EI2201 - ELECTRICAL MACHINES

C.VENKATESH KUMAR M.E.,

Assistant Professor / EEE
St. Joseph’s College of Engg
Engg,, Chennai.
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Introduction to Electrical Machines

• An electric machine is a device which converts

electrical power (voltages and currents) into
mechanical power (torque and rotational speed),
and/or vice versa
versa.

• A motor describes a machine which converts

electrical power to mechanical power
power; a
generator (or alternator) converts mechanical
power to electrical power
power.

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Introduction to Electrical Machine

• Many electric machines are capable of

performing both as motors and
generators;
generators

• The capability of a machine performing as

one or the other is often through the
action of a magnetic field, to perform
such conversions.

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Introduction to Electrical Machine

• To understand how an electrical machines

works, the key is to understand how the
electromagnet works.

• The principles of magnetism play an

important role in the operation of an
electrical machines.

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Review of Electromagnetism
• The basic idea behind an electromagnet is
extremely simple: a magnetic field around the
conductor can be produced when current flows
through a conductor
conductor..
• In other word, the magnetic field only exists
when electric current is flowing
flowing..

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Introduction

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
DC GENERATOR

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Definition
• Converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy

I/P O/P
Mech. GENERATOR Elect.
Energy Energy

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Principle
• Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• based on the principle of production of
dynamically induced emf.
• LAW: Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic
flux, dynamically induced emf is produced.
• This emf causes a current to flow if the
conductor circuit is closed.

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Essential parts
• A magnetic field
• A conductor or conductors which can so move
as to cut the flux.

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
WORKING

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Direction
• Flemings Right Hand Rule

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
CONSTRUCTION

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Basic Parts
• Magnetic Frame or Yoke
• Pole core and Pole shoe
• Pole coil/field coil
• Armature core
• Armature windings/conductor
• Commutator
• Brushes and bearings

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
DC Machine

19
 Construction
• The main parts of a DC machine are
– Yoke
– Poles, pole shoes.
– Field Coils.
– Armature.
– Commutator.
– Brushes.

Tuesday, July 10, 2012 Ch. 16 DC Machines 20

Next
Front View

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Yoke

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• Purpose
– Provides mechanical support for the poles
– Acts as a protective covering for the whole
machine
– Carries magnetic flux produced by poles
• Made of
– Cast iron in small generators
– Cast steel/rolled steel in large generators

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Pole Core & Pole shoe

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• Purpose of Pole shoe
 spread out the flux in the airgap
 they support the field coils
 reduce the reluctance of the magnetic path
• Two main types of pole construction
Pole core-->solid core & pole shoe-->laminated
– Made of cast iron/cast steel
Pole core & Pole shoe --> Laminated
– Made of annealed steel

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Pole Coil

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Armature Core

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• Purpose
– houses the armature conductors
– provide a path of very low reluctance to the flux
• Cylindrical/drum shaped
• Built of steel discs
• Laminations 0.5 mm thick
• Laminated to reduce eddy current loss
• Air ducts for cooling
• Keyways to make the laminations self-locking
in position

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Armature Windings

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Commutator

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• Function of commutator
– Collection of current from the armature
conductors
– Converts ac in armature conductors into
unidirectional current in the external load circuit
• No. of segments=no.of armature conductors
• Segment connected to conductor by Cu
lug/riser
• To prevent lug from flying out, segments have
V grooves

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Commutator

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Brushes

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• Function of Brush
– Collect current from commutator
• made of carbon or graphite
• Rectangular shape
• Brushes housed on brush holders mounted on
spindle
• Brushes are made to bear on commutator by a
spring
• Pigtail conveys current from brush to holder

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Ball Bearings

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• With small machine,
Roller bearings are used on both sides
• With larger machines,
 roller bearing for driving side
 ball bearing for non-driving end

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Terminology

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Two Types of Winding
(1) Lap Winding : The sides of the successive coils
overlap each other.
(2) Wave Winding : One side of a coil under one
pole is connected to the other side of a coil
which occupies approximately the same
position under the next pole.

