HALOGEN DERIVATIVES OF ALKANES

SR. NO TYPES EXAMPLE

X
R
Haloalkanes / R-CH2-X R-CH-R
1 R-C-X
Alkyl halides
R

CH2=CH-CH2-X
2 Allylic halides
Benzylic CH2-X
3 halides

Vinylic halides CH2=CH-X

4
/ Haloalkenes
CH≡C-X
5 Haloalkyne
Aryl halides / -X
6
Haloarenes

METHODS OF PREPARATION OF ALKYL HALIDES:

PRECURSO REAGENT REACTION METHOD
R
Hydrogen R-OH + H-X
-
halide (HX) R-X + H2O
Phosphorou 3R-OH + PX3
From alcohol 3R-X + H3PO3 -
s halide
(R-OH)
Thionyl R-OH + SOCl2 Darzen’s
chloride R-Cl + SO2 + process
HCl
 Alkanes and R-CH3 + X-X
halogens R-X + H-X
Alkenes and R-C=C-R + X-X
halogens R-CX-CX-R
(Vicinal
dihalide)
Alkenes and R-CH=CH-R +
Markovnikov’
From hydrogen H-X
s rule
hydrocarbon halides R-CH2-CX-R
s Alkynes and R-C≡C-R +X-X
halogens R-CX2-CX2-R
-
(Tetrahaloalkan
e)
Alkynes and R-C≡C-R + 2H-X
hydrogen R-CH2-CX2-R Markovnikov’
halides (Geminal s rule
dihalide)
Alkyl R-Cl + Na-I R-
chloride/ I + NaCl
Finkelstein
bromide &
reaction
sodium
Halogen iodide
exchange Alkyl R-Br + Ag-F R-
chloride/ F + AgBr
Swartz
bromide &
reaction
metal
fluorides