
total is then rounded to the nearest even foot increment (2 ft increment)[2]. The minimum pole height per-
missible in ATLAS is 20 ft. This is because of the 17 ft - 19 ft clearance requirement between traffic signal light
and finished road surface[1]. Minimum pole capacities for the different poles are obtained from the following
equations, which represent Table: 2.4.b and Table: 2.4.c in the FDOT Standard Index 17725 (Service and
Ultimate moments).

For pole type PIV: M = -10.359 + 1.72D – 0.008D2

For pole type PV: M = 44.777 + 2.224D – 0.009D2
For pole type PVI: M = 68.373+2.859D –0.0011D2
For pole type PVII: M = 104.880 + 3.241D –0.0011D2
For pole type PVIII: M = 138.928 + 3.511D –0.0013D2

Table: 2.4.b

For pole type PIV: M = -5.941+ 2.454D

For pole type PV: M = 70.529 + 3.371D
For pole type PVI: M = 110.978 + 4.335D
For pole type PVII: M = 168.845 + 5.204D
For pole type PVIII: M = 229.618+ 5.807D

Table: 2.4.c

Note that M in the preceding equations is in kip-ft and the pole height to the base D, at ground line is in feet.

The above pole types are precast, prestressed concrete poles with compressive strength of concrete (f'c) at
release of about 3400 psi and 6000 psi at 28 days.

During the design and check type of analysis, the poles are checked for capacity using the above moment
equations. The appropriate pole is selected by comparing maximum moment at the ground surface level to the
maximum section capacity at the base. The required pole stiffness is computed from the Ae, Ie, Je equations
above and compared to that assumed.

2.4.4 Non-Standard Poles

Analysis with non-standard concrete poles or steel poles.

If non-standard concrete poles or steel poles are to be used the Engineer may conduct an analysis only
(Design Status - select: Analysis).

Select: Poles – Property – User defined property – Add pole property. From the drop down menu select one of
the standard concrete pole types and type in the appropriate concrete strength so that the EI of the user
defined pole will be equal to the EI of the non-standard concrete or steel pole. The program computes the E
(elastic modulus) from the supplied concrete strength as

Once you run the analysis you must check the pole base moments and drilled shaft design against appropriate
FDOT standards.

It is advisable to experiment with a simple file first in order to develop a confidence level before proceeding
with a complex problem.
2.4.5 Foundation Design

The ATLAS program classifies all soils as either cohesive or cohesionless soils. The minimum embedment
length required is computed for each pole according to Brom's method. For cohesive soils, two forms of
Brom's method are provided in ATLAS, the modified Brom's and the standard Brom's method. The differences
in the two methods can be seen in the assumed soil resistance profile shown in Figure: 2.4.c and Figure:
2.4.e .

Cohesive soils

Case 1, when the depth of embedment required is less than or equal to 3 times the thickness of the foun-
dation (d).

Figure: 2.4.b
Figure: 2.4.c Modified Brom’s Method For Case 1 (L≤3d)

Note that the soil resistance profile is assumed to vary from 1cd at the top of the foundation to 9cd at depth
3d, where d is the thickness of the foundation. This thickness, d, is set to 3.5ft for all embedment (Section
4.3.1, Appendix A). b1,b2, b3 are computed as follows:
Eqn: 2.4.a

At a distance of x1 below the ground surface the shear force at the base of the pole will be balanced by the lat-
era l soil reaction.

Eqn: 2.4.b

The maximum moment generated at the base of the pole is balanced by inducing a couple by increasing the
length of embedment (x2 + x3 ). x2 and x3 is obtained from the following two equations by iteration.

Eqn: 2.4.c

Eqn: 2.4.d

where:
V  = Shear force at the base of the pole
b
M  = Moment at the base of the pole
b
c = Soil cohesion

The embedment depth (L) is calculated by.

L=x +x +x
1 2 3
To perform the iteration in ATLAS, the Newton-Raphson method for nonlinear systems of equation was
adopted.

Case 2, when the depth of embedment is greater than 3d.

Standard Brom's method, yields a more conservative depth of embedment and is not used for length of embed-
ment less than 3d. For length of embedment greater than 3d, Standard Brom's method is used to compute the
embedment length.
 Figure: 2.4.d S
Figure: 2.4.e Standard Brom’s Method for Case 2 ( L > 3d)

The depth of embedment is calculated from;

Eqn: 2.4.e

Cohesionless soils

Brom's method for cohesionless soils is as provided in reference[1]. The depth of embedment is calculated
from:

Eqn: 2.4.f

where:

γ = Unit weight of soil (pcf)

φ  = Internal angle of friction in degrees
d
The recommended embedment length given in the output of ATLAS is the largest embedment length required
from pole foundation designs. This conforms with actual construction practice of one uniform embedment
length for each Traffic signal construction site.
In order to design the foundation, additional input is required. The input required for foundation design is as fol-
lows:

Cohesive soils:  Recognized as soil type 1, needs the soil cohesion, Cu, in psf, as input.

Cohesionless soils: Recognized as soil type 2, needs the unit weight of soil, γ, in pcf, and internal angle of fric-
tion,φ d, in degrees, as input.

Both soil types require input of a Phi factor appropriate for the soil. The load factored moment is divided by this
user input Phi factor and this value is then used in the Broms strength solution to determine embedment
length.

The output from foundation analysis gives the computed embedment length required and the minimums rec-
ommended from standard specifications [2]. These minimums are as follows:

1. Minimum permissible embedment length of 7 ft for types PIV and PV poles

2. Minimum permissible embedment length of 8 ft for type PVI poles
3. Minimum permissible embedment length of 9 ft for type PVII poles

2.4.6 Design loads

ATLAS performs two analyses, the dead load analysis and the dead plus wind load analysis factored by a load
facor of 1.3. The dead load on the system is computed from the dead weight of the cables, traffic signal heads
and/or the traffic signs. The weights of the various components of the traffic signal system depend on the
material from which they are constructed. Different weights that make up the traffic signal system are given in
Table: 3.2.b of Appendix A.

The wind loads on the structure are based on the wind speed and are internally generated in ATLAS. More
detailed discussion about the wind loading is provided earlier in this report in the ATLAS - Changes and
Enhancements section. (See Wind Loads)
2.4.7 Wind Loads

The following describes how ATLAS calculates the wind loads on the structure. In the first release of the pro-
gram, the user was required to calculate the applied loads on the traffic signals or signs and include them put
them the INPUT file. This user-supplied load was kept constant during the analysis. The current version of
ATLAS handles the wind loading in a more realistic manner. It allows the user to specify the wind speed as
well as selecting the lights (the areas and weights of which are embedded in the software). In doing so the pro-
gram calculates the applied loads on the corresponding nodal points internally, based on the specified element
areas of the LIGHT elements in each plane. The loads are calculated in each cycle of the nonlinear process
beginning with DL only and then applying the load factored combination of 1.3 DL and 1.3WL. Therefore, the
applied loads in each cycle change with the rotation angle of the light. Thus the loads are more realistic since
they change with the swinging of the light. The angle change of the light also causes an uplift load at the cable
nodal points. Figure: 2.4.f shows how the uniform wind pressure is applied to the light. The pressure is
obtained from the equation below.

P = 0.00256 * kz * gust * Ir * CD * (V) ^ 2

 where:
V = Wind velocity (mph)
kz = (2.01 * (clearance from the ground in ft. / 900 ft.) ^ (2 / Alpha))
where Alpha = 9.5 (constant)
gust = Gust correction factor = 1.14 (constant)
Ir = Importance factor (Table 3-2 on Page 3-12 of AASHTO Spec. 2006)
CD= Drag coefficient (Table 3-6 on Page 3-16 of AASHTO Spec. 2006)

Figure: 2.4.f Applied Wind Pressure and Resulting Forces on Light Elements

When the pressure is obtained, the total applied load is calculated using the following formulas.

 W H = CD p A
 W L= CL p A

where:
p = Pressure orthogonal to the surface; see Figure: 2.4.f (psf)
W H = Load in the horizontal direction (lb)
W L = Load due to Uplift (lb)
CD = Drag coefficient for horizontal loads
CL = Coefficient of Uplift
A = Surface area (ft2)

The two coefficients, CD and CL, are calculated internally by the program. The values are calculated based
on quadratic equations, which are functions of the rotation angle. The equations represent best fit lines for the
data presented in "Wind Forces on Structures". The graphs inFig and Figure: 2.4.h display the correlation of
the best fit lines with data presented in "Wind Forces on Structures".
Figure: 2.4.g Plot for Correlation for Drag Coefficient CD

Figure: 2.4.h Plot for Correlation for Uplift Coefficient CL

It should be noted that the WIND load block of the INPUT file can still be used to specify any additional point
loads on the light's nodes. The loads from this section are not affected by the rotation angle and thus, they
stay constant throughout the analysis.

A detailed description for the wind load specification is provided in the ATLAS User's guide which is included
in Appendix D of this report.

Note that the wind load is only applied on the signals and signs. NO wind load is
applied to the poles. Wind load on the poles can be added using hand calculated loads.
2.4.8 Design Example

The 10 year wind event example presented in project phase I report[1] has been modified to show the design
capabilities of the ATLAS program. The project report from Phase I has the version of ATLAS that was an anal-
ysis program only, this is the same as using the design Option 3 in the latest version of ATLAS.

The wind and dead load computation is done automatically in ATLAS. The Input file has been generated using
the ATLAS program and modified to be similar to the example presented in report 1. It should be noted that the
assumed stiffness for the strain poles in report 1 is different from that shown below, because of considering
effects of taper Section (2.4.3 ). The Information assumed in the generating the example below is as follows.

Non-Evacuation Route
Alachua County, 10 yr Wind Event. i.e. Wind speed of 60 mph is assumed
3 - 12" Aluminum Signal Heads
Vertical Distance from base of pole to crown of roadway = 6"
Minimum clearance from crown of roadway to signal light = 19 ft.

Node numbering adopted for this example is shown in Figure: 2.4.i below.

Figure: 2.4.i Design Example, Node Numbers and Dimensions

Dead loads consist of the weights of the signal light, cables, and accessories and are provided in Table: 3.2.b
of Appendix A. The preprocessor generation of the cable system example is as follows:

Concrete Strain Poles:

 2 Type PVII poles
f 'c = 6000 psi
Cables:
Catenary Cable - 7/16" Diameter Cable
Messenger Cable - 7/16" Diameter Cable
E = 27500 ksi
Light Type:
1-1/2" Diameter Standard Steel Pipe
1 signal light (Note: 2-way bracket implies 2 signal lights at 1 box connection)
12" Glass Lens
5" border Backplate
1 Disconnect Box
Type 3 Face configuration (See Appendix C 5.1 )
Design Information:
Design Options 1 and 2 used sequentially
Cohesionless soil Type is assumed.
Soil properties: Unit weight = 127 pcf and Internal angle of friction = 32°
Wind Information:
Wind Speed = 60 mph (Perpendicular to the cable span)

Input and output file are given below.

