LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET) REVIEWER

MAJORSHIP: SOCIAL STUDIES

Sir GIO GABRIEL G. QUEBRAL, LPT
09264523188 | giogabrielquebral@gmail.com | https://web.facebook.com/gioquebral

PART I: PRE-TEST

GEOGRAPHY

1. If the seven continents were arranged from largest to smallest, in which order does Australia fall?

a. Fifth c. Seventh
b. Fourth d. Sixth

2. Ecosystem refers to the relationship between the physical and biological environments in a certain place. Among
desert ecosystems, which is the world’s largest?

a. Antarctica c. Gobi
b. Chihuahuan d. Sahara

3. Which province in the western coast of Luzon is virtually surrounded by sea waters and in recent years, has become
the center for big businesses and development processing zones?

a. Bataan c. Pampanga
b. Mindoro d. Zambales

4. What region in the Philippines is refered to as “The Land of Promise” because of its rich agricultural lands and natural
resources?

a. Cordillera c. Mindanao
b. Luzon d. Visayas

5. Studying the forces that changes the earth’s surface is a part of studying Geography. In the Philippines, the NDRRMC
has this responsibility. What does NDRRMC stands for?

a. National Disaster Reduction and Risk Management Committee

b. National Disaster Reduction and Risk Management Council
c. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee
d. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

6. Which region in the Philippines is said to offer limited economic opportunities because it is a narrow strip of land
surrounded by mountain ranges and sea?

a. Bicol Region c. Central plains of Luzon

b. Cagayan valley d. Ilocos Region

7. What province in the Philippines did the mining industry prospered because of large quantity deposits of marbles
underground?

a. Davao c. Romblon
b. Guimaras d. Zamboanga

8. Its name means “house of snow”, an appropriate name for a mountain range that is constantly covered by snow.

a. Andes c. Kilimanjaro
b. Himalayas d. Ural

9. In Region III there is an abundance of fertile plains suited for agriculture, the only prominent mountain in this area is
_______.

a. Mt. Arayat c. Mt. Pulag

b. Mt. Binacayan d. Mt. Sawi

10. The Philippines is much hotter than the United States of America because _______.

a. it has days with more hours of light c. of a higher population density than Canada
b. of more vegetation that absorb sunlight d. it is closer to the sun and receive more sun rays
PHILIPPINE HISTORY

1. During the Hispanic era in the Philippines around the 17 th – 18th century, what was the highest post a native or a
Chinese mestize can attain at the Spanish colonial government at the municipal level?

a. Cabeza de barangay c. Governor - General

b. Governadorcillo d. Visitador

2. Raja Soliman fought valiantly against Spain, in contrast to _______, the leader who welcomed the Spaniards because
he thought that fighting a superior enemy is futile.

a. Datu Puti c. Lakandula

b. Datu Sumakwel d. Raja Tupas

3. Trade and commerce was abundant in the Philippines even in pre-colonial times, to which group of foreigners did our
ancestors had extensive trade relations?

a. Chinese c. Portuguese
b. Indians d. South Africans

4. With the continued presence of American troops in the archipelago after the Spaniards have left, resulted in an uneasy
peace with their Filipino counterpart, and eventually, hostilities soon began between the two forces. Which incident
triggered this?

a. Aguinaldo’s proclamation of independence c. The incident in Balangiga

b. Mock battle of Manila d. The skirmish in San Juan bridge

5. Which of the following individuals served the longest in history of Philippine congress, as the Speaker of the house?

a. Jose De Venecia c. Ramon Mitra

b. Koko Pimentel d. Sonny Belmonte

6. The Spanish obliged all its males subjects aged 16-40 years old in the Philippines to do forced labor for forty days.
How can an individual be made exempted?

a. Getting a cedula personal c. Paying the bandala

b. Pay santorum tax to the church d. Paying the falla

7. During his term, the so called “miracle rice” that is capable of growing in certain extreme weather conditions. Who
was this president?

a. Corazon Aquino c. Ferdinand Marcos

b. Diosdado Macapagal d. Ramon Magsaysay

8. He is remembered in Philippine history as “The Great Dissenter”

a. Aglipay c. Recto
b. Garcia d. Roxas

9. Other than the Muslims from Mindanao, which of the following people did the Spaniards failed to subjugate
completely?

a. Cordillerans c. Visayans
b. Tagalogs d. Warays

10. Who was the president of the Japanese-sponsored Philippine republic?

a. Carlos Romulo c. Manuel Quezon

b. Jose Laurel d. Sergio Osmena

RIZAL AND OTHER HEREOS AND HEROINES

1. There are two factions of the Katipunan in Cavite; the Magdiwang and the Magdalo, while Baldomero Aguinaldo led
the Magdalo faction, _______ led the Magdiwang.
b. Ciriaco Bonifacio
a. Artemio Ricarte
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 c. Daniel Tirona d. Mariano Alvarez
2. After the Philippine revolutionary forces were defeated, Macario Sakay went underground and established a republic
based on the ideology of the Bonifacio-Jacinto Katipunan. The republic established by Macario is known as _______.

a. Republika ng Katipunan c. Republika sa Gitnang Katagalugan

b. Republika ng mga Filipino d. Republika ng San Cristobal

3. After Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan and the failure of the La liga Filipina, Andres Bonifacio founded the
revolutionary society, Katipunan that aims to liberate the Philippines, while his conservative intellectual counterparts
formed a different group to finance and continue the support for the reform movement in Spain. What is the name of
this group?

