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+1 CBSE - MATHS CDF MATERIAL (01-36) .PMD PDF
+1 CBSE - MATHS CDF MATERIAL (01-36) .PMD PDF
1. SETS
1. Set: A well defined collection of objects is called a set
2. Few examples of sets
N : The set of all natural numbers
Z : The set of all integers
Q : The set of all rational numbers
R : The set of all real numbers
Z+ : The set of all positive integers
15. Open interval : Let a, b R and a b , then the set of real numbers y : a y b is called an
16. Closed interval: Let a, b R and a b , then the set of real numbers y : a y b is called a
17. Power set: The collection of all subsets of a set A is called power set of A. It is denoted by P A
It is denoted by A B x : x A or x B
21. Properties of operation of union:
i) Commutative law: A B B A
ii) Associative law: A B C A B C .
23. Disjoint sets: Two sets A and B are such that A B , then A and B are called disjoint sets.
24. Properties of operation of intersection
i) Commutative law: A B B A
v) Distributive law : A B C A B A C
25. Difference of sets: The difference of the sets A and B in this order is the set of element which belong
to A but not B. It is denoted as A B .
A B x : x A and x B
26. Complement of a set : Let U be the universal set and A be a subset of U, then the complement of set
A is the set of element of U that are not the elements of A.
A' U A
ii) De morgan’s laws : i) A B ' A ' B ' ii) A B ' A ' B '
28. n A B n A n B n A B
29. n A B C n A n B n C n A B n B C n A C n A B C
30. n A B n A n A B
31. Notations:
i) Not A = A '
ii) A or B = A B
iii) A and B = A B
iv) A but not B = A B or A B '
v) Neither A nor B = A ' B '
2.RELATONS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Ordered pair: A pair of elements grouped together in a particular order.
2. Cartesian product: Cartesian product of two non-empty sets P and Q is denoted by P Q and is
3. If a, b x, y then a x and b y
4. i) If there are p elements in A and q elements in B, then there will be pq elements in A × B,
i.e., if n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq
ii) If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set, then so is A × B.
5. i) A B C A B A C
ii) A B C A B A C
6. Ordered triplet: A A A a, b, c : a, b, c A , a, b, c is called ordered triplet.
7. Relation: A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian
product A × B.
8. Domain: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called
the domain of the relation R.
NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 3]
CBSE + 1 MATHEMATICS CDF MATERIAL
9. Range: The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is
called the range of the relation R.
n A n B
10. Number of relations from A to B is 2
11. A relation R from A to A is called a relation on A.
12. Function: A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has one
and only one image in set B. The set A is called domain and set B is called codomain of f
18. Rational function: If f , g are polynomial functions of x defined in a domain, where g x 0 .Then
f f f x
the function defined by x is called rational function.
g g g x
19. The Modulus function: The function f : R R is defined by f x x is called modulus function,
x, x 0
where f x Domain = R , Range = R 0
x, x 0
1, if x 0
Signum function: The function f : R R by
f x 0, if x 0
20. is called signum function.
1, if x 0
f f f x
where X R. The quotient of f by g denoted by is a function defined by , g x g x ,
g
provided g x 0, x X
3.TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Angle: Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point.The original ray is
called initial side and final position of the ray after rotation is called terminal side of the
angle.
th
1
2. Degree measure: If a rotation from the initial side to terminal side is of a revolution,
360
the angle is said to have a measure of one degree 10 ,10 60', 1' 60 ''
180 0
1 radian 57 0161 ( approx )
1 degree = 0.01746 radians (approx)
180
6. Relation between degree measure and radian measure of some common angles
Degree 300 450 600 900 1800 2700 3600
3
Radians 2
6 4 3 2 2
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
7. In a right angled triangle, the trigonometric ratios of acute angles as the ratio of sides defined as follows
opp.side Hyp
sin x cos ec x
Hyp opp.side
adj.side Hyp
cos x s ec x
Hyp adj.side
opp.side adj.side
tan x cot x
adj.side opp.side
9. Trigonometric identities
i) sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x
ii) sec 2 x tan 2 x 1 sec 2 x 1 tan 2 x tan 2 x sec2 x 1
iii) cos ec 2 x cot 2 x 1 cos ec 2 x 1 cot 2 x cot 2 x cos ec 2 x 1
11.