2.4.8.1 INPUT FILE - 10-YR Wind Event With Design

CONTROL
TITLE = Report Jan97 - FDOT, Design.in
MODEL = TWO
NODES = 11
CLEAR = 265.60
CABLE = 2
SPEED = 60.00
ANGLE = 90.00
STATUS= DESIGN
KZFAC = 0.895925943758031
GUST = 1.14
IMPORT = 0.87
RECUR = 25
LOADFAC = 0.6
:
CABLES
1 3 7 S= 6.00 W= 3.333E-05 P= 0
2 2 6 T= 1.00 W= 3.333E-05 P= 1
:
COORDINATE
1 X= -1.2000000E+01 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 0.0000000E+00
2 X= -1.2000000E+01 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 2.5360000E+02
3 X= -1.2000000E+01 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 3.3832000E+02
4 X= 1.2000000E+01 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 0.0000000E+00
5 X= 1.2000000E+03 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 0.0000000E+00
6 X= 1.2000000E+03 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 2.5360000E+02
7 X= 1.2000000E+03 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 3.3832000E+02
8 X= 1.2240000E+03 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 0.0000000E+00
9 X= 6.0000000E+02 Y= 0.0000000E+00 C= 1
10 X= 6.0000000E+02 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 2.5360000E+02
 11 X= 6.0000000E+02 Y= 0.0000000E+00 Z= 2.3958000E+02
:
BOUNDARY
1 DOF= f f f f f f
2 DOF= r r r r r r
3 DOF= r r r r r r
4 DOF= f f f f f f
5 DOF= f f f f f f
6 DOF= r r r r r r
7 DOF= r r r r r r
8 DOF= f f f f f f
9 DOF= r r r r r r
10 DOF= r r r r r r
11 DOF= r r r r r r
:
PRIMARY
2, 1
1 A= 0.1160 E= 2.75000E+04
1 3 , 9 M= 1 C= 1
2 9 , 7 M= 1 C= 1
:
SECONDARY
2, 1
1 A= 0.1160 E= 2.75000E+04
1 2, 10 M= 1 C= 2
2 10 , 6 M= 1 C= 2
:
CONNECTORS
1, 1
1 A= 0.7990 E= 2.90000E+04 I= 3.10000E-01, 3.10000E-01 \\
J= 6.20000E-01 G= 1.11538E+04
1 9, 10, 3 M= 1
:
LIGHTS
1, 1
1 A= 0.7990 E= 2.90000E+04 I= 3.10000E-01, 3.10000E-01 \\
J= 6.20000E-01 G= 1.11538E+04 S= 1 P= 7.25280E+02, 7.25280E+02
1 10, 11, 3 M= 1
:
BEAM
4, 1
1 T= NVIII X= PVIII FC= 6000.0
1 1, 2, 4 M= 1
2 2, 3, 4 M= 1
3 5, 6, 8 M= 1
4 6, 7, 8 M= 1
:
SIGNS
9 F= 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, -6.13423E-02
:
WIND
9 F= 0.00000E+00, 1.66340E-02, 0.00000E+00
10 F= 0.00000E+00, 1.66041E-02, 0.00000E+00
:
LOADS
3 F= 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, -1.02180E-02
7 F= 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, -1.00183E-02
9 F= 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, -5.44090E-03
10 F= 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, -5.44090E-03
11 F= 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, -5.04605E-02
:
GENERATE
CLEAR=19.4 VELOCITY=60.0 ANGLE=90 STAT=1 SAG=0.060 DIFF=1.000
:
SYSTEM
MODEL TYPE= TWO - POINT
:
POLES
M=1 TYPE=NVIII XTYPE=PVIII FC=6000.0
P=1 X=-1.0 Y=0.0 Z=0.00 M=1
P=2 X=100.0 Y=0.0 Z=0.00 M=1
:
WIRES
M=1 D=7,7 E=27500,27500 T=1.00
W=1 POLES=1,2 M=1
:
SIGNAL
M=1 R=1.50 S=1 D=12 E=W5 L=AL G=1
S=1 X=50.0 Y=0.0 M=1 C=1
:
DESIGN
S=2 F=1.50 W=.60 G=127.00 P=32.00
:

Note that STATUS = DESIGN means that the complete iterative design option has been
chosen. For detailed explanation of the above input file see the user's guide given in Appendix D.

2.4.8.2 OUTPUT File (1)

After running ATLAS, the following output is produced.

************************************************************************
| ## ##### # ## #### |
| # # # # # # # |
| # # # # # # #### |
| ###### # # ###### # |
| # # # # # # # # |
| # # # ###### # # #### |
| |
| Analysis of Traffic Lights And Signs |
| |
| Version 6.01 |
| |
| Developed by : |
| |
| Dr Marc I. Hoit Dr Ronald A. Cook |
| Dr Petros M. Christou Dr Adeola K. Adediran |
| |
| Department of Civil Engineering |
| University of Florida |
| Gainesville, Fl 32611 |
| |
************************************************************************

Input Data File = C:\Program Files\Bridge Software Institute\Atlas_v6\Report Jan97 -

FDOT, Design.in
Output Data File = C:\Program Files\Bridge Software Institute\Atlas_v6\tempfile.out
 ATLAS EXECUTION STATUS

- Perform Complete Design

CONTROL DATA (More Information found in ATLAS HELP)

- Problem Title

REPORT JAN97 - FDOT, DESIGN.IN

- Structural Parameters :

Number of Nodes = 11
Number of Cables = 2
Lowest Point of Catenary = 22.13 ft

- Wind Data :

Wind Speed (Miles per Hour) = 60.00

Wind Direction (Angle from +ve X axis) = 90.0

- Nonlinear iteration Parameters :

Number of Iterations (Shape Finder) = 200

Number of Iterations (Gravity Solution) = 200
Number of Iterations (Wind Solution) = 200
Number of Loops for Shape Calculation = 5
Number of Cycles (Shape-Stiffness Iteration) = 200
Force Tolerance for Gravity Solution (%) = 5.00
Force Tolerance for Wind Solution (%) = 3.00
Pole Displacement Tolerance = 0.100000

2.5 Introduction

The purpose of the following examples is to demonstrate the general procedure for creating a model of a cable
supported signal lights and signs and it’s supports. The dual cable system is shown in Figure: 2.5.a , the sin-
gle point system is shown in Figure: 2.5.b and finally the suspended box system is shown in Figure: 2.5.c . In
order to demonstrate the various options offered by ATLAS, the structure in Figure: 2.5.d will be modified to
the structure in Figure: 2.5.c . So when the structure in Figure: 2.5.a is created, the data will be saved in a
data file called INPUT. The data file, INPUT, will then be retrieved again in order to be modified.

ATLAS allows the user to create several data files under different names. The particular filename must be pro-
vided when the file is saved.

Example 4.1 - Dual Cable

Example 4.2 - Single Point
Example 4.3 - Suspended Box

Note: The different options in the program are selected using the mouse device. In order to select a particular
choice, move the mouse pointer on top of the desired choice and click the left mouse button. Several times
the program allows the user to enter data such as coordinates using the keyboard. In order to enter the edit
mode, the user must press the right mouse button.
Figure: 2.5.a Dual Cable Supported System
Figure: 2.5.b Single Point Supported System
Figure: 2.5.c Suspended Box System
 Figure: 2.5.d Modified Dual Cable Supported System (From Figure: 2.5.a )
2.5.1 Example 4.1

In this example, ATLAS is used to create the model shown in Figure: 2.5.a which is a dual cable support sys-
tem. The model is created from a blank database. First we have to specify the type of the support. Therefore,
we choose File, New and then Two Point support from the submenu box that has appeared Figure: 1.2.a .
Then the structure will be defined following the general procedure described below. That is, the poles will be
placed first, then the cables and then the lights. First we need to place the poles. So, we select Poles from the
menu bar and then Properties. First we set the active property type (default type is PV-f’c 7000 psi). To do this
we select a Type from the Properties submenu. The available pole types and properties are displayed Figure:
1.5.a Since a pole with the specific properties we desire is not available, we select "User Defined Pole Prop-
erty" to create one. The available pole types are displayed in a drop down box Figure: 1.5.b and we choose
pole type PV. Then we enter the concrete strength, 7000 psi; in the Conc Strength text box and press the
 These values were selected to show features of ATLAS, not using engineering prin-
ciples.

Figure: 2.5.e Add Pole Property

Now that the active pole property type is set, we can place the poles. To do this select Poles from the Menu
bar and select Place. The pointer location and pole properties are displayed in the bottom left corner of the win-
dow. Move the mouse pointer to 40,40 (see coordinates in lower left hand corner) and click the left mouse but-
ton to place the pole. Then move the mouse pointer to (140,40) to place the second pole Figure: 2.5.f . Then
click Exit Mode on the tool bar to exit the pole placement mode.
 Figure: 2.5.f Location of Pole #1 and Pole #2

The next step is to add the cables to the model. So from the Menu bar we select Cables. The active properties
for the catenary (default 3/8" dia – E=24500 ksi) as well as the messenger (default 3/8" dia – E=24500 ksi)
cables need to be set before any cables are added to the model. Select "Cat-type" from the Cables menu to
select properties for the catenary cable. The available cable types are displayed. Select default catenary
cable (default 3/8" dia – E=24500 ksi). Now select the "Mes-type" from the cables menu. Choose 1/2" dia mes-
senger cable with a Modulus of Elasticity equal to 24500 ksi from the list. The tension of the messenger cable
is set to a default value of 1 kip.

Once the cables' active property is set, we can add cables to the model by selecting "Place a Pair of Cables"
from the Cables menu. The cable properties are displayed in the status window. We need to choose the poles
to which the cables are attached. Therefore, move the mouse pointer next to pole #1 and click the left mouse
button. Notice the message in the status menu (Pole #1 Found). Then move the mouse pointer close to pole
#2 and click Figure: 2.5.g . A similar message as before appears briefly in the status box. Note that a cable is
placed between the two poles. In reality there are two cables added but since the messenger cable is located
below the catenary cable we can see only one of the two. At this point the tension in the messenger cable is
defaulted to 1 kip. Since the cables are added we select Exit Mode to exit the Cable Placement Mode and
return to Model Mode.

Figure: 2.5.g Cable Placed Between Pole #1 and Pole #2

The last type of element to add is the Lights. Therefore, we select Lights from the Menu bar to specify prop-
erties for signal lights and/or traffic signs. The active light type must be set before any elements can be added
to the model. The Model that we want to create has of two different types of Lights elements. Therefore, we
will have to create two property types. We proceed as follows. Select Property then "Add a Light Property"
from the Lights menu. The Add a Light Property dialogue box appears Figure: 1.7.a . We first have to specify
what type of element is to be placed. Select "Traffic Sign" from the Light Type section, then select "M31" from
the Type of Aux. Sign section. The Traffic Sign Direction & Weight dialogue box then appears Figure: 2.5.h .
The default weight is left at 5 lb/sq.ft and we set the sign to face the X axis. Once this is done the only addi-
tional information required for the traffic sign type consists of the hanger diameter. Thus, from the Type of
Hanger section select 1.0", which is the diameter of the hanger to be used Figure: 2.5.i . Finally click the
Return button to return to Normal mode.
Figure: 2.5.h Set the Sign Direction and Weight
 Figure: 2.5.i Select the Hanger Diameter

Select Place from the Lights menu to place signs of the selected type. The status box displays the light prop-
erties and red text reading "Lights Placement Mode". Move the mouse pointer to (60,40) and click the left but-
ton. Note that a light is placed on the cable Figure: 2.5.j . Choose Exit Mode from the tool bar to return to
Normal mode.
 Figure: 2.5.j Light #1 is in Place

Before we place the second light element we have to create another new light property. Repeat the steps from
before to add a light property. Choose Signal Light and select Aluminum for the Light Material Type Figure:
2.5.k .
 Figure: 2.5.k Select the Light Type to be Aluminum

In the Type of Hanger section select 1.0" again. Then make sure that the Number of Brackets is set to 1. Fig-
ure: 2.5.l .

Note: The number of brackets dictates how many signal directions are assumed. Two
brackets indicates that two directions of traffic will exist. The identical light configuration
will be used in both (or all) directions. The main purpose is to give the correct weight for
the signal. The number of brackets is critical to getting the correct weight for the signal.
 Figure: 2.5.l Select the Number of Brackets

Under Type of Lens choose 8" Figure: 2.5.m . After that select No from the Backplate options displayed.
Then set the Light configuration by choosing 6 from the Light Configuration options Figure: 2.5.n . Finally
press the Return button to save the property values and return to Normal mode.
Figure: 2.5.m Select Type of Lens
 Figure: 2.5.n Select the Light Configuration
(See Appendix C for types)

When the new light properties are set we follow the same procedure as before to place a signal light of the
newly specified type at (45,40) as shown in Figure: 2.5.o . Once the second light is in place we select Exit
mode to return to the Normal mode.
 Figure: 2.5.o Location of the Second Light

At this stage the structure is complete and we are ready to specify the wind characteristics so the wind forces
can be defined on the traffic light nodes. The wind data consists of the wind speed and direction. To do this we
select Wind from the Menu bar. We can then select from User Defined Angle or Perpendicular to Cable.
Select Perpendicular to Cable and the Wind Velocity dialogue box will display. Type 70 to set the wind speed
to 70 miles/hour and then press Enter. The model grid is displayed again and ATLAS prompts you to select the
cable to which the wind direction is perpendicular. So move the mouse pointer close to any point of the cable
and click the left button to set the wind direction. After the cable is chosen the program returns to the Normal
mode.