a. Cuerpo de Compromisarios c. La Independencia

b. Hijas dela revolucion d. La Solidaridad

4. Which of the following was the first labor union in the Philippines founded by Isabelo de los Reyes on July 1901?

a. Association de Compania c. Union Obrera Democratica

b. Association of the Philippine Labor d. Union Trabajadores de Filipinos

5. Who is the Governor-General who objected to Rizal’s execution and later as a gesture of apology; he presented his
sash and sword to Rizal’s family.

a. Camilio Polavieja c. Jose Basco

b. Fernando Primo De Rivera d. Ramon Blanco

6. She joined the women chapter of the Katipunan in 1895 at the age of 47. History remembers her as the Mother of
Biak-na-Bato. Who was this Katipunera?

a. Agueda Kahabagan c. Teresa Magbanua

b. Marina Dizon d. Trinidad Tecson

7. The University of the Philippines is one of the top universities in the country. Who was its first president?

a. Geronimo Pecson c. Rafael Palma

b. Murray Bartlett d. William Howard Taft

8. Gregoria de Jesus saw her husband _______ charged for treason by fellow Filipinos who have formed the Philippine
Revolutionary government to fight Spain.

a. Andres Bonifacio c. Jose Rizal

b. Emilio Aguinaldo d. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

9. He received the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in 1971 for his forty-four years of creative
work in education, particularly his conception and promotion of barrio high schools for rural Filipino youth.

a. Antonio Fortich c. Pedro Orata

b. Benjamin Gaston d. Phon Sangsingkeo

10. Who was the Spanish Governor-General that signed the order to execute Dr. Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan?

a. Camilio Polavieja c. Rafael de Izquierdo

b. Narciso Claveria d. Ramon Blanco

SOCIOLOGY

1. What is the most probable consequence of meritocracy in a social system?

a. Culture of elitism c. Rule by the wealthy and powerful

b. Leadership of people of talent d. Rule by those with noble birth

2. Society cannot be studied in the same way as the natural world because;

a. Human behavior is meaningful, and varies between individuals and culture

b. It is difficult for sociologists to gain access to a research laboratory
c. Sociologists are not rational or critical enough in their approach
d. We cannot collet empirical data about social life
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3. This term refers to the social aspects of sex or defined roles and expectations associated with sex.

a. Culture of sex c. LGBTQCI

b. Gender d. Social norms

4. In a matriarchal family, which family member play the leading role?

a. Father c. Grandmother
b. Grandfather d. Mother

5. Which question correctly illustrates the anthropological perspective of religion?

a. Does God exist? c. Are these religious values good?

b. Which is the greatest religion? d. What is the impact of religion to people?

6. Which of the following is a detrimental aspect of Philippine culture and society?

a. Amor propio c. Ningas cogon

b. Delicadeza d. Palabra de honor

7. Which of the following best describes gender?

a. Attitudes and behaviors considered appropriate for females and males

b. Biological characteristics which distinguishes males and females
c. Social characteristics considered proper for females and males
d. Negative stereotypes because of people and their age

8. The process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the social norms of the dominant culture.

a. Assimilation c. Cultural relativism

b. Enculturation d. Acculturation

9. Which of the following refers to the ability of an individual to impose their will and control/modify behavior of others
despite resistance?

a. Authority c. Legitimacy
b. Coercion d. Power

10. A group of college students went to Hacienda Luisita and lived amongst the farmers, doing as what they are doing for
two weeks. This is an example of _______.

a. acculturation c. culture shock

b. action research d. social immersion

WORLD HISTORY

1. Who was the barbarian ruler of the Hunnic Empire, that wreak havoc to both the eastern and western Roman empires,
historians often refer to him as the “scourge of God”.

a. Attila the Hun c. Ragnar Lothbrok

b. Genghis Khan d. Tamerlane

2. What alliance was formed whose primary aim was to prevent the further expansion of communist influence in
Southeast Asia?

a. Association of Southeast Asian Nations c. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

b. North Atlantic Treaty Organization d. Warsaw Pact

3. Nelson Mandela is the leader of an anti-apartheid movement, the first black president of South Africa and a Nobel
Peace Prize Laureate. In recognition of his contribution, the United Nations declared what date as Nelson Mandela
International Day?

a. July 18 c. June 18
b. August 18 d. September 18

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4. Widely remembered as a symbol of libertarian struggles, a medical student turned revolutionary, who aided Fidel
Castro seize power in Cuba from the dictator, Fulgencio Batista.

a. Ernesto Guevarra c. Robert Marley

b. Raul Castro d. Simoun Bolivar

5. Who was the British scientist who wrote “On the Origin of Species” which contributed largely to the concept of
evolution?

a. Charles Darwin c. Raymond Dary

b. Louis Leakey d. Richard Leakely

6. In recent history, He is the one of the few Popes, who has lost the papacy through resignation.

a. Alexander VI c. Francis II
b. Benedict XVI d. John Paul I

7. In Norse mythology, there are different realms that is home to various beings. Which realm is the home of the Gods
and Goddesses?

a. Asgard c. Nifelhiem
b. Midgard d. Valhalla

8. During World War II, the Third Reich looked-for the support of all of Germania; Hitler sought this through a well-
planned propaganda campaign. Who was the German official that was chiefly responsible for this operation?

a. Joseph Goebels c. Ludolf von Alvensleben

b. Gunter d'Alquen d. Max Amann

9. The Second World War ended with the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki using atomic bombs. When was the
two cities bombed?