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Armature winding
Lap Winding:
1
2

4
5

Wave Winding:

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Next
(a) Lap winding. (b) Wave winding.

AP (for lap winding)

A2 (for wave winding)

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Next
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
What is meant by parallel path in
DC generator?

it is path used for current flow

between terminals of dc genarator.

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Armature reaction
• The effect of magnetic field set up by
armature current on the distribution of flux
under main poles is called armature reaction
The armature magnetic field has two effects:
1. Demagnetises or weakens the main flux
2. Cross magnetises or distorts it
MNA-Magnetic Neutral axis
Line passing through the region of zero flux existing between poles
GNA- Geometric Neutral Axis
Line passing through midway between any two magnetic poles

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Armature reaction

Fig 1: Flux distribution due to field current only

Fig 2: Flux distribution due to armature current only

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Resultant flux distribution

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Demagnetising and Cross magnetising
effects

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Combined effect

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Commutation
• The process of reversal of current in the short circuit coil is
known as commutation. The brief period during which coil
remains short circuited is known as commutation period (Tc)

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
commutation

Ideal
commutation Practical
commutation

-20A

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Period of commutation

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
The simplest DC machine
segments

Carbon
brushes
Commutator and brush view…
 Problems with commutation in
real DC machines
The commutator must short out the commutator segments right at the
moment when the voltage across them is zero. The neutral-plane shift may
cause the brushes short out commutator segments with a non-zero voltage
across them. This leads to arcing and sparkling at the brushes!
Classification

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• Separately Excited Generator

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Self Excited Generator
• Shunt

• Important Relations
 Ish = V/Rsh
Ia = Ish + IL
V = Eg - IaRa

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• Series

• Important relations
 Ia = Ise = IL
 V = Eg – Ia(Ra+Rse)

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Compound
• Short Shunt

• Ise =IL
• Ia = IL + Ish
• V = Eg – Ia Ra – IseRse

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• Long Shunt

• Ish = V/Rsh
• Ia = Ise = IL + Ish
• V = Eg – IaRa –IseRse = Eg – Ia(Ra + Rse)

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
CHARACTERISTICS

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATORS

• Open Circuit Characteristics(OCC)/No-load /

magnetization characteristics [E0 / If]
• Internal Characteristics [Ea / Ia]
• External Characteristics [V / I]

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Self Excited Generator
OCC (If vs E0)

, Eg = K φN φ α If
OA-residual Magnetism
Note: OCC at any speed can be obtained from
the test curve at one speed.
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 How to find critical resistance, Rc
Tangent

BC
Rc 
OC

The field resistance above which the generator

fails to build up its voltage

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Critical speed, Nc

Tangent Rf Line

OCC at N1 speed

CD
NC   N1
CB
D

The minimum speed below which the

generator fails to build up its voltage

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Conditions of building up of voltage in a
generator
• Residual magnetism must be present
• Field current must strengthen the residual
magnetism
• Rf < Rc
• N > Nc

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Shunt Generator
Internal Characteristics (Eg Vs Ia)

• Armature reaction drop - Armature flux (Ia)

demagnetizes the main flux
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Shunt Generator
• External Characteristics

V = Eg – IaRa
IaRa =armature resistance drop
C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
• Series

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
Series Generator Characteristics

a OCC
Armature reaction drop
E0 b Internal
Eg , Armature resistance drop
c External
VL
(volts)

O’
O
If , Ia, IL, (Ampere)

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Compound generator

If Vrated > E0= Over compound

If Vrated = E0 = Flat compound
If Vrated < E0 = Under compound

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE
 Applications of generator
• DC shunt generator
-Charging batteries
- lighting, power supply purposes
• DC series generator
- boosters (due to raising characteristics)
• DC compound generator
- punching machines, heavy machine tool
drives

C.VENKATESH KUMAR/A.P/SJCE