So far we have created the structure in plan and we have defined the loading. The next step is to check if the
defaulted values for the clearance and the distance between the cables are the required ones. These values
determine the height of the poles. To see these values we select Options from the Menu bar Figure: 1.11.a
and the Change Default Options & Grid Dimensions dialogue box will appear with the current values displayed
Figure: 2.5.p . The default clearance is set to 17.5 ft. If this value needs to be changed the user can type the
desired value of the clearance and then press enter. In this case 17.5 ft is acceptable. The minimum spacing
between the catenary and secondary cable appears which is set to the default of 1 ft. As in the previous case
if the default value needs to be changed the user can enter the desired value and then press Enter. We can
accept this default as well; press Enter. The dialogue box will disappear and you will be returned to Normal
mode.
 Figure: 2.5.p Check Default Option Settings

Next we want to verify some of the element properties. Thus, we select Edit from the Menu bar Figure: 1.3.a
and select Poles to edit the Pole properties. Use the pointer to select pole #1. The material properties of the
particular pole are displayed in the Edit Pole Property dialogue box Figure: 2.5.q . Once we check the values
we press the Return button to return to Edit Pole mode. If we want to see information about other poles we can
do so now by clicking the next pole. Otherwise we can select Exit mode to return to Normal mode.
 Figure: 2.5.q Information for Pole #1

So far we have created a structure, defined the loads on it and verified some of the elements' properties. Now
we would like to see the structure we have created from different angles. Therefore, we must select 3D-View
from the Menu bar. Select the "Undeformed Plot" and the structure is displayed in the default angle which we
can change using the View options Figure: 1.8.a on the tool bar or by using the mouse. To change the view,
select X-Z View to see the X-Z plane Figure: 2.5.r . Then select Exit Mode to go back to the Normal mode.
 Figure: 2.5.r Plot of the structure in the X-Z plane of the structure

Before we quit this session we have to specify the design option for ATLAS. So, we choose Design Status
from the Menu bar and the submenu opens. We select Analyze Figure: 1.12.a . The program returns to Nor-
mal Mode.

Note: At this point we have defined a model for the structure shown in Figure: 2.5.a . In
order to demonstrate different options available in ATLAS the model will be saved in a
data file. Then the file will be retrieved, modified and saved under a different filename.

To Save the current model we select File from Menu bar to select Save As. ATLAS will then ask for a file
name to save to data under Figure: 2.5.s . Enter INPUT and press Enter. Then we can choose Exit from the
File menu to terminate this session.
 Figure: 2.5.s Save the Structure’s Information in INPUT

Next we run ATLAS again as described earlier in this section and select File from the Menu bar. We want to
retrieve the file that we have created earlier. Thus we choose Open. ATLAS prompts for a filename. Select the
INPUT file and ATLAS opens it, searches for the data under the GENERATE block and reads the data. When
the data is stored in memory ATLAS returns to Normal mode and displays the model in the window.

Note: The model that we have saved earlier is restored so we can resume from where
we stopped. The process will be similar to the one described above. The only difference
concerns the property types. Since there are elements specified, the property types of
those elements are also specified. So we can either add new elements with the same
material properties or add elements with different property types by creating new ele-
ment types. As far as the active property types are concerned recall that the data is read
from the INPUT file sequentially. So the active properties for each element type are
those that were read last by ATLAS. That is the last property type found for each element
type under the particular subheading of the GENERATE block will be set as the active
property type for the particular element type.

When the file is retrieved we can select Poles to add new poles. We can, if we need to, place poles of the
same type as the one last encountered in the INPUT file. We do not need to do that; see Figure 4.4. We need
to add a new pole of type PVI. So, we follow the same procedure described before to create a pole type PVI
with F'c= 7000 psi, and set it to active. The next step is to place the pole at (0,85). Recall that the poles are
snapped to the grid points and the grid is subdivided in increments of 10 ft. Thus, we need to change the grid
subdivision size. We select Options from the Menu bar. The Change Default Options & Grid Dimensions dia-
logue box appears with the default maximum grid dimensions, 200 feet, and the default grid subdivision of 10
feet. Type 5.0 in the text box next to Grid Subdivision and press Enter Figure: 2.5.t .

Figure: 2.5.t New Grid Specifications

Once the new subdivision is set we can place the new pole. We select Poles from the Menu bar. From the
Poles sub-menu select Place and note that the grid is divided in intervals of 5. Move the mouse pointer to
(0,125) (or very close to it) and click the left mouse button to place the new pole. Accidentally the pole was
placed in (0,130) Figure: 2.5.u .
 Figure: 2.5.u Pole #3 is misplaced

The easiest way to correct this mistake is to use the Undo button on the Tool bar. This option undoes the last
action, in this case the placement of pole #3. Once the pole is gone we are returned to the Pole placement
mode and can place the pole in its proper place (40, 125). Once the pole is in place return to Normal Mode by
selecting Exit mode from the Tool bar.
 Figure: 2.5.v Pole #3 is replaced

Now we will add the new cables to the model. Since the cable diameters are the same as the existing ones,
there is no need to create a new cable property. So we follow the same procedure as before to place a cable
between pole #1 and pole #3. The tension in the messenger cable is defaulted to 1 kip. Then return to Normal
mode.
 Figure: 2.5.w New Cable Placed Between Pole #1 and Pole #3

Next we have to add the new Lights. We select Lights from the Model menu. Recall that the active type for the
lights is that of the signal light (#2). Since the light in this structure is of the same type we just need to place it
in the proper location (0,82.2) Figure: 2.5.x . In order to do that we follow the procedure we have described
above, then select Exit Mode to return to Normal mode.
 Figure: 2.5.x New Light element is specified

Observe that the structure of Figure 4.1 is part of the current model. We only need to delete the extra elements
from the current model so that we are left with the desired model. Thus, we select Delete from the Menu bar.
The Delete submenu appears Figure: 1.4.a . Select Lights and place the pointer on light #2 and then click the
left mouse button. ATLAS confirms that we want to delete Light #2. Note that after the light is deleted, Light #3
is renamed #2 and the structure plot is revised Figure: 2.5.y .
 Figure: 2.5.y Second Light Element is Deleted

Now reselect Delete from the Menu bar to return to the Delete submenu from where we select Cables. ATLAS
will prompt a warning that deleting a cable will result in removing all the lights from it. Once past this prompt,
point the mouse at the cable spanning from pole #1 to pole #2. ATLAS will confirm that we want to delete this
cable. Notice that the cable as well as the light that was still attached to the cable was deleted Figure: 2.5.z .
 Figure: 2.5.z Cable #2 and connected lights are deleted

Finally we need to delete the extra pole. We select Delete from the Menu bar to return to the Delete submenu
box and select Poles. We follow the same procedures to delete pole #2 as we did to delete cable #2 Figure:
2.5.aa . Once all the extra elements are deleted we select Exit Mode to return to Normal Mode.
 Figure: 2.5.aa Pole #2 is deleted

At this stage the structure of Figure: 2.5.d is created. So it is time to specify the external wind loading. To do
that we select Wind from Menu bar and then choose User Defined Angle. Enter 70 for 70 mph and then 0 for
zero degrees with respect to the X-axis (horizontal). Once the wind characteristics are specified we can see
the structure with the applied loading in three dimensions. Select 3D-View from the Menu bar then choose
Undeformed Plot to view the structure in the current state Figure: 2.5.ab .
 Figure: 2.5.ab 3D-Plot of the Structure in Figure: 2.5.d
Now, say that we want to zoom in and have a closer look at pole #1. Right click in the window to show the list
of 3D-View options. We want to Zoom inside a window, so we will hold Ctrl the Left mouse button to drag a
box around the area we want to view. Release the button to view the area selected Figure: 2.5.ac . Finally we
return to the Normal mode using the Exit Mode button.
 Figure: 2.5.ac Zoom in on Pole #1

Since everything looks fine we can select Design Status from the Menu bar to specify the execution type for
ATLAS. This time we select Check from the submenu and the Design Soil Parameters dialogue box appears
with the current soil properties; notice that they are zero since the previous state was Analyze. In the drop
down list next to Type of Soil select Cohesive and then enter 1000 for Cu in lb/ft3 (Figure 4.30). We can leave
the factor of Safety at the default of 1.50. Notice that the other Parameters are only available if you select the
Cohesionless Soil type. Once the soil properties are set we can save the new model on the disk. We follow
the same procedure that we have described above and we save the new model in a new file, INPUTNEW.
Then we can exit ATLAS.
2.5.2 Example 4.2

In this example ATLAS is used to create the model shown in Figure: 2.5.b which is a single point support sys-
tem. The model is created from a blank database. In order to create a single point cable system we follow
exactly the same procedure as the dual cable supported system. The only difference in the procedure is when
we specify the type of the support system. Therefore, to create a single point support system we need first to
run ATLAS then choose File, New and then One-Point from the submenu Figure: 1.2.a to set the support
type to the single point system. Then follow exactly the same procedure that is described in example 4.1 to
create the model in Figure: 2.5.b . A 3D-Plot of the final structure is shown in Figure: 2.5.ad .
 Figure: 2.5.ad 3D-Plot of the Structure in Example 4.2
2.5.3 Example 4.3

In this example ATLAS is used to create the model that is shown in Figure: 2.5.c , which is a suspended box
system. This model is a little different from the previous one in the sense that there are no cables running from
one pole to the other. Rather, there is a cable box that is suspended by the poles as shown in Figure: 2.5.c .
The structure consists two networks; the primary (top) network and the secondary (bottom) network. In order
to create the suspended box model, the user has to specify four poles and then the suspended box. Once the
suspended box is in place, then the procedure of adding extra signal lights and signs is the same as described
in the previous examples.

In order to create the model shown in Figure: 2.5.c we run ATLAS then choose File, New from the Menu bar,
then Suspended Box from the submenu Figure: 1.2.a Once the support type is set to the suspended box sys-
tem we proceed to place the poles. As in the previous examples, first we need to set the pole types. Following
the same procedure of Example 4.1 we chose a pole of type PVI and F’c = 6000 psi. Then we locate the poles
in the specified locations on the rectangular grid following the same procedure as above. Pole #1 is placed at
(40,40), Pole #2 is placed at (40,120), Pole #3 is placed at (120,120) and finally Pole #4 is placed at (120,40).
 Figure: 2.5.ae Plan View of the Pole Arrangement for the Example 4.3

Note: ATLAS requires from the user to specify four poles when the current configuration
is set to suspended box. If the user attempts to put less or more than four poles the pro-
gram issues the appropriate warnings.

When the poles are in place as shown in Figure: 2.5.ae , the next step is to add the suspended cable box.
The suspended cable box is always centered on the structure. ATLAS requires the user to enter the width,
height and drop (in the Suspended Box Data dialogue box) of the suspended box. Then the program creates
the box and centers it. The drop of the messenger refers to the height difference between the lowest point on
the suspended box and the point of attachment on the poles. ( The drop is how much below where a
standard messenger cable would be connected should the lower cables be connected to
the poles. The standard messenger cable on a two point system is assumed flat. Here,
the cable from the suspended box corners drops the given distance . ) For this example we
make the box 20 feet to a side and for the drop we enter 1.75 ft. The plan view of the structure so far is shown
in Figure: 2.5.af .
 Figure: 2.5.af Plan View of the Cable Setup in Example 4.3

The next step is to place the lights. Therefore, we must first define a light property and then specify the loca-
tion. The procedure of placing the light is exactly the same as the one followed in the previous two examples.
Therefore, we follow the same procedure to place the lights at the specified locations.

Before we save the information required for the structure, we specify the applied wind and check the 3D-Plot
of the structure Figure: 2.5.ag to visually inspect if the model is correct. In order to have a better view of the
suspended box, we zoom in as shown in Figure: 2.5.ah .
 Figure: 2.5.ag 3D-Plot of the Structure in Example 4.3

Note: In the above figure, you can see how node number 2, for example, is 1.75 feet
lower than the horizontal from the box corners.
 Figure: 2.5.ah Closer View of the Suspended Box
2.6 References

 1. Cook, Ronald A., Hoit, Marc I., Ashley, Frances K., Christou, Petros M., Drost, Kirk and Wajek, Stacey
L., "Computer Aided Design Program for Signal Pole and Span Wire Assemblies with Two Point Con-
nection Sysytem - Florida Department of Transportation Design Standard for Cable Supported Traffic
Control Devices", Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1993. 108 pp.

2. Florida Department of Transportation, "Florida Department of Transportation Standard Specification for

Road and Bridge Construction 1991", Florida Department of Transportation, Section 641, 1991. pp 574 -
575.

3. Econolite Control Products Inc., "1993 Catalog", Econolite Control Products, 1993. 196 pp.

4. Southern Building Code Congress International "Standard Building Code - 1994 Edition" Southern Building
Code International, Alabama, 1994. Section 1606.4, pp 381.