a. August 7 and 10 c. September 11 and 13

b. August 6 and 9 d. September 12 and 14

10. Ivan the Great, the Tsar of Russia claimed to be the symbolic successor of the Byzantine Empire. What symbol did he
used to solidify this claim?

a. David’s star c. Hammer and sickle

b. Double-headed eagle d. Sun and spear

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT

1. What law states that the custody of the child age 7 below shall belong to the mother?

a. Family code c. Revise Penal Code

b. R.A. 7877 d. VAWC

2. Which of the following articles in the Philippine constitution stipulates that “no person shall be deprived of life,
liberty, or property without due process of law, nor any person be denied the equal protection of the laws”?

a. Article III c. Article V

b. Article IV d. Article VII

3. Although in strong disagreement, Andres had to give his private property to the government for public use after
receiving a just compensation. What power of state was involved in the particular case?

a. Eminent Domain c. Relocation

b. Police power d. Taxation

4. An individual has the right to file writ of amparo before proceeding in the investigation of an administrative cased
filed against his/her. What fundamental right does the individual invoke?

a. Right against self-incrimination c. Right to due process

b. Right of privacy of communication d. Right to life, liberty, and property

5. When the state deprives an individual of the right to life without due process of law, it becomes a case of _______.
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 a. death penalty c. murder
b. mercy killing d. summary killings

6. Which constitutional safeguard prevents one branch of the government from becoming powerful or abusive?

a. Check and Balance c. Impeachment

b. Commission on Human Rights d. Ombudsman

7. According to the 1987 Philippine constitution, which shall receive the highest budget allocation?

a. Education c. Health
b. Emergency funds d. Peace and order

8. What law aims to improve maternal health and promote modern methods of contraception?

a. R.A. 10354 c. R.A. 7877

b. R.A. 1425 d. R.A. 9262

11. Which of the following is a government agency tasked to nurture Philippine Arts?

a. CCP c. NCAA
b. NBI d. NCCA

12. Which is a legislative check on the President?

a. Inquiry into the wisdom of any pardon given by the President

b. Prescription of qualifications of judges of lower courts
c. Prescription of the qualifications of the President
d. Rejection of appointment/s by the President

PART II: WORLD GEOGRAPHY

MEANING OF GEOGRAPHY
 Geography from two Greek words “geo” (earth) and
“graphos” (description).
 The study of the Earth's characteristics and
distribution of life and habitat on it.
 It deals with such elements like climate, time, space,
landscape, resources, population, and issues.
TWO MAIN AREAS OF FOCUS OF GEOGRAPHY
1. Physical Geography
 The spatial study of natural phenomena that
make up the environment, such as rivers,
mountains, landforms, weather, climate, soils,
plants, and any other physical aspects of the
earth’s surface.
 It focuses on geography as a form of earth
science. It tends to emphasize the main physical
parts of the earth—the lithosphere (surface
layer), the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere
(water), and the biosphere (living organisms)—
and the relationships between these parts.
 Physical landscape - The natural terrain at any one
place on the planet. The natural forces of erosion,
weather, tectonic plate action, and water have
formed the earth’s physical features
2. Human Geography
 The study of human activity and its relationship
to the earth’s surface.
 Human geographers examine the spatial
distribution of human populations, religions,
languages, ethnicities, political systems,
economics, urban dynamics, and other
components of human activity
 They study patterns of interaction between
human cultures and various environments and
focus on the causes and consequences of human
settlement and distribution over the landscape
 Cultural landscape - Parts of the earth’s surface
that have been altered or created by humans
TYPES OF LOCATIONS

Major forms of study in Physical Geography: 1. Relative location

 Biogeography (the study of the geographic
patterns of species distribution)
 Climatology (the study of climates and climate
change)
 Coastal geography (the study of the coastal
regions)
 Geomorphology (the study of the earth’s
surface features)
 Glaciology (the study of glaciers)
 is the location on the earth’s surface with
reference to other places, taking into
consideration features such as transportation
access or terrain
 Relative location helps one compare the
advantages of one location with those of another
Two kinds of Relative location:
 Continental
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  Maritime common government, language, political situation,
or landform
2. Absolute location  Internal characteristics that provide a sense of place.
 Refers to an exact point on the earth’s surface Their boundaries vary with the type of region,
without regard to how that point is related to any whether it is formal, functional, or vernacular; each
other place. type has its own meaning and defined purpose.
 Absolute location is vital to the cartographic
process and to human activities that require an Types of regions:
agreed-upon method of identifying a place or
point. 1. Formal region - has a governmental, administrative,
or political boundary and can have political as well
IMAGINARY LINES OF THE WORLD as geographic boundaries that are not open to
 Geographers and cartographers organize locations dispute or debate. Formal boundaries can separate
on the earth using a series of imaginary lines that states, provinces, or countries from one another
encircle the globe. 2. Functional regions - have boundaries related to a
practical function within a given area. When the
1. Latitude/Parallel – imaginary lines running around function of an area ends, the functional region ends
the globe in an east-west direction and its boundaries cease to exist. For example, a
a. Arctic Circle functional region can be defined by a newspaper
b. Tropic of Cancer service or delivery area
c. Equator 3. Vernacular regions - have loosely defined
d. Tropic of Capricorn boundaries based on people’s perceptions or
e. Antarctic Circle thoughts. Vernacular regions can be fluid—that is,
different people may have different opinions about
2. Longitude/Meridians – imaginary lines running the limits of the regions. Vernacular regions include
around the globe in an north-south direction concepts such as the region called the “Middle
a. Prime Meridian East.” Many people have a rough idea of the Middle
b. International Date Line East’s location but do not know precisely which
REGIONS IN GEOGRAPHY countries make up the Middle East
 A region is a basic unit of study in geography—a
unit of space characterized by a feature such as a