0 0
a. For 90 x , 270 x Trigonometric functions Changes
sin cos, tan cot, sec cos ec
b. For 180 0
x , 3600 x no changes
Compound angles
14. The sum or the difference of two or more angles is calleed compound angles.
1. sin x y = sin x cos y cos x sin y
tan x tan y
5. If none of the angles x, y and (x + y) is an odd multiple of , then tan x y
2 1 tan x tan y
tan x tan y
6. If none of the angles x, y and (x - y) is an odd multiple of , then tan x y
2 1 tan x tan y
cot x cot y 1
7. If none of the angles x, y and (x + y) is a multiple of , then cot x y
cot y cot x
cot x cot y 1
8. If none of the angles x, y and (x - y) is a multiple of , then cot x y
cot y cot x
1 tan x
9. tan x
4 1 tan x
1 tan x
10. tan x
4 1 tan x
0 0 3 1
15. i) sin15 cos 75
2 2
0 0 3 1
iii) cos15 sin 75
2 2
iii) Tan150 cot 750 2 3
2 Tan x
i) sin 2 x 2sin x cos x ; sin 2 x 2 , if x n , where n Z
1 Tan x 2
cos2x 2cos2 x 1
cos2x 1 2sin2 x
ii) cos 2 x co s 2 x sin 2 x ; 1 tan2 x
cos2x 2
if x n , where n Z
1 tan x 2
3tan x tan 3 x
vi) Tan 3x , if 3 x n , where n Z
1 3tan 2 x 2
x x
1 cos x 2 cos 2 1 cos x 2 sin 2
2 2
TRANSFORMATIONS
x y x y
18. i) sin x sin y 2 sin cos
2 2
x y xy
ii) sin x sin y 2 cos sin
2 2
x y x y
iii) cos x cos y 2 cos cos
2 2
x y x y
iv) cos x cos y 2 sin sin
2 2
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
20. Trigonometric Equation:
Equations involving trigonometric functions of a variable are called trigonometric equations.
21. Principal solutions:
The solutions of trigonometric equations for which 0 x 2 are called principal solutions.
ii) The general solution of cos x 0 is x 2n 1 , n Z
2
23. n
i) If s in x s in y then general solution is x n 1 y , n Z
ii) If cos x cos y then general solution is x 2 n y, n Z
iii) If tan x tan y then general solution is x n y , n Z , where if x and y are not odd
mulitples of
2
n n 1
2. 1 2 3 n n , n N
2
n n 1 2 n 1
3. 12 2 2 32 .... n 2 n 2 , n N
6
2
3 3 3 3 n 2 n 1
3
4. 1 2 3 .... n n , n N
4
5. 1 3 5 .... 2n 1 n 2 , n N
6. 2 4 6 .... 2n n n 1 , n N
i 4 k 1, i 4 k 1 i, i 4 k 2 1, i 4 k 3 i where k Z
2. A number of the form a + ib is called a complex number, where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are real num bers.
In z = a+ib where ‘a’ is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z) and ‘b’ is called the imaginary
part of z denoted by Im(z).
i) If a = Re(z) = 0 then z is purely imaginary.
ii) If b = Im(z) = 0 then z is purely real
iii) Equality of complex numbers: Two complex numbers z1 a ib and z2 c id are equal
if a c and b d .
1 a b
z 1 = 2 2
i 2 2
z a b a b
(v) z12 z 22 z1 z 2 z1 z 2
14. Modulus of a complex number: Let z = a+ib, be a complex number then modulus of z denoted
z1 z1
(iv)
z2 z2
Where z 2 0 (v) z z z
2
(vi) z z
18. Complex plane (or) Argand plane: The plane having a complex number assigned to each of its points
is called complex plane or Argand plane
19. In argand plane x-axis is called real axis, y-axis is called imaginary axis
20. The polar form of the complex number z = x + iy is z = r cos i sin , where r z x2 y2 and
x y
cos , sin , where is known as the argument of z or amplitude of z. The value of ,
r r
such that , is called the principal argument of z.