5. Computer Aided Design Program for Single Pole and Span Wire Assemblies with Two Point Connection
System, April 1997. U of F PN# 49104504533-12 FDOT contract #B-9924

6. Development of Hurricane Resistant Cable Supported Traffic Signals, July 2007. University of Florida
project #00054246 FDOT contract #BD545 RPWO #57.
3. Appendix A - FDOT Design Standard

Introduction
Design Requirements and Design Loads
Cable Design
Pole Design
Sign and Signal Hardware Design
References

3.1 Introduction

Purpose
Scope
Definitions
Notations
3.1.1 Purpose

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

DESIGN STANDARDS FOR CABLE SUPPORTED TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

The purpose of this document is to provide a comprehensive design standard for cable supported traffic con-
trol devices. The design standard includes design loads, serviceability requirements, and design require-
ments for these systems.
3.1.2 Scope

This document provides the loading and serviceability requirements for cable supported traffic control
devices. Detailed design requirements for the individual cables, cable hardware, the concrete strain poles,
and the foundation requirements for the concrete strain poles, and the hardware used to hang the traffic con-
trol devices are included. These requirements are applicable to cable supported systems with both one point
and two point connection systems.
3.1.3 Definitions

Catenary Cable  - The primary or top cable in a two or cable system. The signals and signs are hung from this
cable.

Messenger Cable  - The secondary or bottom cable in a two cable system or the middle cable in a three cable
system.

Operability - Strength requirement where none of the components fail under the loading. (See Design Require-
ments)

Functional Visibility - Serviceability requirement where one half of the red bulb can be seen by a driver at all
times. (See Design Requirements)
3.1.4 Notations

Cd Wind drag coefficient.

cu The cohesive strength of the soil.

d The diameter or width of the concrete strain pole below the ground surface. This includes the width
of the footing.

e1 The horizontal eccentricity of the catenary cable. The horizontal distance from the connection point
of the catenary cable to the midpoint of the strain pole.

e2 The horizontal eccentricity of the messenger cable. The horizontal distance from the connection
point of the messenger cable to the midpoint of the strain pole

f A calculated distance used to determine the depth of embedment of strain poles in cohesive soils.
This distance plus 1.5d is the distance below the ground surface at which there is zero shear in the
strain pole.

FX, The horizontal, X-direction, component of the tension force in the catenary cable at the connection
C point on the strain pole.

FX, The horizontal, X-direction, component of the tension force in the messenger cable at the connection
M point on the strain pole.

FY, The transverse horizontal, Y-direction, component of the tension force in the catenary cable at the
C connection point on the strain pole.

FY, The transverse horizontal, Y-direction, component of the tension force in the messenger cable at the
M connection point on the strain pole.

FZ, The vertical, Z-direction, component of the tension force in the catenary cable at the connection
C point on the strain pole.

FZ, The vertical, Z-direction, component of the tension force in the messenger cable at the connection
M point on the strain pole.

g A calculated distance used to determine the depth of embedment of strain poles in cohesive soils.
One-half of this distance is above and one-half of this distance is below the point of rotation of the
strain pole. This length of the strain pole produces a resisting moment developed from lateral soil
reactions which balances the maximum moment causing rotation of the strain pole.

H The height of the pole above the ground surface.

Ht The total length of the concrete strain pole. Ht = H* + L.

Kp The coefficient of passive earth pressure as calculated by the Rankine earth pressure theory 
L The depth of embedment of the strain pole. (Figure 1, 2 or 3)

Mb The resultant base moment.

M The base moment of the pole resulting from the applied X-direction loads calculated at the point
bx where the pole enters the ground.

M The base moment of the pole resulting from the applied Y-direction loads calculated at the point
by where the pole enters the ground.

M The base moment of the pole resulting from the applied Z-direction loads calculated at the point
bz where the pole enters the ground.

M The moment capacity of the concrete strain pole.

P The basic wind pressure in pounds per square foot.

Pb The base axial force of the pole resulting from the applied Z-direction loads and weight of the strain
pole calculated at the point where the pole enters the ground.

T The tensile force in a cable.

Tn The minimum required tensile strength of a cable.

V The design wind speed based on design location county and mean recurrence interval.

Vb The resultant base shear.

V The base shear of the pole resulting from the applied X-direction loads calculated at the point where
bx the pole enters the ground.

V The base shear of the pole resulting from the applied Y-direction loads calculated at the point where
by the pole enters the ground.

W The wind load acting on a component.

wX The X-direction distributed wind load on the surface of the concrete strain pole.

wY The Y-direction distributed wind load on the surface of the concrete strain pole.

z The vertical distance from the point of attachment of the catenary cable to the ground surface.

z The vertical distance from the point of attachment of the messenger cable to the ground surface.

The unit weight of the soil.

Strength reduction factor, ö = 1.0 for cables [4] and as defined in appropriate standards for other
materials.

The estimated or measured angle of internal friction as determined from drained triaxial or direct
shear tests.

Table: 3.1.a Notations

Figure: 3.1.a  Forces in the X - direction

Figure: 3.1.b Forces in the Y - direction

Figure: 3.1.c Forces in the Z - direction

3.2 Design Requirements and Design Loads

Loads applicable to traffic signal support structures in the state of Florida shall consist of dead and wind
loads.

Design Requirements
Dead Load
Load Combinations
Wind Loads

3.2.1 Design Requirements

It is recommended that all traffic signal systems meet functional visibility requirements. All traffic signal
systems shall meet operability requirements. Functional visibility requires that one half of a bulb can be
seen by approaching vehicles during the wind design event noted in Table: 3.2.a for functional visibility.
This can generally be accomplished by limiting signal rotation from vertical to 30° for 12" signal heads or
26° for 8" signal heads (see Figure: 3.2.a and Figure: 3.2.b ). Operability requires that none of the com-
ponents fail under the imposed loads occurring during the wind event noted in Table: 3.2.a for operability.
Components include the poles, catenary and messenger cables, the adjustable drop hanger, the signal or
sign, and miscellaneous hardware.

Wind Design Event Mean Recurrence Interval(years)

Road Classification
Functional Visibility Operability
Evacuation Route 25 50
Non-Evacuation Route 10 25

Table: 3.2.aMean Recurrence Interval For Wind Design Event (years)

Functional visibility requirements can be met by 1) increasing tension in cables, 2) increasing the distance
between the cables, or 2) adding weight to signals.

Operability requirements can be met by increasing the size of the components.

 Figure: 3.2.a Allowable Traffic Signal Sway

Figure: 3.2.b Signal Head Detail

The following example shows how the limiting angle for functional visibility is determined for a typical sig-
nal head.
where Downward Tilt = 5° provided by manufacturers
Bulb Height = 12 for 12" signal heads
8" for 8" signal heads
Visor Length = 9" for 12" signal heads
7" for 8" signal heads
therefore Limiting Angle = 30° for 12" signal heads
26° for 8" signal heads

3.2.2 Dead Load

The dead load shall consist of the weight of each component as given in Table: 3.2.b .

Item Weight
12" Signal Section[13]*
Polycarbonate 7.5 lbs
Aluminum 11 lbs

8" Signal Section

Polycarbonate 4.0 lbs
Aluminum 8.0 lbs

Backplates
Polycarbonate 0.77 lbs/ft2

Top and Bottom Brackets

Two Way 5.3 lbs
Three Way 8.1 lbs
Four Way 10.1 lbs

Signs (1/8" thickness) 5.0 lbs/ft2

Disconnect Box 16.4 lbs

Hanger - Standard Weight Steel Pipe

1" 1.7 lbs/ft
1¼" 2.3 lbs/ft
1½" 2.7 lbs/ft
2" 3.7 lbs/ft

Cantenary and Messenger Cables

1/4" 0.12 lbs/ft
3/8" 0.27 lbs/ft
7/16" 0.40 lbs/ft
1/2" 0.52 lbs/ft
 Table: 3.2.bMinimum Dead Loads

* These weights are for signal heads with glass lenses. For polycarbonate lenses, weights will be
slightly different.

3.2.3 Load Combinations

Each part of the structure shall be designed using the load combination producing the maximum effect.
Either Working Stress Design or Strength Design may be used.

Working Stress Design [2]

Percent of Basic Unit Stress
 (All Materials)
D 100
D+W 140

Reference [2] provides the 140% increase of the basic unit stress when wind is considered.

Strength Design (all elements except cables) [1]

1.3D
1.3D+1.3W

When using Strength Design, the actual loads should not be increased by the 1.3 factor when designing
foundations (soil pressure, etc.). The load factors are not intended to be used when checking the foun-
dation stability (safety factors against overturning, etc.).

Strength Design for Cables Only [4]

2.5T
Where T is the tension in the cables due to dead load, prestressing and wind loads.
3.2.4 Wind Loads

Basic Wind Pressure, P

Design Wind Speed, V
Wind Load on Individulal Componets
Application of Wind Loads

3.2.4.1 Basic Wind Pressure, P

The Basic Wind Pressure shall be calculated by the following formula:

P = 0.00256 * kz * gust * Ir * C * (V) ^ 2

D

where:
P = Pressure orthogonal to the surface; see Figure 1.1 (psf)
V = Wind velocity (mph)
 kzV = (2.01 * (clearance from the ground in ft. / 900 ft.) ^ (2 / Alpha))
where Alpha = 9.5 (constant)

gust = Gust correction factor = 1.14 (constant)

Ir = Importance factor (Table 3-2 on Page 3-12 of AASHTO Spec. 2006)
C = Drag coefficient (Table 3-6 on Page 3-16 of AASHTO Spec. 2006)
D
3.2.4.2 Design Wind Speed, V

Design wind speeds, V (mph), shall be selected based on the county where the traffic support structure
will be installed and the mean recurrence interval as determined by the requirements of Table: 3.2.a .
Wind speeds for counties in Florida are given in Reference [2] These wind speeds are based on annual
extreme-mile 30 feet above ground for 10, 25 and 50-year mean recurrence intervals.

To account for gusts the wind speeds shall be increased by 30%, thus the 1.3V term of the basic wind
pressure equation.

3.2.4.3 Wind Load on Individual Components

The wind load on the individual components shall be found using the following equation.

W=P*C*A

Where C is either Cd or CL. Values for the drag coefficient, Cd, and the projected area, A, are given in
Table Table: 3.2.c .

Note: W is in pounds for signals and signs and in pounds per foot for hangers, cables, and poles.

3.2.4.4 Application of Wind Load

For the design of the cables and the adjustable drop hanger, the wind load, W, shall be applied normal to
the span at each component's respective geometric center.

For the design of the concrete strain poles the effects of wind from any direction shall be considered as
applied by the cable reactions on the poles. For other wind effect considerations the user may apply
forces at the pole-cable connections. This may account for a pole surface wind load normal to the span of
the cables. An additional 20% of the design wind load may be applied in the transverse direction at these
connections. Reference [2]

Item Projected Area2 Drag Coefficient1 Cd

12" Signal Section 1.37 ft2 *

8" Signal Section 0.73 ft2 *

Backplates See Appdx C

Disconnect Box 1.0 ft2 *

Sign Panel Length*Width *

Pipe

1" Diameter 0.083 ft2/ft 1.10

1½" Diameter 0.125 ft2/ft 1.10

2" Diameter 0.167 ft2/ft 1.10

Cable

1/4" Diameter 0.021 ft2/ft 1.10

3/8" Diameter 0.031 ft2/ft 1.10

7/16" Dia- 0.037 ft2/ft 1.10

meter

1/2" Diameter 0.042 ft2/ft 1.10

Poles

Type P-II 0.99 ft2/ft 1.45

Type P-III 0.99 ft2/ft 1.45

Type P-IV 1.23 ft2/ft 1.45

Type P-V 1.46 ft2/ft 1.45

Type P-VI 1.70 ft2/ft 1.45

Type P -VII 1.93 ft2/ft 1.45

Sources: 1. Reference [2]
2. Manufacturers
* Calculated within ATLAS. See Wind Loads

Table: 3.2.cMinimum Projected Areas and Drag Coefficients

3.3 Cable Design

This section discusses four typical span types and presents the design requirements for the catenary and
messenger cables for any type of span.