REALMS
 Larger areas of the planet, usually with multiple regions, that share the same general geographic location. Regions are
cohesive areas within each realm.
 The Major eleven realms of the world:

Source: http://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/open/download?filename=World-Regional-Geography-People-Places-and-
Globalization-1499722111&type=pdf

1. Europe (Eastern Europe and Western Europe)

2. The Russian Realm (Russian republic of the former Soviet Union)
3. North America (United States and Canada)
4. Middle America (Caribbean, Mexico, Central America)
5. South America
6. North Africa, the Middle East and central Asia
7. Subsaharan Africa (Africa south of the Sahara Desert)
8. Southern Asia (India and its neighbors)
9. Eastern Asia (China, Mongolia, Japan, and the Koreas)
10. Southeast Asia (mainland region and the islands region)
11. Australia and the Pacific (including New Zealand)

1. Title
PARTS OF A MAP 2. Legend
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3. Scale 1. Political
4. Compass rose/ North arrow 2. Physical
5. Geographic grid 3. Climate
4. Economic
TYPES OF MAP 5. Population

CLIMATE
 Can be defined as a long-term average weather pattern evident in a particular region of the world
 The two main elements in climate conditions are temperature and precipitation

WEATHER
 Is a term usually used to define conditions on a short-term or even daily basis

The various climate types (Köppen-Geiger classification system):

Source: http://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/open/download?filename=World-Regional-Geography-People-Places-and-Globalization-
1499722111&type=pdf

1. Type A: Tropical or equatorial climates

2. Type B: Dry or arid climates
3. Type C: Moderate or temperate climates
4. Type D: Cold or continental climates
5. Type E: Polar or extreme climates
6. Type H: (Unclassified) highland climates

THE CONTINENTS OF THE WORLD

 A large unbroken landmass surrounded by water, although in some cases continents are (or were in part) connected by
land bridges.
Elevation, feet and meters
Area
Highest Lowest
Mt. Everest, Tibet-Nepal, 29,035 ft. Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, 1,349 ft. below
WORLD
(8,850 m)1 sea level (–411 m)
Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, 19,340 ft. Lake Assal, Djibouti, 512 ft. below sea
AFRICA
(5,895 m) level (–156 m)
Vinson Massif, Ellsworth Mts., 16,066 ft. Lowest land point hidden within Bentley
ANTARCTICA
(4,897 m) Subglacial Trench2
ASIA (includes the Mt. Everest, Tibet-Nepal, 29,035 ft. (8,850 Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, 1,349 ft. below
Middle East) m) sea level (–411 m)
AUSTRALIA Mt. Kosciusko, Australia, 7,310 ft. (2,228 Lake Eyre, Australia, 52 ft. below sea level
(includes Oceania) m) (–12 m)
EUROPE (the Ural
Mountains in Russia form the Mt. Elbrus, Russia/Georgia, 18,510 ft. Caspian Sea, Russia/Kazakhstan 92 ft.
boundary between Europe and (5,642 m) below sea level (–28 m)
Asia)
NORTH AMERICA
(includes Central America and Mt. McKinley, Alaska, 20,320 ft. Death Valley, Calif., 282 ft. below sea
the (6,194 m) level (–86 m)
Caribbean)
Mt. Aconcagua, Argentina, Valdes Peninsula, Argentina 131 ft. below
SOUTH AMERICA 22,834 ft. sea level (–40 m)
(6,960 m)

HALL OF FAME IN GEOGRAPHY

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 Deepest Underwater Trench – Marianas Trench
 Highest Lake – Lake Titicaca in Peru
 Highest Mountain – Mount Everest, Himalayan
Mountains, Nepal - Tibet
 Largest Archipelago – Indonesia
 Largest Bay – The Bay of Bengal
 Largest Continent – Asia
 Largest Gulf – Gulf of Mexico,
 Largest Island: Greenland
 Largest Lake – Caspian Sea, 152,239 square miles
 Largest Ocean – Pacific Ocean
 Largest Peninsula - Arabia
 Largest Sea – The Mediterranean Sea,
 Longest Mountain Range – The Andes of South
America
 Longest River – The Nile, Africa
 Lowest Lake – The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan
 Lowest Point on Land – The Dead Sea, Israel-
Jordan,
 Shortest River – The Roe, Montana, U.S., 200 feet
long
 Smallest Continent – Australia
 Smallest Ocean – Arctic Ocean

THE PHILIPPINES
 The Philippines is an archipelago, which lies 966 km off the Southern Coast of Asia.
 It is located between 4°-23° N latitude and 116°-127° E longitude. The country is 1,150 miles (1,850 km) long and
680 miles (1,060 km) wide.
 This archipelago is composed of 7, 107 islands and has a total land area 300,000 sq. km. Of these islands, only 2, 773
are named, while more than 4,000 have not been officially named.
 As of 2009, the Philippine has 17 regions, 80 provinces, 2 autonomous regions, 135 cities, 1,498 municipalities, and
41, 993 barangays.
Region Provinces/Cities/Municipalities
1. Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province
2. Region I – Ilocos Region Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan
3. Region II – Cagayan Valley Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya, Quirino
4. Region III – Central Luzon Aurora, Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija
5. National Capital Region (NCR) Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Manila,
Marikina, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Pateros, Quezon City, San
Juan, Taguig, Valenzuela
6. Region IV – A – CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,Rizal, Quezon
7. Region IV – B – MIMAROPA Ocidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan
8. Region V – Bicol Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate,
Sorsogon
9. Region VI – Western Visayas Capiz, Anitque, Guimaras, Negros Occidental, Aklan, Iloilo
10. Region VII – Central Visayas Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, Siquijor
11. Region VIII – Eastern Visayas Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Southern Leyte
12. Region IX – Zamboanga Peninsula Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del sur, Zamboanga Sibugay
13. Region X – Northern Mindanao Bukidnon, Camiquin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental
14. Region XI – Davao region Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur
15. Region XII – SOCCSKSARGEN South Cotabato, Cotabato city, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, General
Santos
16. Region XIII – CARAGA Agusan de Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur,
Dinagat Islands
17. ARMM – Autonomous Region of Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi
Muslim Mindanao