21. A polynomial equation of degree n has n roots.
22. The soultion of the quadratic equation ax 2 bx c 0 , where a, b, c R , a 0 , are given by
b b2 4ac
x .
2a
6. LINEAR INEQUALITIES
1. Two real numbers or two algebraic expressions related by the symbol <, >, or is called
inequality
2. If the inequalities contain the symbols < or > then the inequalities are called Strict inequalities
3. If the inequalities contain the symbols or then the inequalities are called Slack inequalities
4. ax b 0, ax b 0, ax b 0, ax b 0 are examples of linear inequalities in onevariable x .
5. ax by c, ax by c, ax by c, ax by c are examples of linear inequalities in two
variables x and y
6. ax 2 bx c 0, ax 2 bx c 0 are examples of quadratic inequalities in one variable x .
7. The set of values of the variable which makes given inequalities a true statement is called its solution
set.
8. If we multiply both sides of an inequality by a negative number then, the sign of inequality is reversed.
n n!
Pr ,0 r n
n r !
7. The value of n Pn is _________(Answer: n!)
11. The number of permutations of n objects, where p1 objects are of one kind, p2 are of second kind,
n!
… .., pk are of kth kind and rest if any are different kind is =
p1 ! p2 !.... pk !
12. COMBINATIONS: The selection of objects is called as combination. The number of ways of
selecting ‘r’ objects from given ‘n’ different objects is
n n!
Cr , 0rn
r ! n r !
15. n
Pr n Cr r ! , 0 r n
n
16. C n r n Cr
n
17. Ca n Cb a b or a b n
n n 1
18. Cr n Cr 1 Cr
8.BINOMIAL THEOREM
binomial coefficients.
n
2. The expansion a b contains (n+1) terms
Some important expansions
n n n
3. x y n C0 x n n C1 x n 1 y n C2 x n 2 y 2 ......... 1 Cn y n
n
4. 1 x n C0 n C1 x n C2 x 2 n C3 x 3 ........ n Cn x n
n n n
5. 1 x n C0 n C1 x n C2 x 2 n C3 x 3 ........ 1 Cn x n
th
n
(i) If n is even then number of terms n+1 will be odd, middle term is 1 term.
2
(ii) If n is odd then number of terms n+1 is even. Hence there will be two middle terms, namely
th th
n 1 n 1
term and 1 term
2 2
2. Notation : Various numbers occurring in a sequence are called terms denoted by a1, a2, a3 , …an.
3. A sequence having finite number of terms is Finite sequence otherwise it is an Infinite sequence
5. Series : Let a1, a2, a3, …. an be a given sequence then, the expansion a1 + a2 + a3 + ….. + an is called
n
the series associated with given sequence. We denote a1+ a2 + ……… +an by Sn ak
k1
6. Arithmetic progression (A.P) : A sequence a1, a2,…..an ,..... is called A.P, if an+1 = an + d , n N
7. Other notation for A.P : A.P with first term a, common difference d is a, a+d, a+2d, …… nth term
(or) General term = Tn (or) an=a+(n-1)d
8. Properties of A.P:
(i) If a constant is added to each term of an A.P., the resulting sequence is also an A.P.
(iii) If each term of an A.P. is multiplied by a constant, then the resulting sequence is also an A.P.