Span Type
Cable Requirements

3.3.1 Span Type

Perpendicular Span
Diagonal Span
Box Span
Special Design Span

3.3.1.1 Perpendicular Span

This type of system is used at an intersection to support a single span of traffic signals, signs and/or
other traffic control devices. The cable assembly is attached to two support poles or structures, located
on opposite sides of the roadway, and extends across the roadway at an angle of approximately 90
degrees to the roadway approach.

3.3.1.2 Diagonal Span

This type of system is used at an intersection to support a single span of traffic signals, signs and/or
other traffic control devices. The cable assembly is attached to two poles, located in opposite quadrants
of the intersection, and extends across the intersection at an angle of approximately 45 degrees to the
approach lanes of the intersection. Traffic control devices for all approaches are located at appropriate
locations on the cable assembly.

3.3.1.3 Box Span

This type of system is used at an intersection to support a perimeter of four spans of traffic signals, sign
and/or other traffic control devices. The cable assemblies are attached to four poles, one located in each
quadrant of the intersection. Each span extends between two poles at an angle of approximately 90
degrees to the roadway approaches. Traffic control devices for an approach are located on the cable
assembly on the far side of the intersection.

3.3.1.4 Special Design Span

This type of span is used to support two or more spans of traffic signals, signs and/or other traffic control
devices for one or more roadway approaches. The individual span assemblies are attached to three or
more poles.

3.3.2 Cable Requirements

Material Type
Span Length
Size Selection and Strength Requirements
Initial Conditions

3.3.2.1 Material Type

Catenary and messenger cables shall be Utility Grade 7-wire strands manufactured in accordance with
ASTM A-475. If tether cables are used, they shall be Siemens-Martin Grade. All cables shall be provided
with a Class A zinc coating. Exceptions to this requirement shall be specified on the plans.
3.3.2.2 Span Length

The length of the span shall be the straight-line distance between the points of attachment of the catenary
or messenger cable.

3.3.2.3 Size Selection and Strength Requirements

The load case which creates the maximum cable tensile force shall be used to determine the cable size.
The cable sizes and corresponding nominal tensile strengths of each cable size shall be determined from
Table: 3.3.a

Note that Table: 3.3.a is based on materials specified in Section 3.3.

Nominal Nominal Minimum Required Tensile Strength, Tn

Cable Type Diameter Area (pounds)
(inches) (in2)

Catenary 1/4 0.034 3,150

and 3/8 0.079 11,500
Messenger 7/16 0.116 18,000
1/2 0.150 25,000

Tether 3/16 0.021 1,900

Reference [5]

Table: 3.3.aMinimum Required Tensile Strength of Cables

3.3.2.4 Initial Conditions

As a rule of thumb, initial calculations may be made using a variety of different conditions. The ease and
method of installation should be considered in determining which constraint to use.

(a) Location of Cable Connections

Typically, the distance between the connection points of the catenary and messenger cables is about 6%
of the span length (5% of span length plus 1 ft.).

(b) Initial Condition for Catenary Cable

For initial condition of the catenary cable, the initial sag of the cable must be given. This initial sag may be
taken as 5% of the span.

(c) Initial Condition for Messenger Cable

The initial condition of the messenger cable is defaulted to an initial tension of 1000 lbs.. This value may
be changed in the input file as described in the user's guide.
 (d) Minimum Clearance Between Catenary and Messenger Cables

The minimum clearance between the catenary and messenger cables may be taken as 12 inches.

Note: Initial cable tensions, sags, and clearance may need to be adjusted to satisfy
strength and functional visibility requirements.
3.4 Pole Design

This section outlines the design of a concrete strain pole. It includes a guide for determining the required
depth of embedment using Bengt Broms' methods for either a cohesive or cohesionless soil strata. This
section contains the information necessary to select the required strain pole type using a calculated pole
height and applied loads. There is also discussion of necessary strain pole details.

Pole Height above Ground Surface

Foundation Requirements
Details
Pole Type Selection
3.4.1 Pole Height Above Ground Surface

One Point Connection System

Two Point Connection System

3.4.1.1 One Point Connection System

The height to the top of the pole from the ground surface, H*, shall be taken as the sum of the following:

1. The vertical distance between the base of the pole and the crown of the roadway.

2. The clearance between the lowest traffic control device and the crown of the roadway (17-19 feet
required).

3. The vertical distance between the bottom of the lowest traffic control device and the connection of that
device to the catenary cable.

4. The vertical distance between the point where the catenary cable attaches to the strain pole and the
connection of the catenary cable to the vertical hanger for the lowest traffic control device.

5. The clearance between the point where the catenary cable attaches to the strain pole and the top of the
strain pole (12" minimum).

3.4.1.2 Two Point Connection Systems

The height to the top of the pole from the ground surface, H*, shall be taken as the sum of the following:

1. The vertical distance between the base of the pole and the crown of the roadway.

2. The clearance between the lowest traffic control device and the crown of the roadway (17-19 feet
required).
 3. The vertical distance between the bottom of the lowest traffic control device and the connection of that
device to the messenger cable.

4. The vertical distance between the messenger cable and catenary cable at the location of the lowest
hanging traffic control device (12" minimum).

5. The vertical distance between the point where the catenary cable attaches to the strain pole and the
connection of the catenary cable to the vertical hanger for the lowest traffic control device.

6. The clearance between the point where the catenary cable attaches to the strain pole and the top of the
strain pole (12" minimum).
3.4.2 Foundation Requirements

Footings
Cohesive Soil, Clays
Cohesionless Soils, Sands

3.4.2.1 Footings

The footings shall be designed in accordance with reference [14], Article 641-3.3. This section reads as
follows: "The footings for concrete strain poles used for cable support of traffic signals (types P-IV
through P-VII) shall be 3'6" in diameter and the depth shall be as specified in the plans. The footings for all
other concrete pole applications shall be as specified in the plans. The footings are to be constructed with
Class I concrete as specified in Section 641-2 (of reference [12]). For steel poles, footings shall consist of
a drilled shaft constructed with Class III or IV concrete.

3.4.2.2 Cohesive Soils, Clays

Bengt Broms' method for calculating the ultimate lateral resistance of short free-headed piles in cohesive
soils shall be used to determine the required depth of embedment.

CASE I (L <= 3d When the depth of embedment of the strain pole is less than or equal to 3 times the
width or diameter of the footing, the depth of embedment, L, shall be calculated as presented in Foun-
dation Design 2.4.5 .

CASE II (L > 3d) When the depth of embedment of the strain pole is greater than 3 times the width or dia-
meter of the footing, the depth of embedment, L, shall be calculated using the standard Brom's method
presented in Foundation Design 2.4.5 .

3.4.2.3 Cohesionless Soils, Sands

Bengt Broms' method for calculating the ultimate lateral resistance of short free-headed piles in cohe-
sionless soils shall be used to determine the required depth of embedment. The depth of embedment, L,
shall be calculated in an iterative manner from:

Eqn: 3.4.a
3.4.3 Details

Strain Pole Shear Reinforcement

Points of Attachment

3.4.3.1 Strain Pole Shear Reinforcement

Concrete strain poles shall contain the recommended shear reinforcement as specified in Table: 3.4.a
which is a reproduction of Figure 641-5 of reference [14].

TYPE Size at Top Shear Reinforcing

(T)

P-II 6" Sq. 9 Ga. Spiral @ 6"

P -III 6" Sq. 6 Ga. Spiral @ 6"

P -IV 8" Sq. 5 Ga. Spiral @ 6"

P -V 10" Sq. 5 Ga. Spiral @ 6"

P -VI 12" Sq. 5 Ga. Spiral @ 6"

P -VII 14" Sq. 5 Ga. Spiral @ 6"

Table: 3.4.aConcrete Strain Poles

Notes:
1. The total taper of all poles shall be 0.16"/ft.
2. The minimum cover shall be 1".
3. Spirals are to be provided for the entire length of the pole.

3.4.3.3 Points of Attachment

Connection bolts shall be 3/4-inch diameter oval eyebolts. A flat washer shall be place on the end of the
eyebolt on the opposite side of the pole with a nut tightened over it until the eyebolt is unable to rotate.
The hole for the eyebolt used to attach the catenary wire shall be provided by the pole manufacturer. The
eyebolt holes for the messenger and/or tether cables shall be provided by the manufacturer or drilled in
the field by the contractor at the locations specified on the plans.

A maximum of two 3/8-inch diameter catenary wires may be connected to a strain pole with one 3/4-inch
diameter oval eyebolt. A maximum of one 7/16-inch diameter catenary wire may be connected to a strain
pole with one 3/4-inch diameter oval eyebolt.
 A 3/4-inch diameter alloy steel eyebolt (ASTM F 541, Type 2) and a 3/4-inch heavy hex nut (ASTM A 563,
Grade C or D), both zinc coated in accordance with ASTM A 153, Class C, may be used to connect more
that one 7/16-inch diameter catenary wire or one 1/2-inch diameter messenger or catenary wire to a single
strain pole. Alternatively, the Engineer may design a special connection for this case.
3.4.4 Pole Type Selection

Concrete Strain poles shall be selected using a pole type which has a moment capacity, M, greater than
the maximum applied moment [ MDL or 1.3( MDL + MWL )]. The moment capacities of each pole type
shown in Table: 3.4.b and Table: 3.4.d FDOT Standard Index 17725 and are selected by Atlas using the
equations shown in the Help Section > Atlas Manual > Design > Strain Pole Design.

Only strain poles on the Florida Department of Transportation's Qualified Products List, at the time of pole
proposal shall be used.

Table: 3.4.bMinimum Required Allowable Service Moment Capacity

 Table: 3.4.c
Table: 3.4.dMinimum Required Ultimate Moment Capacity
 Figure: 3.4.a Pole Drawing
3.5 Sign and Signal Hardware Design

All signs, signals and other traffic signal assembly accessories shall conform to the requirements of the
current editions of Reference [17] and Reference [10]. Only hardware on the Florida Department of Trans-
portation's Qualified Products List, at the time of the systems proposal shall be used.

Cable Accessories
Adjustable Drop Hanger Requirements
3.5.1 Cable Accessories

All cable connection devices shall be capable of transmitting 100% of the minimum required tensile
strength (see Table 3.3.3).
3.5.2 Adjustable Drop Hanger Requirements

Aluminium-Alloy Drop Hanger

According to Reference [10] No. Crt-659-0, the adjustable hanger shall be constructed of a rust resistant
type metal ASTM B26. The hanger shall be designed using forces from ATLAS program and in accord-
ance with Reference [2].

Steel Pipe Drop Hanger

The steel pipe shall be designed to resist forces and moments obtained from the ATLAS program in
accordance to Reference [2].
3.6 References

1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, "Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges", 12th edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi-
cials, Washington, D.C., 1977

2. American Association of State Highway Officials, "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for
Highway Signs, Luminaries and Traffic Signals", 2nd edition, American Association of State High-
way Officials, Washington, D.C., 1985.

3. American Concrete Institute, "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89) and
Commentary-(ACI 318R-89)", 2nd Printing, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, July
1990, 353 pp.

4. American Iron and Steel Institute, "Manual for Structural Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings",
1st printing, American Iron and Steel Institute, New York, New York, 1973, 25 pp.

5. ASTM, 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1, Vol. 01.06, ASTM, Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania, 1988, A 475-78, pp. 96-99.

6. Ansley, Marcus, "Concrete Strain Pole Program", Version 1.65, Florida Department of Transportation,
Structures Design Office, April 1992.
7. Bowles, Joseph E., Foundation Analysis and Design, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,
New York, 1988 pp. 768-82 and 886-91.

8. Broms, Bengt B., "Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesionless Soils", Proceedings of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Soil Mechanics And Foundation Division, Vol. 90, No.
SM3, May, 1964, pp. 123-156.

9. Broms, Bengt B., "Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Soils", Proceedings of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Soil Mechanics And Foundation Division, Vol. 90, No.
SM2, March, 1964, pp. 27-63.

10. Florida Department of Transportation, "Evaluation Criteria For Traffic Control Devices", Florida
Department of Transportation - Traffic Engineering Office, May 1, 1991, pp.25-27.

11. Florida Department of Transportation,"Florida Department of Transportation Roadway and Traffic

Design Standards", Florida Department of Transportation, January, 1992, Index Numbers 17727,
17733 and 17841.

12. Florida Department of Transportation, "Florida Department of Transportation Standard Specification

for Road and Bridge Construction 1991", Florida Department of Transportation, 1991.

13. Econolite Control Products Inc., "1993 Catalog and Manufacturer's notes", Econolite Control Prod-
ucts, 1993. 196 pp.