PART III: PHILIPPINE HISTORY Umalohokan – announcer of laws promulgated by the

PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES
Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed
on the Philippines, our ancestors already had their own
civilization with our own political, societal, and
economic systems in place.
System of Government
Barangays – well-organized independent villages.
(Originated from the Malay word, Balangay meaning
sailboat). It is socio-political unit with Datu as chieftain.
 The rulers of bigger barangays assumed the title of
Raja or Lakan.
chieftain and the elders for the common good and
welfare of the barangay
Sandugo/Blood compact – A traditional ceremony that
seals friendship or alliance among barangays
Trial by Ordeal – The suspect/s is subjected to
tribulation to determine guilt. The argument was that
God with his infinite wisdom would protect the innocent
and punish the guilty.
Examples of trial by ordeal in the Philippines:
 River Ordeal
 Boiling water Ordeal
 Candle Ordeal

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Bultong – a form of trial by ordeal (ordeal by wrestling)
practiced by the Ifugao in some parts of the Cordillera.
The defeated wrestler in the contest was considered the
culprit.
Religious Beliefs
The early Filipinos worshipped ancestral spirits called
Anitos (Tagalogs) or Diwatas (Bisayan). They offered
prayers and food to these Anitos/Diwatas.
 Babaylan – religious leaders, priestesses the led the
performance of sacrifices and prayers. Datus or
Rajas often consult them before making any major
political/societal/economic decisions.
 Bathala – supreme god, the creator of heaven, earth
and man.
Other deities include:
 Idiyanale – god of agriculture
 Sidapa – god of death
 Balangaw – the rainbow god
 Mandarangaw – the war god
 Lalahon – the goddess of harvest
 Agri – the fire god
Language, Writing, and Literature
In early Philippines, there were more or less a hundred
languages and dialects were spoken, and all of them
originated from a common linguistic source; the
Malayo-Polynesian language. Among these languages,
The Spaniards regarded Tagalog to have been the best.
 Baybayin – system of writing of ancient Filipino. It
has 17 letters; 14 consonants and 3 vowels.
Epics were long narrative poems depicting stories of
heroic achievements or events. The following were
examples of epics in early Philippines:
 Bidasari – Moro epic
 Biag ni Lam-ang – Ilocano epic
 Maragtas – Visayan epic
 Kumintang epic
 “Dagoy” at “Sudsod” – Tagbanwas epic
Social Stratification
 There are three social classes in pre-colonial society
of the Philippines: nobles, freemen and slaves.
1. Nobles
 Maginoo – the class that was at the top
of Tagalog society. Men and women of this
class were generally referred to with the
respectful title of Ginoo. Individually, the
terms, Gat, meaning Lord, or Dayang, meaning
Lady, preceded names as in, Gat Buka (now a
town in Bulakan) and Dayang Angkatan.
 A panginoon was an affluent maginoo who
owned much property and valuable land. The
shortened honorific, poon, is used to address
them, which could be translated into English as
milord or milady. Aba poon meant, “Greetings,
milord or milady” and Oo, poon meant, “Yes,
sir or ma’am.” Poon survives to this day as the
term of respect, po.
 A datu, or chieftain, was a maginoo who had
followers and who ruled over whole
communities or barangays. The Visayans, as
well as the people of Luzon used this word..
2. Freemen
 Timawa – The timawa class were free
commoners of Luzon and the Visayas who could
own land and who did not have to pay a regular
tribute to a maginoo. Although, they would be
obliged to work on a datu’s land and help in
community projects and events from time to
time..
 Maharlika –the Tagalog warrior class known
as maharlika had the same rights and
responsibilities as the timawa, but in times of
war they were bound to serve their datu in
battle. They had to arm themselves at their own
expense, but they did get to keep the loot they
won – or stole. Although they were partly
related to the nobility, the maharlikas were
technically less free than the timawas because
they could not leave a datu’s service without
first hosting a large public feast and paying
the datu in gold.
3. Slaves (alipin or oripun in the Visayas) - the alipins
of pre-colonial Philippines were not really slaves in
the Western sense of the word wherein they would
be bought and sold in the market with chains around
their necks. A more suitable description of this class
would be to call them debtors. They could be
born alipins, inheriting their parents’ debt, and their
obligations could be transferred from one master to
another. However, it was also possible for them to
buy their own freedom. A person in extreme poverty
might even want to become an alipin voluntarily –
preferably to relatives who saw this as a form of
assistance rather than punishment.
There were two kinds of alipins:
 Aliping namamahay – a house-holding alipin,
was more like what we call a serf in medieval
Europe. A namamahay was an alipin who had
received a piece of arable land from
his/her maginoo master. In return, he/she was
required to hand over a portion of what the land
produced as a tribute and occasionally to work
on his master’s land.
 Alipin sa gigilid – In pre-colonial times
the gilid was the area behind and below the
house where the toilet was located.
These alipins were single men and women who
worked in their master’s homes, tending
the gilid, among other chores. They were
completely dependent for food and shelter, but if
they could make some money on the side, they
General Education: Social Studies | 10
 were allowed to keep some of it, and if they
managed to save enough, they could buy their
way up to namamahay or even timawa status.
HISPANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, led
an expedition for Spain to Molucas by sailing west.
His expedition brought him to a group of islands,
which he called Archipelago of St. Lazarus. (Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos later renamed it Las Islas
Filipinas, after King Philip II of Spain).
 On March 17, 1521, Magellan landed on the small
island of Homonhon, where the first meeting
between Spaniards and natives took place.
 Rajah Kolambo and his subjects together with the
Spaniards celebrated the first Catholic mass in the
Philippines on Limawasa’s shores on March 31,
1521.
 Battle of Mactan – Lapu-lapu, the chieftain of
Mactan, refused to pay tribute to the Spaniards. The
ensuing battle resulted in the death of Ferdinand
Magellan, wounded with a poisonous arrow in his