(iv) If each term of an A.P. is divided by a non-zero constant then the resulting sequence is also an A.P
10. ARITHMETIC MEAN: Given two numbers a and b. We can insert a number A between them so
that a, A, b is an A.P. Such a number A is called the arithmetic mean (A.M.) of the numbers a and b
a b
i) Arithmetic mean of a, b is A =
2
ii) If A1 , A2 , A3 ,... An be n arithmetic means between a and b then a, A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An , b is an A.P with
ba
common difference d = and A.M’s are A1 = a+d, A2 = a+2d……., An = a+nd.
n 1
a c
iii) If a, b, c are in A.P. then b-a = c-b, (or) 2b = a+c or b=
2
a k 1
i) A sequence a1, a2.. an is called G.P, if each term is non zero and a r (constant) for k 1 ,
k
a2 a3 a4 a
..... k 1 r ; a is called first term, r is called common ratio.
a1 a2 a3 ak 1
b c
ii) If a, b, c are in G.P. then or b2 = ac or b ac
a b
12. Other form of G.P :
G.P. with first term a, common ratio r is a, ar, ar2, ….. arn-1, General term = nth term = Tn = an = arn-1
a 1 r n
i) S n if r < 1
1 r
a r n 1
ii) S n if r > 1
r 1
iii) S n na, if r = 1
NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 17]
CBSE + 1 MATHEMATICS CDF MATERIAL
14. i) If a and b are any positive numbers then ab is the Geometric Mean (G.M.) of a and b.
ii) Let G1 , G2 ,...., Gn be n geometric means inserted between positive numbers a and b such that
1
b n1
a, G1 , G2 ,...., Gn , b is a G.P with common ratio r
a
G1 ar , G2 ar 2 , G3 ar 3 , ....... Gn ar n
ab
15. Relationship between A.M and G.M: Let a, b be any two positive numbers, then ab
2
i.e., A.M. G.M
16. Sum to n terms of special series
n
n n 1
i) 1 2 ... n k
k 1 2
2 2 2 2
n
n n 1 2n 1
ii) 1 2 ... n k
k 1 6
2
3 3 3
n
3 n 2 n 1
iii) 1 2 ... n k
k 1 4
mx + nx1 my 2 + ny1
P = 2 , ; m + n 0
m+n m+n
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
3. The coordinates of the mid point P of the joining A x1 , y1 and B x2 , y2 is P = ,
2 2
7. Slope: If is the inclination of a non vertical line ‘ l ’ then tan is called the slope or gradient of the
line ‘ l ’ and it is denoted by ‘m’ .
8. (i) Inclination of x-axis is 00 , y-axis is 900
(ii) Inclination of horizontal line is 00 , vertical line is 900
(iii) Slope of x-axis is 0, slope of y-axis is not defined
(iv) Slope of horizontal line is 0, slope of vertical line is not defined
9. The slope (m) of a non-vertical straight line passing through the points P x1 , y1 and Q x2 , y2 is
y2 y1
m
x2 x1
10. i) The acute angle between lines L1 and L2 with slopes m1 and m2 respectively, is given by
m2 m1
tan
1 m1m2 where m1m2 1 .
ii) Two non - vertical lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal
iii) Two non - vertical lines with slopes m1 , m2 are perpendicular to each other if and only if m1m2 1
11. The equation of the horizontal line which is at a distance of k units
(i) above the X-axis is y = k
(ii) below the X- axis is y = –k.
12. The equation of a vertical line which is at a distance of k units to
(i) the right side of the Y - axis is x = k
(ii) the left side of the Y–axis is x = -k
13. Point slope form : The equation of the line passing through the point x0 , y0 and having slope ‘m’ is
y y0 m x x0
y 2 - y1
14. Two point form : The equation of the line joining P1 x1 , y1 and P2 x2 , y2 is y - y1 = x - x x - x1
2 1
x y
17. Intercept form : The equation of the straight line having x-intercept ‘a’ and y-intercept ‘b’ is + =1
a b
18. Normal form : The equation of the line which is at a distance of p units from the origin and
0 3600 is the angle made by the normal with the positive direction of x-axis is
xcosω + ysinω = p
19. General equation of straight line is Ax + By + C = 0 . The slope of non vertical line Ax By C 0 is
A
m=
B
c c
20. The x and y intercepts made by the line ax by c 0 are and respectively..
a b
a1 b1
i) If the lines are intersecting then a b .
2 2
a1 b1
ii) If the lines are parallel then condition is a = b .