14. Florida Department of Transportation, "Florida Department of Transportation Standard Specification

for Road and Bridge Construction 1991", Florida Department of Transportation, Section 641
revision, December 20, 1991, 10 pp.

15. Hays, Clifford O., Jr., John L. Davidson, E. M. Hagan, R. R. Risitano, "Drilled Shaft Foundation For
Highway Sign Structures", Research Report D647F, Engineering & Industrial Experiment Station
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, December, 1974, 93
pp.

16. Nilson, Arthur H., Design of Prestressed Concrete, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987,
592 pp.

17. U.S. Department of Transportation, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices For Streets and High-
ways, Federal Highway Administration, 1988.
4. Appendix B - Pole Foundation Design

In March and May of 1964, Bengt B. Broms published two papers, "LATERAL RESISTANCE OF PILES IN
COHESIVE SOILS" and "LATERAL RESISTANCE OF PILES IN COHESIONLESS SOILS". These
papers are the basis for the current method of designing the depth of embedment necessary for cable sup-
ported traffic control devices with one point connection systems. By re-deriving Broms' resulting equations,
these papers become equally applicable to the design of embedment depth requirements for cable sup-
ported traffic control devices with two point connection systems. The most applicable sections of these
papers discuss procedures for calculating the ultimate lateral resistance of short free-headed piles. One lim-
itation of Broms' methods is that the soil must consist of one uniform layer of a cohesive or a cohesionless
soil .

Pole Height Above Ground Surface

Foundation Requirements
4.1 Pole Height Above the Ground Surface, H*

The height to the top of the pole from the ground surface, H* , is used to estimate the points at which loads
from the catenary and the messenger cables are applied to the strain pole. It also provides an estimate of
the strain pole surface area which is used to determine wind loading on the pole. This in turn allows the cal-
culation the applied moments, shears, and axial forces, which eventually lead to the calculation of the depth
of embedment and the total pole height.
4.2 Foundation Requirements

Footings
Cohesive Soils, Clays
CohesionlessSoils, Sands
4.2.1 Footings

Since the design of the strain pole footings is acceptable, it will remain as specified in reference [14], Article
641-3.3.
4.2.2 Cohesive Soils, Clays

The calculations for determining the necessary depth of embedment for the applied loads on the concrete
strain pole are derived from Bengt Broms' paper, "LATERAL RESISTANCE OF PILES IN COHESIVE
SOILS". Broms' method for calculating the ultimate lateral resistance of short free-headed piles in cohe-
sionless soils is the most applicable in determining the required depth of embedment for cable supported traf-
fic control devices with one or two point connection systems.

In Broms' method for cohesive soils, the lateral soil reaction is assumed to be zero from the ground surface
down to a depth of one and a half times the diameter or width of the footing, 1.5d. The lateral soil reaction
below a depth of 1.5d is then assumed to be 9cd. This distribution of lateral soil reactions is a conservative
assumption, and will be used for pole embedment length of greater than 3d. However for embedment length
of less than 3d, 1.5d can account for a significant distance. Therefore, Broms' assumed lateral soil reaction
will be modified to vary linearly from 1cd, at the ground surface, to 9cd, at a depth of 3d below the ground sur-
face.
 Using Broms' method and assumptions, the depth of embedment, L, for cable supported traffic control
devices with one or two point connection systems in cohesive soil is derived as follows:

CASE I (L <= 3d) : When the depth of embedment of the strain pole is less than or equal to 3 times the
width or diameter of the footing, the depth of embedment, L, is derived from Broms' method and assump-
tions as follows:

GIVEN: V , M , c , d.
b b u
Since the assumption is that soil resistance profiles vary from cd to 9cd at depth 3d. b , b2 and b are com-
1 3
puted as follows,

Eqn: 4.2.a

At a distance of x below the ground surface the shear force at the base of the pole will be balanced by the
1
lateral soil reaction. This distance x can be calculated as follows:
1

Eqn: 4.2.b

Eqn: 4.2.c

A distance x + x is added to the embedment length of the pole to provide a force couple which will balance
2 3
the maximum moment causing rotation of the pole. To greatly simplify the solution of x and x , a con-
2 3
servative assumption will be made that the lateral earth pressure at depth x + x is equal for both passive
1 2
and active soil pressure. This is equal to b1. Therefore, the maximum moment causing rotation can be found
as follows:

Summing moments at the point of zero shear and using the top portion of the pole.
 Summing forces for shear equilibrium of the bottom portion of the pole.

-(i)

Summing moments at the depth x + x and using the bottom portion of the pole.
1 2

-(ii)

x and x can be obtained from the above equations (i) and (ii) by iteration.
2 3
The depth of embedment, L can then be calculated as:

CASE II (L > 3d) : When the depth of embedment of the strain pole is greater than 3 times the
width or diameter of the footing, the depth of embedment, L, is derived from the Standard Broms'
method.

GIVEN:V , M , c , d.
b b u
The depth of embedment is calculated from:

4.2.3 Cohesionless Soils, Sands

The calculations for determining the necessary depth of embedment for the applied loads on the
concrete strain pole are derived from Bengt Broms' paper, "LATERAL RESISTANCE OF PILES IN
COHESIONLESS SOILS". Broms' method for calculating the ultimate lateral resistance of short
free-headed piles in cohesionless soils is the most applicable in determining the required depth of
embedment for cable supported traffic control devices with one or two point connection systems.

Broms' method begins with some basic assumptions. The surface of the pile is assumed to be frictionless.
This assumption makes it possible to calculate lateral earth pressures by Rankine earth pressure theory. At
failure, it is assumed that the lateral deflections are sufficiently large as to develop the full passive resist-
ance. Full passive resistance will then be said to be equal to three times the passive Rankine earth pressure
from the ground surface down to the location of the center of rotation. It will be assumed that this lateral
earth pressure is independent of the shape of the cross-sectional area of the laterally loaded pile. This is a
conservative assumption. Active earth pressures, which develop at the back face of the pile, are assumed
to be sufficiently small compared to the passive earth pressure, which develop at the front face of the pile,
and therefore will be neglected in the calculations. This is also a conservative assumption.

Using Broms' method and assumptions, the depth of embedment, L, for cable supported traffic control
devices with one or two point connection systems in cohesionless soil is derived as follows:

GIVEN: V , M φd, γ
b b

The embedment length, L, can then be solved by iterating:

where .
5. Appendix C - Information about Traffic Lights Signals and Signs

Information about Traffic Lights Signals and Signs

5.1 Information about Traffic Light Signals and Signs

Figure Description* Face

Area
8" signal face w/o border Area =
8" signal face w/ 5" border 105.25 in
8" signal face w/ 8" border 2
12" signal face w/o border Area =
12" signal face w/ 5" border 415.91 in
12" signal face w/ 8" border 2
ATLAS face arrangement reference: Type 1 Area =
696.65 in
2
Area =
197.12 in
2
Area =
581.28 in
2
Area =
906.60 in
2

8" signal face w/o border Area =

8" signal face w/ 5" border 210.50 in
8" signal face w/ 8" border 2
12" signal face w/o border Area =
12" signal face w/ 5" border 622.32 in
12" signal face w/ 8" border 2
ATLAS face arrangement reference: Type 2 Area =
963.18 in
2
Area =
394.24 in
2
Area =
918.24 in
2
Area =
1327.8 in
2
8" signal face w/o border Area =
8" signal face w/ 5" border 315.75 in
8" signal face w/ 8" border 2
12" signal face w/o border Area =
12" signal face w/ 5" border 828.73 in
12" signal face w/ 8" border 2
ATLAS face arrangement reference: Type 3 Area =
1229.71
in2
Area =
591.36 in
2
Area =
1255.2 in
2
Area =
1749.0 in
2

8" signal face w/o border Area =

8" signal face w/ 5" border 421.00 in
8" signal face w/ 8" border 2
12" signal face w/o border Area =
12" signal face w/ 5" border 1035.14
12" signal face w/ 8" border in2
ATLAS face arrangement reference: Type 4 Area =
1496.24
in2
Area =
788.48 in
2
Area =
1592.16in
2
Area =
2170.2 in
2

8" signal face w/o border Area =

8" signal face w/ 5" border 526.25 in
8" signal face w/ 8" border 2
12" signal face w/o border Area =
12" signal face w/ 5" border 1241.55
12" signal face w/ 8" border in2
ATLAS face arrangement reference: Type 5 Area =
1762.77
in2
Area =
985.60 in
2
 Area =
1929.12in
2
Area =
2591.4 in
2

8" signal face w/o border Area =

8" signal face w/ border 526.25 in
2
12" signal face w/o border Area =
12" signal face w/ border 2450.25
in2

ATLAS face arrangement reference: Type 6 Area =

985.60 in
2
Area =
2909.60in
2

8" signal face w/o border Area =

8" signal face w/ 5" border 526.25 in
8" signal face w/ 8" border 2
12" signal face w/o border Area =
12" signal face w/ 5" border 1451.05
12" signal face w/ 8" border in2
ATLAS face arrangement reference: Type 7 Area =
2192.89
in2
Area =
985.60 in
2
Area =
2173.44
 in2
Area =
2909.6 in
2

Variable sizes. ** Areas:

Typical dimension are;
D31 - 24" x 10" 240 in2
192 in2
D32 - 24" x 8" 144 in2
D33 - 24" x 6"

Other signs** of similar dimension are : Area =

Parking sign (D4-1) 720 in2
Left turn signal (R10-10)
No turn on Red (R10-11a)
ATLAS reference: RX
One way sign (R6-1 or -2)
ATLAS reference: R6
Area =
Cardinal Direction marker:
432 in2
North, East, West, South
(M3-1, M3-2, M3-3, M3-4)
ATLAS reference: M31
Area =
288 in2

ATLAS reference:** R11 Area =

1440 in2

ATLAS reference:** SCH Area =

4896 in2
OTHER ATLAS reference:OTHER Area =
This is a user defined auxilliary sign. The area of such a sign Variable
must be provided by the user as well as the eccentricity to the
center of the sign.
* Manufacturers - Econolites Control Products Inc.,
** Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways.
Table: 5.1.aTable of Traffic Control Signals and Auxiliary Signs
6. Engine Input Guide

Introduction
Definition of Terms
Comments on the Input
Input Data

6.1 Introduction - Users Guide

ATLAS, "Analysis of Traffic signal Lights’ And Signs’ supports", is an analysis/design program which is
used for the analysis and design of signal lights and signs supported by the dual cable system. The analysis
consists of an iterative technique which is a combination of the Force Density Method (FDM) and the Direct
Stiffness Method (DSM). The FDM is ideal for the analysis of cable structures whereas the DSM is the
most widely used technique for the analysis of framed structures. The nature of the structures under con-
sideration lead to the development of this analysis technique which is a combination of the two methods.
The design follows the guidelines that are provided in Part I of this report.

In order to run ATLAS the user is required to prepare a data file which contains information about the struc-
ture. The required information consists of the structure's geometry, boundary conditions and loading pattern.
The input and output file names will be prompted for using a standard dialog box.

A model can also be created using the graphics preprocessor and the simplified data under the GENERATE
header.

ATLAS is a product of a research project funded by the FDOT and it was developed by the Civil Engineering
Department at the University of Florida.
6.2 Definition of Terms

PRIMARY - This indicates the primary (or upper) cable, also referred to as the catenary cable.

SECONDARY - This indicates the secondary (or lower) cable, also referred to as the messenger cable.

BEAMS - This refers to the support poles at each end of the span.

CONNECTOR - This refers to the segment between the primary cable and the messenger cable.

LIGHT - This refers to the signal light.

LIGHT CENTER OF GRAVITY - This refers to the center of gravity of the signal light.

CLEARANCE - Is the distance from the ground line to bottom of sign or light.

INITIAL SAG - This is the sag in the cable due only to self weight and tension. Sag due to signal lights is
not included. This is used as a starting position for the solution procedure.

WIND - This refers to wind loads acting on the signal light, accessories, cables, and poles.
LOADS - This refers to the dead weight loads acting on the signal light and is used in combination with the
wind loads.

SIGNS - This load is for the dead load only applied to the primary cable. The load is identical to the LOADS
only applied to the primary cable.

Figure: 6.2.a illustrates the dead load solution. Figure: 6.2.b illustrates the dead and wind load solution. Fig-
ure: 6.2.c illustrates the modeling of signal light.