right leg.
 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, a Spanish-born soldier
arrived to establish a permanent settlement in the
Philippine Islands. He concluded a blood compact
with Raja Sikatuna, a chieftain in Bohol, and then
signed a treaty of friendship with Raja Tupas of
Cebu where the first Spanish settlement was
established.
1. Economic Policies
 Taxation - Tributo (8 reales) ; Personal Cedula
 Forced Labor/Polo y Servicios - 16 – 60 yrs old
males are required to work for 40 days, Falla – a
fee to be exempted from forced labor
 Encomienda system – similar to the hacienda
system of today, managed by encomienderos
 Galleon trade or Manila Acapulco Trade –
followed the doctrine of mercantilism, chief
source of official and individual income in the
Philippines
 Tobacco Monopoly – Filipinos are not allowed
to plant any other crops aside from tobacco,
farmers have a quota of harvest to meet, sold
only to the government
2. Political changes
 Reduccion – foundation of the building of
pueblos
 Governor-General – the administrative,
legislative, and judicial authority of the
Philippines
 Gobernadorcillo – leaders of the Pueblos,
highest position a Filipino can have in the
government
 Cabeza de Barangay – Tax collector, leader of
the barangay
 Ayuntamiento – Cities established by Spain
 Alcaldia – Regions fully conquered by Spain
 Corregimiento – Regions that is not under total
Spanish control
3. Religious Influence – Christian religion was
introduced by missionaries; Augustinians (1565),
Franciscans (1577), Jesuits (1581), Dominicans
(1587), Recollects (1606). Friars controlled
education. Religious orders founded the first school
and colleges; University of Sto. Tomas was the first
university founded in 1611.
GROWTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The deliberate and unjust execution of the three Filipino
martyrs; Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora (GomBurZa), became a significant
turning point in Philippine history, for it heralded the
dawn of the reform movement and consequently the
Philippine revolution.
 Nationalism (devotion to or advocacy of national
unity and independence) developed due to the
following factors:
a. Opening the Philippines to World Trade;
b. Rise of the middle class;
c. Racial prejudice;
d. Cavite mutiny and the execution of Gomez,
Burgos, and Zamora (GOMBURZA).
 Campaign for reforms started with the formation by
the middle class of Propaganda Movement.
Foremost among them where Graciano Lopez
Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Jose Rizal. The
reforms that the movement demanded from Spain
were:
1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the
law
2. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular
province of Spain
3. Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortez
4. Secularization of the Philippine parishes
5. Individual liberties for Filipinos; freedom of the
press, freedom of speech, and freedom to redress
grievances
 La Solidaridad - the official newspaper of the
reform movement that brought attention to the
various problems in the country
 To hide their identities, the reformist used pen
names;
a. Jose Rizal – Dimasalang/Laong–laan,
b. Mariano Ponce – Tikbalang,
c. Marcelo H. del Pilar – Plaridel,
d. Antontion Luna – Taga-ilog.
 Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan
(Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangan na
Katipunan ng Anak ng Bayan) KKK in July 7,
1892 on a radical platform: to secure independence
and freedom of the Philippines by force.
 The society remained secret until Patinio exposed
the society to Fr. Mariano Gil on August 19, 1896.
At Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, the
Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting “ Long
Lived the Philippines” thus marking the so-called
“Cry of Pugad Lawin”.
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
 The Spanish American War erupted in Cuba,
another Spanish colony. This event led to the
coming of Americans to the Philippines.
General Education: Social Studies | 11
 The defeat of the Spaniards led to the negotiation,
concluded by the Treaty of Paris, and the Philippines
handed over to the United States.
 Aguinaldo, the leader of the Philippine revolution,
exiled in Hong Kong learned about the Americans
and thought that the US came to liberate us.
Due to the cession of the Philippines to the US and the
continued presence of Americans, hostilities erupted
between the Filipinos and Americans. The unfortunate
incident at San Juan Bridge where Filipinos were fired
on February 4, 1899 led to the Filipino – American War.
Benevolent Assimilation Policy – William Mckinley
indicated the intention of the United States of America
to stay in the Philippines by directly exercising the right
of sovereignty. Meaning the United States had the
control, supervision and disposition of the Philippines.
 Jacob Schurman – chairman of the first Philippine
Commission
 William Howard Taft – chairman of the second
Philippine Commission, recognized the
independence of Philippines
 William Mckinley – Benevolent Assimilation
 Jones law, Hare – Hawes Cutting law, Tydings –
McDuffie law – Laws on Philippine Independence
Positive effects: Public education system; Public health
and welfare; Commerce, industry and trade improved,
Development of transportation and communication
Negative effects: Economic dependence on US; Partial
loss of racial heritage; Continuance of colonial
mentality; distorted sense of values
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
 On Dec. 8, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the
US naval base in Hawaii. This marked starts of
World War II in the Pacific. As early as Sept. 1,
1939, war started in Europe with Germany’s
invasion of Poland.
 Japan successfully occupied the Philippines after the
fall of Bataan and Corregidor. From 1942 – 1944,
the Filipino experienced brutality in the hands of the
Japanese until the return of Gen. Douglas Mc
Arthur, Japan finally surrendered after the
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August
9, 1945) were destroyed by atomic bombs.
 Commonwealth government was reestablished with
Sergio Osmeña as president because Quezon died in
New York in 1944. In 1946, election for republican
government was held and Manuel Roxas won the
presidency.
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
1. Emilio Aguinaldo – Pack of Biak-na-Bato,
youngest president; 28, longest-lived president; 94
2. Manuel Quezon – Tagalog/Filipino as the national
language, first president under the commonwealth
