ZODIAC MARITIME AGENCIES LTD.

Manual : COM
Issue : 001
Date : 20-01-00
CHEMICAL OPERATIONS MANUAL Approved : MJR

- CONTENTS –

SC 9 MOLASSES

SC 9.1 General description

SC 9.2 Explosion and health hazard data
SC 9.3 Prior to loading
SC 9.4 Loading
SC 9.5 Heating during the voyage
SC 9.6 Discharging
SC 9.7 Tank cleaning

Page 1 of 4
 ZODIAC MARITIME AGENCIES LTD. Manual : COM
Issue : 001
Date : 20-01-00
CHEMICAL OPERATIONS MANUAL Approved : MJR

SC 9 MOLASSES

SC 9.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Molasses is the thick dark brown syrupy liquid left after sucrose has been removed from the
mother liquid in sugar manufacture. There are two type of molasses – cane molasses and beet
molasses. Blackstrap molasses is the syrup from which no more sugar can be obtained
economically.
Synonym of molasses – Treacle.

Main composition of molasses at 75 % Dry Matter

Cane molasses Beet molasses

Sucrose 30 – 40 % 48 – 52 %
Reducing sugars 15 – 20 % 0.2 – 1.2 %
Organic non-sugar matter 9 – 12 % 12 – 17 %
Sulphated ash 3 – 11 % 3 – 10 %

Solubility
The solubility of sucrose is affected by the presence of reducing sugars and inorganic ash. In
general reducing sugars decrease the solubility of sucrose and inorganic ash increases it.

Viscosity
The viscosity of both beet and cane molasses is influenced by constituents other than sugar.
Beet molasses is usually of lower viscosity, particularly at ambient temperatures, than cane
molasses, but in both cases it is affected by the dry matter content. Molasses exhibits the
phenomenon called critical viscosity which means that above a certain dry matter content the
viscosity increases at a greater rate than might be expected from the increased dry matter
content. The critical viscosity for cane molasses lies between 81 and 85º hydrometer brix. The
viscosity of molasses is affected both by dry matter and temperature, for example a rise in
temperature of 10 ºC may reduce the viscosity to half or less and a reduction in the dry matter
content will also decrease viscosity.
Molasses may have a viscosity of several hundred centistokes whereas a very heavy lubricating
oils may be in the region of 100 centistockes.
Molasses is not Newtonian fluid and pumpability does not only depend on viscosity, but very
much on where it is coming from, storage time, fermentation process, brix value and last but
not least, temperature during period the fluid are onboard the ship.
The Brix number is a measure of the sugar concentration and equals the percentage by weight
of sucrose in solution. Brix number usually in the range of 80 – 90. Coatzacoalcos 86.16 ,
Karachi 84, Red Sea 84, Buenaventura 85. Molasses from Karachi is considered good
molasses, however those with Brix number 87/89 are considered very thick and lousy to
discharge.

Page 2 of 4
 ZODIAC MARITIME AGENCIES LTD. Manual : COM
Issue : 001
Date : 20-01-00
CHEMICAL OPERATIONS MANUAL Approved : MJR

Fermentation of molasses
The visual effect of fermentation in molasses are an increase of volume and the creation of a
layer of foam in, and especially on top of the molasses. Besides the development of foam, the
temperature sharply increases a couple of ºC per 24 hours, and at all times an alcoholic odour
can be observed, sometimes in combination with the odour of acetic acid. Fermentation can be
stopped by blowing in air into the molasses, the available oxygen will destroy the anaerobe
bacteria and the entire fermentation stops.

SC 9.2 EXPLOSION AND HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Molasses is non-flammable and non-toxic substance. Molasses fermentation occurs when

molasses is diluted with salt or fresh water and is accelerated by heat. During fermentation CO2
(with possible traces of ethanol and higher alcohol vapour ) is given off, which will produce
inhalation hazards in compartment containing molasses residue. Reacts with concentrated nitric
And concentrated sulphuric acid.

SC 9.3 PRIOR TO LOADING

- A clean dry tank is all that is required.

- Zinc coatings have restrictions regarding the pH – check coating guide.
- Check heating coils and ensure that steam traps are in perfect condition.
- Check cargo pump book for viscosity limits
- Purge all Framo cargo pump cofferdams and ensure no leakage in seals. Fill cofferdams with
fresh water.

SC 9.4 LOADING

Loading to be started carefully via drop line ( avoid free fall loading ).
For japanese pumps – it is important to maintain the low pressure air buffer on the cargo pump
cofferdam space to avoid molasses entering and crystallising in the pump cofferdam.
Obtain heating instruction and full specification from shipper, otherwise a letter of protest to be
issued.

SC 9.5 HEATING DURING THE VOYAGE

Generally during the voyage to be maintained temperature 35 – 38ºC, for discharging 40-41ºC.
At a temperature 40ºC molasses is relatively stable but as the temperature is raised sugar may
be lost by thermal decomposition. At temperature over 60ºC there is always the possibility of
thermal decomposition and complete destruction of cargo.
Heating instruction to be strictly followed and heating log completed. It is important to
maintain accurate temperature. Note that temperature should be measured at several places and
levels within the tank as different temperature can be experienced. When ballasting if possible
keep tanks slack to avoid tank top cooling down too quickly.
It is important to check p/v valves daily for good operation to avoid tank overpresuure.

Page 3 of 4
 ZODIAC MARITIME AGENCIES LTD. Manual : COM
Issue : 001
Date : 20-01-00
CHEMICAL OPERATIONS MANUAL Approved : MJR

SC 9.6 DISCHARGING

- During discharging maintain the highest allowed temperature for best discharge rate.
- Use as big as a discharge hose available, avoid too many pipe bends and pressure losses
on discharge line.
- Booster pump to be in use if fitted.
- It is better to run the cargo pumps at reduced speed and reduced hydraulic pressure due to
foaming and cavitation. Reduce pump further when tank is about ¾ empty.
- Arrange small water flow through cofferdam during discharge. This water flow will wash
away
any molasses and have good cooling effect on seal arrangement.
- For japanese pumps – maintain the low pressure air buffer on the cargo pump cofferdam.
- Ensure that coils are turned off in good time to avoid carmellization.
- If there is too much foam in the molasses during last part of discharge there are several
methods with agreement with surveyors/receivers:
1) Adding of non-toxic chemicals
2) Recirculation through drop line
3) Injection of live steam

SC 9.7 TANK CLEANING

If live steaming has been carried out during discharge than a good hot water wash is all that is
required.
If carmellization has occurred on the coils then after tank clean and dry crack coils with steam
and wipe with rags.
When molasses stowed in zinc tanks check pH and if less than 7, use alkleen safety liquid to
neutralise acid.

Page 4 of 4