Figure: 6.2.a Dead Load solution

Figure: 6.2.b Dead and Wind Load solution

 Figure: 6.2.c Signal Light Modeling
6.3 Comments on the Input

All input is free-format. The input data is prepared with an editor that has the capability to manipulate text
(ASCII) files. The data is stored in a data file and the user is required to supply the name of the data file dur-
ing run time. Blanks or commas are used to separate data. The following section provides the conventions
used for input.

1. A "#" in any column of any line denotes that the contents of that line after the ‘#’ sign are comments.
2. A double back slash "\ \" at the end of information on the any line allows the next line to be interpreted
as a continuation of the first line.
3. A colon ":" indicates the end of information on a line. Any information entered to the right of the colon is
ignored by the program. This space can be used to provide additional comments within the input file.
4. If a blank identifier is specified, the data string is assumed to be the first data string of the record.
5. If fewer data exist than are specified, the values returned will be either a zero or blank according to the
type of data expected.
6. Real numbers do not require decimal points: E formats with + or - exponents are accepted.
7. Simple arithmetic statements may be used within the input. The functions that can be used are +,-,*,/.
The order of evaluation is sequential, not hierarchical as in the FORTRAN language.
6.4 Input Data

The following sections provide a guide to the user to prepare a data file. The data, as shown in the following
sections, is entered in blocks. Each block starts with a header and it ends with a blank line. A blank line is
specified when a colon ":" is provided at the first column. The order of the blocks is arbitrary. The required data
consists of nodal information, the element definition and the applied loading. The nodal information consists of
the nodal coordinates and boundary conditions. The positive sign convention follows the right hand rule and is
shown in Figure: 6.4.a .
 Figure: 6.4.a Right Handed Rule Corresponding to Global System

The element definition consists of the element properties such as the Area, the Young’s modulus, the moment
of inertia etc. and the element connectivity such as the staring and ending node for each element. The applied
loading consists of the gravity loads and the applied wind.

Control Block
Joint Coordinate Data
Boundary Condition Data
Cable Element Data
Primary
Secondary
Three Dimensional Beam, Connector, and Light Elements
Signal Light Dead Weight Loads
Design Data
Generate Block
6.4.1 Control Block

The CONTROL block is required to provide general information about the structure. Some of the specified
data is required for the analysis whereas some data is optional. The optional data should be provided only in
cases when it is desired to change the defaults of ATLAS. The header of this block is CONTROL as shown
below.

The data:
CONTROL (Block Heading)
TITLE = Title
MODEL = Model
NODES = Nodes
CLEAR = Clear
CABLE = Cable
SPEED = Speed
ANGLE = Angle
STATUS = Status
KZFAC = KZFAC
GUST = Gust
IMPORT = Import
RECUR = Recur
LOADFAC = Load Fac
*** Additional lines - only for advanced use *****
CYCLES = cycles
WINTOL = wintol
GRVTOL = grvtol
ITER = iterations
:

where:
Title = Problem Title which can be up to 72 Characters long

Model = Type of Structural system

Model = ONE - Single Point Cable Support
Model = TWO - Dual Cable Support
Model = BOX - Suspended Box Cable Support

Nodes = The number of nodes in this model.

Clear = The clearance to the lowest point on the catenary cable.

Cable = The number of cables. This is only for ONE and TWO point systems. A cable is defined as the span
between two poles. (A two pole system has only a single cable. A four pole sys-
tem with cables going from corner to corner has four cables.)

Speed = The velocity of the wind (in Miles per hour).

Angle = The angle of the wind. The angle is measured from the X axis, counter clockwise positive.

Status = The type of analysis to be performed.

Status = "ANALYZE" - is to analyze only.
 Status = "CHECK" - is to analyze and check the structure’s capacity and give the foundation requirements.
 Status = "DESIGN" - is to analyze and then iterate to find a near optimum design.

KZFAC = Height and exposure factor

= 2.01 * (Clearance from ground (ft.)/900 ft.)^(2/ Alpha)
where, Alpha = 9.5(constant)

GUST = Gust Effect Factor = 1.14(constant)

IMPORT = Importance Factor ( Table 3-2 on page 3-12 of AASHTO spec 2006)

RECUR = Recurrance (25 years or 50 years)

LOADFAC = Load Factor = 1.3

Below are some additional parameters that may be helpful on non-standard structures. See Appendix E for a
discussion on how they should be used.

Cycles = The maximum number of cycles (iterations between the cable and pole solution process) to allow.
This should only be changed in you are sure the structure is solvable at lower wind levels.
The default is 200.

Grvtol = The tolerance for convergence of the gravity load (in percentage). The default = 3%

Wintol = The tolerance for convergence of the wind load (in percentage). The default = 5%

Iterations = The number of iterations for either the shape finding or stiffness portion of the solution. The
default = 200.

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.2 Joint Coordinate Data

This section defines the nodal coordinates in a right handed cartesian coordinate system as shown in . Fig-
ure: 6.4.a The header for this block is COORDINATE as shown below.

COORDINATE (Block Heading)

ND X=X1 Y=Y1 Z=Z1 or C=C1
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
ND = Current node number
X1 = X coordinate for node ND
Y1 = Y coordinate for node ND
Z1 = Z coordinate for node ND
C1 = Cable number that node ND belongs

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.3 Boundary Condition Data

This section defines the boundary conditions of the structure to be analyzed. All the boundaries must be
specified in the global coordinate system using the sign convention that is shown in Figure: 6.4.a . The
boundary conditions are defined in terms of degrees of freedom, which can be fixed or released, according
to the support conditions and the types of elements. The following lines of input describe the state of the
degrees of freedom. The header of this section is BOUNDARY as shown below.

BOUNDARY (Block Heading)

ND DOF=F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
ND = Number of node in which the degree of freedom is specified
 Fi = State at which the i-th DOF can have, either fixed or released. Therefore Fi can have ONLY either of the
two following values;
Fi = f is for fixed
Fi = r is for released.

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.4 Cable Element Data

This section is required to provide data for the catenary and messenger cables. One line of data must be sup-
plied for each cable. This section is NOT required for the suspended box model. The header of this block is
CABLES as shown below.

CABLES (Block Heading)

ND, NI, NF S=SAG or T=TEN W=WGT P=P
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
ND = Cable number
NI = Cable starting node number
NF = Cable final node number
SAG = Cable initial sag

(NOTE:The sag is given as a percentage of the span. It must be an integer. If sag is not
specified it is defaulted to 5%. If T is specified the program uses T and back calculates
the initial sag)

TEN = Cable initial tension

WGT= Unit weight of the cable per unit length
P = Type of Cable
P = 0 - Catenary Cable
P = 1 - Messenger Cable

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.5 Primary

PRIMARY (Block Heading)

NM, NP

where:
NM = Number of primary cables
NP = Number of primary material property sets

Primary Element Material Property Lines - NP lines

MID A=A E=E

where:
MID = Material property set number
A = Axial area, A
 E = Modulus of elasticity, E

Primary Elements Connectivity - NM lines

NN, NI, NJ M=MP C=CN
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
NN = Member identification number
NI = Element starting node
NJ = Element end node
MP = Material property set number
CN = Cable Number

This section MUST be terminated with a blank line.

6.4.6 Secondary

SECONDARY (Block Heading)

NS, NP

where:
NS = Number of secondary cables
NP = Number of secondary material property sets

Secondary Element Material Property Lines - NP lines

MID A=A E=E

where:
MID = Material property set number
A = Axial area, A
E = Modulus of elasticity, E

Secondary element connectivity - NS lines

NN, NI, NJ M=MP C=CN
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
NN = Member identification number
NI = Element starting node
NJ = Element end node
MP = Material property set number
CN = Cable Number

This section MUST be terminated with a blank line.

6.4.7 Three Dimensional Beam, Connector and Light Elements

Beam
Connector
Light
 The beam element if a full 3-D beam which serves as a pole in the structure. The connector elements are
treated as 3-D beam elements and they are physically present to connect the primary with the secondary
cables. Finally the lights are also treated as 3-D elements so that they develop moment at the connections.
All the three dimensional beam elements are used to model members that have bending stiffness about the
two principal axes, torsional and axial stiffness. Shearing deformations are assumed to be zero. The
members must be prismatic and are connected between two points I and J. A third point is used to specify
the directions of the principal bending axes. Axis Xm is specified at the I-J direction; Axis Ym is normal to
axis Xm and is in the I-J-K plane; Axis Zm is normal to the plane formed by the Xm and Ym axes and com-
pletes the right hand rule. The orientation of the axes is shown in Figure: 6.4.b . The following lines of input
are required to define frame elements:

Figure: 6.4.b Detail of the Forces on a 3-D Frame Element at Node I

6.4.7.1 Beam

BEAM (Block Heading)

NM, NP

where:
NM = Number of frame members
NP = Number of material sets

Beam Element Material Property Lines - NP lines

MID T=TYPE X=XTYPE FC=FC

where:
MID = Material property set number
TYPE = Pole type used in version 5 and earlier
XTYPE = Pole type used in version 6
FC = Compressive strength of pole material
 Beam Element Connectivity - NM lines
NN NI, NJ, NK M=MP
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
NN = Member number
NI = Element starting node, I
NJ = Element ending node, J
NK = Orientation node, K
MP = Material property set for this member

This section MUST be terminated with a blank line.

6.4.7.2Connectors

CONNECTORS (Block Heading)

NM, NP

where:
NM = Number of frame members
NP = Number of material sets

Connector Material Property Lines - NP lines

MID A=A E=E I=I3,I2 J=J G=G

where:
MID = Material property set number
A = Axial area
J = Torsional moment of inertia about the Xm axis
I3 = Moment of inertia about the Zm axis, I3
I2 = Moment of inertia about the Ym axis, I2
E = Modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus), E
G = Shear modulus, G, only used to calculate the torsional stiffness.

Connector Member Connectivity - NM lines

NN NI, NJ, NK M=MP
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
NN = Member number
NI = Element starting node, I
NJ = Element ending node, J
NK = Orientation node, K
MP = Material property set for this member

This section MUST be terminated with a blank line.

6.4.7.3 Lights

LIGHTS (Block Heading)

NM, NP

where:
NM = Number of frame members
NP = Number of material sets

Light Material Property Lines - NP lines

MID A=A E=E I=I3, I2 J=J G=G S=S P=P1,P2

where:
MID = Material property set number
A = Axial area
J = Torsional moment of inertia about the Xm axis
I3 = Moment of inertia about the Zm axis, I3
I2 = Moment of inertia about the Ym axis, I2
E = Modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus), E
G = Shear modulus, G, only used to calculate the torsional stiffness.
S = 0 - for Sign
S  = 1 - for Signal
P1 = Surface area of light/sign in Y direction.
P2 = Surface area of light/sign in X direction.

Light Member Connectivity - NM lines

NN NI, NJ, NK M=MP
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
NN = Member number
NI = Element starting node, I
NJ = Element ending node, J
NK = Orientation node, K
MP = Material property set for this member

This section MUST be terminated with a blank line.

6.4.8 Signal Light Dead Weight Loads

The following sections contain the loads. The SIGNS block contains the loads that are used to obtain the grav-
ity solution. In order to obtain the gravity solution only the primary cables are considered. Therefore, the ele-
ment (lights, connectors, cables) weights are applied on the nodes connected to the primary cables. Also in
the case of a suspended box system, the vertical component of the tension of the secondary elements needs
to be lumped with the element weights. The header of this block is SIGNS.

The LOADS block contains the applied loads on the structure. These loads are the loads that maintain their
magnitude throughout the analysis. Therefore, they are not functions of the element rotation angles as the
wind loads are. This block contains the magnitudes of the different element weights as they are distributed to
the element nodes. The header of this block is LOADS.

The WIND block is optional and may contain loads that remain constant throughout the analysis. It is very sim-
ilar to the LOADS block. The header of this block is WIND.

Signs
Loads
Wind

6.4.8.1 Signs

SIGNS (Block Header)

NF F=FX, FY, FZ
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:
where:
NF = Node on which the load is applied
FX = Load corresponding to the X translational degree of freedom.
FY = Load corresponding to the Y translational degree of freedom.
FZ = Load corresponding to the Z translational degree of freedom.

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.8.2 Loads

LOADS (Block Header)

NF F=FX, FY, FZ
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
NF = Node on which the load is applied
FX = Load corresponding to the X translational degree of freedom.
FY = Load corresponding to the Y translational degree of freedom.
FZ = Load corresponding to the Z translational degree of freedom.