3. Jose P. Laurel – Organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan
sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas), president
during Japanese era
4. Sergio Osmeña – Second president under the
commonwealth, Bell Trade Act, first Visayan
president
5. Manuel Roxas – Last president of the
commonwealth, appears in 100 peso bill, worked for
the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the war-
damaged country.
6. Elpidio Quirino – Quezon City became capital of
the Philippines
7. Ramon Magsaysay – “Man of the Masses”, quelled
the Hukbalahap movement
8. Carlos P. Garcia – Filipino first policy, first
president to be buried at the Libingan ng mga
Bayani
9. Diosdado Macapagal – declared June 12, 1898 as
the Philippine Independece day
10. Ferdinand Marcos – First president to win a 2nd
term, declared Martial Law thru Proclamation 1081
11. Corazon C. Aquino – First woman president,
restored democracy, abolished the 1973 Marcos
Constitution
12. Fidel V. Ramos – APEC summit 1996, Philippines
2000, peace agreement MNLF
13. Joseph Estrada – first president to undergone
impeachment, “Erap para sa Mahirap”, Total war on
moro rebels
14. Gloria Macapagal – Strong republic, eVAT law,
first female vice president
15. Benigno Aquino III – no wang-wang policy, K-12
education.
16. Rodrigo Duterte – War on drugs, T.R.A.I.N.
PART III: SOCIOLOGY
CONCEPTS OF SOCIOLOGY
 Sociology is the study of groups and group
interactions, societies and social interactions, from
small and personal groups to very large groups
 It primarily focuses on the influence of social
relationships upon people’s attitudes and behavior
and on how societies are established and changed
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
1. Structural – Functionalism (Parsons, Merton)
 The different sectors of each society contribute
positively to the operation or functioning of the
system as a whole.
2. Conflict Theory (Marx, Dahrendorf)
 Opposing classes (capitalist vs. proletariat) in
order to control the distribution of scare
resources.
3. Symbolic – Interactionist Model (Mead, Cooley,
Goffman, Blumer)
 Meanings & symbols allow people to carry on
distinctively human action and interaction
including modification & alteration of meanings
& symbols.
SOCIETY
 A group of people who live in a defined geographic
area, who interact with one another, and who share a
common culture.
General Education: Social Studies | 12
 This term can also be used to a particular people like
the Badjao society, or to a nation state like the
Philippine society.
SOCIAL GROUP
 A collection of two or more individuals interacting
with each other, guided by a set of norms.
 A mere set of people becomes a group when
communication is involved; if there is no
communication, there is no group.
ELEMENTS OF A GROUP
 Interaction among the members.
 Members are aware of their membership in the
group.
 Members share a common cause or interest.
 Organizational structure.
REASON FOR EXISTENCE OF A GROUP
 The members of the group exist through their
consistent, coordinated action, which is directed
toward the achievement of common objective.
 All these groups and other sub-units and subgroups
are parts of a broader group, known as the
SOCIETY
STATUS - Is our social position within a group. One’s
status may be achieved or ascribed
Examples of status:
 Status in the Family: Father.
 Status in the Company: Manager.
1. Achieved: not assigned to individuals by virtue of
birth, but left open to be filled through competition
and individual effort. For examples:
 Members of the PICPA are accountants who
have at least passed the CPA Board
Examinations (an achieved status)
 A woman becomes a mother by having a baby.  his power
 She also can acquire the status of widow by the
death of her husband.  elected as a mayor
2. Ascribed: assigned to individuals without reference
to their actual abilities, and can be predicted and
trained for from the moment of birth, for example,
sex, age, family relationship, class, caste, etc. For
example, being a prince by birth or being the first of
four children in a family
ROLE - is the part our society expects us to play in a
given status.
Examples of role:
 Role of a Man whose status is a father: head of the
family, provider
 Role of a Man whose status is a Manager: head of a
company, supervises the whole company, makes
sure everything is in order
FIVE BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Social structures that fulfill fundamental social needs.
The basic social institutions are:
1. Educational Institutions
 School and classroom rituals, led by teachers
serving as role models and leaders, regularly
reinforce what society expects from children.
Sociologists describe this aspect of schools as
the hidden curriculum, the informal teaching
done by schools.
2. Economic Institutions and Systems
 Economic determinism - A doctrine that says
that all social, cultural, political, and intellectual
forms are determined by or result of economic
factors as the quality of natural resources,
productive capability, technological
development, or the distribution of wealth.
3. Family and Household
 Family – two or more people related by blood,
marriage or adoption.
 Household – basic residential unit where
economic production, inheritance, child rearing,
and shelter are recognized and carried out.
4. Religion
 an organized system of ideas about the spiritual
sphere or the supernatural, along with associated
ceremonial practices by which people try to
interpret or influence aspects of the universe
otherwise beyond their control
5. Political Institutions
 Power – the ability to impose one’s will over
other despite resistance
 Authority – legitimated power
 Legitimacy – the right of political leaders to
govern – to hold, use, and allocate power–based
on the values a particular society holds
Types of Authority
 Traditional Authority – e.g. datu who inherits
 Legal Rational Authority –e.g a leader who is
 Charismatic Authority – e.g. a leader who is
followed by people because of his/her gift of
grace
PHYSICAL VARIATION AMONG HUMANS
1. Genetic variation
2. Body build
3. Facial construction
4. Skin color
5. Height
6. Lactase deficiency
Problems of Human Variation
1. Scapegoating – Blaming traumatic events or social
problems on a particular group.
2. Ostracism – Behaving as if others were not present
or did not exist. Refusal to speak or to acknowledge
the other, or their culture.
3. Harassment – Deliberate behaviors to intimidate
and degrade others, often intended as a means of
forcing them out of the community, organization or
group.
General Education: Social Studies | 13