2 2
a1 b1 c1
iv) If the lines coincide then a b c
2 2 2
a x1 b y1 c
22. The length of the perpendicular (d) from x1 , y1 to the line ax by c 0 is d
a 2 b2
c
23. The length of the perpendicular from the origin to the line ax by c 0 is
a2 + b 2
c1 - c 2
24. The distance (d) between two parallel lines y mx c1 and y mx c2 is given by d = 2
1+m
C1 - C2
25. The distance (d) between two parallel lines Ax By C1 0 and Ax By C2 0 is d =
A2 + B2
C A
B
2. Conic sections : If we take the intersection of a plane with a cone, the section so obtained is called a
conic section is angle made by plane with vertical axis of conic.
When the plane cut at the vertex of the cone then section is
4. Circle : The set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point in the plane. The fixed point
is called centre, fixed distance is called radius.
5. Equation of circle with centre (h, k) and radius r is (x- h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2.
6. Parabola: A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed line and a fixed
point (not on the line) in the plane
7. The fixed line is called the Directrix of the parabola and the fixed point F is called the Focus
8. The line perpendicular to directrix and passing through focus is called Axis
9. The point of intersection of parabola with the axis is called Vertex of the parabola.
10. Latus rectum : Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis of the parabola,
through the focus and whose end points lie on the parabola.
The point of intersections of latusrectum with parabola are called Ends of latusrectum
i) Vertex A (0, 0) ii) Focus : F(a, 0) iii) Axis : x-axis iv) Directrix is x = -a
v) Length of latus rectum = 4a
15. Ellipse : An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points
in the plane is a constant. The two fixed points are called the foci (plural of ‘focus’) of the ellipse
i) The midpoint of the line segment joining the foci is called center of ellipse
iii) The line segment perpendicular to major axis at centre is called minor axis
iv) The end points of the major axis are called the vertices of the ellipse
17. Eccentricity: The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio of the distances from the centre of the ellipse to
c
one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the ellipse (eccentricity is denoted by e) i.e., e
a
18. Hyperbola : A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose distances from two
fixed points in the plane is a constant.
i) The midpoint of the line segment joining the foci is called center of hyperbola
ii) The line segment joining foci is called transverse axis
NARAYANA GROUP PAGE No. [ 25]
CBSE + 1 MATHEMATICS CDF MATERIAL
iii) The line segment perpendicular to transverse axis at centre is called conjugate axis
iv) The end points of the transverse axis are called the vertices of the hyperbola
19) Standard equation of hyperbola :
x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3 z1 z 2 z3
are , ,
3 3 3
1. Concept of Limit: As x a, f (x) l, then l is called limit of the function f (x) which is symbolically
written as lim f x l
x a
2. Left hand limit: xlim f x is the expected value of f at x a given the values of f near x to the
a
3. Right hand limit: xlim f x is the expected value of f at x a given the values of f near x to the right
a
4. If the right and left hand limits coincide, we call that common value as the limit of f x at x a and
denoted by lim f x
x a
5. Algebra of limits:
If f x and g x be two functions such that both lim f x and lim g x exists then
x a x a
f x lim f x
x a
lim
iv) x a g x lim g x , where lim g x 0
x a
x a
v) lim . f x .lim f x , R
x a xa
xn an
6. lim n an1
x a xa
sin x
8. lim 1
x 0 x
1 cos x
9. lim 0
x 0 x
tan x
10. lim 1
x 0 x
Derivatives
1. Derivative at a point: Suppose f is a real valued function and ‘a’ is a point in its domain of definition.
1 f a h f a
The derivative of f at ‘a’ is defined by f a lim whenever limit exist.
h0 h
2. First principal of Derivative: Suppose f is a real valued function, the function defined by
f x h f x
f 1 x lim whereever the limit exists is called derivative of f at x.
h 0 h
d d
3. For a function y f x , f 1 x can also be denoted as
dx
f x (or)
dx
y (or) y1
df
Derivative at a is denoted by f a (or ) f x x a (or ) dx
1 1
4.