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.8.3 Wind

WIND (Block Header)

NF F=FX, FY, FZ
(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
NF = Node on which the load is applied
 FX = Load corresponding to the X translational degree of freedom.
FY = Load corresponding to the Y translational degree of freedom.
FZ = Load corresponding to the Z translational degree of freedom.

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.9 Generate Block

The GENERATE block is created to aid the creation of INPUT files for Atlas when using the graphics pre-
processor. It contains simplified information related to the structure under consideration. The information is
expanded by the preprocessor which creates INPUT files in the proper format for Atlas to run.

It is important to understand that the information under the GENERATE block is useful only to the pre-
processor. In the same manner the analysis/design program requires the data from the rest of the blocks in
the INPUT file and disregards the information under the GENERATE heading.

The data required for the GENERATE block (and subsequent sub-blocks) is sufficient to completely define
a model provided you use the preprocessor to create the INPUT file.

Generate
System
Poles
Wires
Signal
Design

6.4.9.1 Generate

The form of the GENERATE block which consists of several sub-blocks is described below.

GENERATE - (Block heading)

CLEAR=CL VELOCITY=V ANGLE=A STAT=S SAG =SG DIFF = D
:

where:
CL = Clearance parameter which corresponds to the distance from the ground to the lowest point of the
lights whichever this might be
(Note: Note that this parameter is not the same as the clear parameter that is specified
in the master control line (second line) of the INPUT)
V = Wind speed in miles/hour
A = Angle that the wind blows with respect to the X-axis (Horizontal) ( 0 to 90 degrees)
S = Defines the state of execution. It is the same as that of the master control line.
 "DESIGN" = Complete design
 "CHECK" = Check an existing design for adequacy
 "ANALYZE" = Analyze only
SG = Sag of catenary cable
D = Difference between messenger and catenary cable in feet

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.9.2 System

SYSTEM (Block Heading)

MODEL TYPE = MT DROP = DP
:

where:
MT = Type of model
 "ONE - POINT" = One point attachment system
 "TWO - POINT" = Two point attachment system
 "SUSPENDED BOX" = Suspended box system
DP= Drop of the suspended box (applies to suspended box only)

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.9.3 Poles

POLES - (Sub-block Heading)

M=MID TYPE=T XTYPE=X FC=FC

where:
MID = Material number
T = Pole type used in version 5 and earlier
X = Pole type used in version 6
FC = Concrete strength

(Note: The material lines may be repeated as many times as needed)

P=POL X=X Y=Y Z=Z M=M

(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
POL = Number of pole
X = X coordinate of the pole base
Y = Y coordinate of the pole base
Z = Z coordinate of the pole base
M = Material property corresponding to the properties above
(Note: The pole element lines directly follow the material lines and may be repeated
as many times as needed)

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.9.4 Wires

WIRES - (Sub-block Heading)

 M=MID D=D1,D2 E=E1,E2 T=T

where:
MID = Number of material property
D1 = (Diameter of the catenary cable) * 16
D2 = (Diameter of the messenger cable) * 16
E1 = Young's modulus of the catenary cable
E2 = Young's modulus of messenger cable
T = Initial tension in messenger cable

W=W POLES=P1,P2 M=M

(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
W = Number of cable
P1 = First pole that the cable is attached to
P2 = Second pole that the cable is attached to
M = Material property corresponding to the properties above
(NOTE: The wire element lines directly follow the material lines and may be repeated
as many times as needed)

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.9.5 Signal

SIGNAL - (Sub-block Heading)

M=MID R=R N=N A=A1 or A=A1,A2 C=C W=W D=D
or
M=MID R=R S=S D=DIA E=E L=L G=G

where:
MID = Material property number
R = Hanger diameter in inches
N = Differentiates a traffic sign from a signal light
 YES = Traffic sign
(Note: This parameter is only required when a traffic sign is defined)
A1 = Type of aux sign
A2 = Sign surface area(in^2)
C = Distance from the light centroid to the messenger cable that is attached to
(Note: A1 defines the type of sign. If a standard sign is used the A2 and C parameters
need not be specified. If on the other hand a different type of sign is to be
used then A1 should equal OTHER and A2 as well as C have to be spec-
ified)
W= Weight per sqft
D = Direction of sign face
D = X - Sign facing X Direction
D = Y - Sign facing Y Direction
S = Number of brackets
DIA = Diameter of the lenses
 E = Type of backplate
L = Type of material that the light is built of
 AL = Aluminum
 PC = Polycarbonate
G = Configuration type
(Note: There are two types of elements that can be defined in this sub-block. For each
element type the appropriate material property line must be used to define
it. Thus, for the traffic signs the first property line must be used whereas for
the signal lights the second)

S=S X=X Y=Y M=M C=C

(Note : Repeat the same line as many times as required)
:

where:
S = Light element number
X = X-coordinate of the light
Y = Y-coordinate of the light
M = Material property line that corresponds to those specified above
C = Cable number that the light belongs to.

This section MUST end with a blank line.

6.4.9.6 Design

The following section provides information about the design parameters of the foundation. The data in this
block includes the type of soil and its properties as well as the factor of safety to be used in the calculations.

DESIGN - (Block Heading)

S=TYPE F=FOS W=RF Cu=C1
or
S=TYPE F=FOS W=RF G=G1 P=P1

where:
TYPE = Type of soil
 TYPE = 1 - Cohesive soil
 TYPE = 2 - Non Cohesive soil
FOS = Factor of safety (Default = 1.5)(absolute in version 6)
C1 = Coefficient of cohesion
(Note: C1 is required when TYPE = 1 and is not required otherwise)
G1 = Unit weight of the soil
P1 = Angle of friction
(Note: G1 and P1 are required when TYPE = 2 and are not required otherwise)

This section MUST end with a blank line.

7. Appendix E - Assumptions and Hints

This appendix (E) summarizes the key assumptions used during the analysis and model creation as well as
offering some hints on how to modify the INPUT for special conditions.

Pole Node Location Assupmptions

Fix for Uneven Base of Poles
General Program Solution Process
Suspended Box Sections Hints
Hint on Analyzing a Problem

7.1 Pole Node Location Assumptions

The pole node locations are calculated in the preprocessor using the following values:

Figure: 7.1.a Pole Node Location

Note that the Default separation between the messenger and the catenary can be changed under the
OPTIONS menu in ATLAS. To change the top of the pole node locations, the user must specify the Z coor-
dinate of the nodes under the EDIT - POLES option of the menu. Use the 3-D view in ATLAS to get the node
numbers at the tip of the poles.
7.2 Fix for Uneven Base of Poles

If the ground at the base of the poles is not level, the user must use the menu option EDIT, select pole and
enter the Z coordinate of the pole base. This information will be saved in the input file for use by ATLAS.
 Figure: 7.2.a Pole Orientation and Moment Capacity Check

The pole orientation is generally assumed to be in the direction of the cables connected between the poles.
This is exact for simple two pole configurations. In the case of multiple cables connected to a single pole, the
largest magnitude of the cable tensions is used and assumed to be applied to the pole.

Figure: 7.2.b Sign Eccentricity Definition

When signs "OTHER" are chosen in ATLAS, the user is requested for the sign eccentricity. The eccentricity
is defined as:
 Figure: 7.2.c Default Sign Direction

When defining either signals or signs, they are both oriented with the primary area facing the Y direction. This
means that a 90° wind, (acting in the Y direction) will have the greatest area on which to act. This is generally
not significant for signals since the side and front area is approximately the same. For signs, this is very impor-
tant since the area is zero for a side wind. The following figure gives some example orientations.
 Figure: 7.2.d

If the direction of the signs needs to be changed, the INPUT file for ATLAS can be edited. The area (both X
and Y) are given on the SIGN property line. The value is specified as: P= X area, Y area. These two values
can be switched or changed as necessary. See the User’s Guide, Appendix D 6.1 .
7.3 General Program Solution Process

The general solution process for the cable systems functions in a cycling manner between two solution tech-
nologies: 1) Cable only solutions (Shape Finding) and 2) Pole solutions (Pole movement due to cable forces).
The reason for this cycling is because the cable systems are very unstable and do not solve in standard stiff-
ness programs. This is the reason for the development of the cable solution strategies.

The cable solution portion takes a standard pole-cable-light system as shown below:

Figure: 7.3.a

And converts it into two problems. The first problem is the cable only solution as shown below:

Figure: 7.3.b

The second problem is the solution of just the poles due to the cable tensions in from the cable problem (as
shown below).
 Figure: 7.3.c

Due to the cable tensions, the poles move. The pole movement causes the fixed supports on the cable prob-
lem to be moved and a new cable solution is required. The solution cycles between these two problems until
the pole movement does not change the support locations for the cable problem. Then the entire structure is
put back together and a standard finite element solution is run in order to recover the hanger forces.

The gravity solution is accomplished first. For this solution, the dead weight of the signals and signs are used
as loads. Then the cable tensions are adjusted so that the specified clearance is achieved. This is done in a
single cycle. Next, the wind plus gravity loads are applied and the cycling process repeated. In the wind case,
the first cycle takes the longest because it finds the approximate position of the light. Subsequent cycles are
much faster because they begin from the previous cycles position.

The new version also includes the ability for slack cables. The wind loading changes with the angle of the
lights. As a result, the solution scheme tries to find a light position that satisfies equilibrium. In doing so,
because of the Cd and Cl coefficients ( Figure: 2.4.g , Figure: 2.4.h ), there is a guaranteed solution between
0 and 90° for a straight on wind. This is since the uplift becomes zero at 90°.

When the wind is other than perpendicular to the cable, the solution becomes less stable. In fact, if the wind it
applied in the plane of the cables, there is a wind at which the system becomes unstable and the light moves
vertically.

Figure: 7.3.d

Due to this instability, we do the following: For whatever angle the wind is specified, reduce the in-plane com-
ponent to maintain stability. This will produce the largest cable and pole forces for the specified wind. The por-
tion of wind removed would just cause instability in the system at which point the cable forces reduce to zero.
7.4 Hints on Analyzing a Problem

When solving a two pole configuration, ATLAS should be able to solve just about any problem. However,
the more unstable the system or higher the loads, the more difficult the solution. Many time, the reason
ATLAS won’t solve the problem is that there is an error in the input file. Often, data is missing or the wind is
in all in-plane. If ATLAS won’t solve, try the following:

1. Look at the input file at the property lines. Make sure the values are reasonable. Things to look for are
I= for the moment of inertia, E= for Young’s modulus etc. Often these are in error and cause the prob-
lem to not solve.

2. Reduce the wind velocity to 30 or 40 Miles per hour and see if the system can be solved. If it can, then
the structure is probably specified correctly. Then, increase the wind by percentage and try again. No
te: This should be done in the ANALYZE mode! Remember, the wind load curves (uplift) peak at about
45°. As the signal rotation approaches this value, the system becomes very sensitive.

 If the system is solving correctly at the lower wind speeds, but fails at some of the higher speeds, the fol-
lowing can be tried:

1. If the number of cycles reaches 200, the system will stop without a solution. Assuming you have fol-
lowed step 2), then try increasing the maximum number of cycles allowed (CONTROL BLOCK in
input).
2. You can also reduce the convergence tolerance for the wind loading (WINTOL), also in the CONTROL
BLOCK. This will allow a solution with a little more equilibrium error to occur.
7.5 Suspended Box Sections - Hints

The suspended box system is an inherently unstable system. Like the standard system when in-plane loads
are applied, the box can have enough uplift to become unstable. However, this can occur in the box system
for any type of loads. The box system overcomes uplift by: 1) dead weight of the signals and 2) the vertical
component of the tension in the messenger cable. The dead weight of the signals is a fixed number. The ver-
tical component of tension in the messenger cable is directly due to the DROP value. Once the uplift on the
signals is greater than these two resisting forces, the system becomes unstable. Note: This is different
than the two point systems. This is because the two point systems has the vertical component of the
messenger cable to resist the uplift load. In the suspended box, because of the geometry, the messenger
does not provide resistance unless: 1) there is a DROP value or 2) until very large upward displacements
occur. Clearly, a drop value is required.

The system will solve provided the wind is not to strong as to cause it to become unstable. The user should
start the solution process at smaller wind values and then increase the velocity until the system becomes
unstable or you have achieved the required wind speed. If more wind is required, you can increase the DROP
value.

The suspended box is an extremely difficult system to specify by hand. The best way to create it is by using
the ATLAS program. Minor modifications can be done to the file but extreme care should be taken.