xa
5. Algebra of derivative of functions: Let f and g be two functions such that their derivatives are
defined in a common domain then
d d d
i) f x g x f x g x
dx dx dx
d d d
ii) f x g x f x g x
dx dx dx
d d d
iii) f x g x f x g x g x f x
dx dx dx
d d
d f x
g x f x f x g x
dx dx
iv) , g x 0
dx g x g x
2
1
u u 1v uv1
ii)
v v2
d n
7.
dx
x nxn1
d
8. x 1
dx
d
9. k 0 , where k is constant
dx
d
10.
dx
x 2 1x
d 1 1
11.
dx x x 2
d x
12.
dx
e ex
d x
13.
dx
a ax loge a
d 1
14. loge x
dx x
d
15. sin x cos x
dx
d
16. cos x sin x
dx
d
17. tan x sec2 x
dx
d
18. cos ecx cos ecx cot x
dx
d
19. sec x sec x tan x
dx
d
20. cot x cos ec 2 x
dx
x i
1. Mean of x1 , x2 , x3 ,.....xn is given by x i 1
fx i i
n
x i 1 , where N f i .
i 1
N
3. After arranging the observation x1 ,x2 ,x3 ,....xn in ascending or descending order
n 1
th
n n
th th
ii) If n is even.then Median is the mean of and 1 observations.
2 2
4. Dispersion:-Statistically dispersion means how the observations are deviating from it’s central value.
5. The following are the measure of dispersion
i) Range ii) Quartile deviation iii) Mean deviation iv)Standard deviation
6. Range: Maximum value Minimum value.
7. Mean deviation about mean:
n
x x
n
i
x
i
i 1
i) For ungrouped data; M .D x , where x i1
n n
f .x
n
f i xi x
x i1
i i
n
ii) For grouped data; M .D x i 1
N
Where N f
i1
i
and N
xi M
For ungrouped data: M.D M i1
where M is median
n
n
f i xi M n
For grouped data: M.DM i1
N
Here N f
i1
i
9. Shortcut method for calculating mean deviation about mean in continuous frequency distribution
n
fd i i
xi a
i1
x a h ; where ‘a’ is the assumed mean, h is the common factor, di
N h
1 n
Mean deviation about mean M .D x fi xi x
N i1
N
C
M l 2 h
10. For a continuous frequency distribution i) Median
f
1 n
xi x : standard deviation
1 n
2
xi x
2
For ungrouped data variance
2
n i1 n i1
1 n
fi xi x ;
2
variance =
2
N i1
f x x
1 2
Standard deviation = i i
N i 1
n n
2
1 N
variance = N 2 fi xi fi xi
2 2
i1 i1
n n
2
1 N
Standard deviation = N f i xi f i xi
2
i1 i 1
14. Shortcut method to find variance and standard deviation
h2 n n
2
N
variance = N 2 fi yi f i yi
2 2
i1 i1
n
2
h n
Standard deviation = N N f i yi f i yi
2
i 1 i 1
xi A
Where yi , A is assumed mean.
h
15. Coefficient of variation C.V = 100 where x 0 .
x
16. The distribution having less C.V is more stable (or consistent) and the distribution having larger C.V is
unstable (or inconsistent).
17. Variance of constant distribution is zero.
i) Var ax a 2Var x S .D ax a S .D x
A ' or A .
i) Event A or B = A B ;
ii) Event A and B = A B ;
c
iii) Event A but not B = A B or A B
7. Mutually exclusive events
i) Two events A and B are called mutually exclusive events if A B
ii) The events E1 , E2 ,...En are said to be mutually exclusive if Ei E j for i j
8. Exhaustive events : The events E1 , E2 ...En are said to be exhaustive if E1 E2 ... En S
9. Axiomatic, approach to probability : Let S be the sample space of a random experiment. The probability
P is a real valued function whose domian is the power set of S and range is the interval 0,1 satisfying
the following axioms.
i) For any event E , P E 0
ii) P S 1
iii) If E and F are mutually exclusive events, then P E F P E P F
13. Addition theorem: If A, B and C are any events of a random experiment and P is a probability function
then
i P A B P A P B P A B
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