4. Desecration and Defacement - Forms of
defacement of religious or cultural symbols or
structures intended to devalue and ridicule the
beliefs and identities of those to whom these
structures and symbols are meaningful.
5. Bullying – Use of superior physical capacity or
greater numbers to humiliate others or deprive them
of property or status.
6. Stereotypes – is an oversimplified generalization
about a particular group, which usually negative and
unfavorable, without sufficient basis.
7. Prejudice – is a negative or hostile feeling/ attitude
toward a group or toward a person who belongs to a
particular group because s/he is presumed to have
negative qualities ascribed to the group.
8. Discrimination – occurs when there is an action
(based on the prejudice) which denies a person or
group equality of treatment
a. Racism (racial discrimination)
A doctrine of superiority by which one group
justifies the dehumanization of others based on their
distinctive physical characteristics.
History of Human Classification
 Linnaeus divided human in ‘white’ [all
Europeans], ‘black’ [Africans], ‘red’ [American
Indians]. ‘yellow’ [Asians].
 Blumenbach classified humans as ‘Caucasian’
[all light skinned people of Europe and parts of
western Asia], ‘Ethiopian’ [dark skinned
Africans], ‘Mongolian’ [inhabitants of Asia
including China and Japan], tics. ‘Malay’
[indigenous Australians, Pacific islanders,
others].
b. Sexism (gender discrimination)
Biological, socio-cultural and historical processes
discriminated women’s status and roles in a number
of societies.
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN HUMAN VARIATION
TOLERANCE - is respecting differences, the seeds of
tolerance is LOVE, and the seeds of intolerance are fear
and ignorance. Tolerance is NOT concession,
condescension or indulgence. It is mutual respect
through mutual understanding. The virtue makes peace
possible. It contributes to the replacement of the culture
of war by a Culture of peace!
UN international celebrations to promote tolerance:
 Feb 21: International Mother Language Day
 Mar 8: International Women’s Day
 Mar 21: International Day for the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination, World Poetry Day
 Jun 6; International Day Against Drug Abuse and
Illicit Trafficking
 Aug 9: International Day of Indigenous People
 Sep 6: International Literacy Day
 Oct 1: International Day of Older Persons
 Oct 5: World Teacher’s Day
 Oct 7: International Day for the Eradication of
Poverty
 Oct 24: United Nations Day
 Nov 16: International Day of Tolerance
 Nov 17: World Television Day
 Dec 1: World AIDS Day
 Dec 2: International Day of Disabled Persons
 Dec 10: Human Rights Day
SOCIAL PROBLEM - is any condition or behavior
that has negative consequences for large numbers of
people and that is generally recognized as a condition or
behavior that needs to be addressed.
Examples of Social Problems:
 Alcohol and Other Drugs
 Gender Inequality
 Population and the Environment
 Poverty
 Racial and Ethnic Inequality
 Urban and Rural Problems
CULTURE
 Culture is personality writ large (Ruth Benedict). It
is a sort of group personality that forms an overall
cultural orientation within which there is a
considerable variation.
 Anything shared by human beings
 Shared way of life
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
1. Norms - define how to behave in accordance with
what a society has defined as good, right, and
important, and most members of the society adhere
to them.
 Mores - norms that embody the moral views and
principles of a group
 Folkways - are norms without any moral
underpinnings. It is direct appropriate behavior
in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a
culture
2. Values - are a culture’s standard for discerning what
is good and just in society
ASPECTS OF CULTURAL VARIATION
1. Subculture - a smaller cultural group within a larger
culture; people of a subculture are part of the larger
culture but also share a specific identity within a
smaller group
2. Counterculture - reject mainstream values and
create their own cultural rules and norms
3. Culture shock - an experience of personal
disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar
way of life
4. Xenocentrism - a belief that another culture is
superior to one’s own
5. Ethnocentrism - the practice of evaluating another
culture according to the standards of one’s own
culture
FILIPINO TRAITS:
Strengths: camaraderie and feeling of closeness, family
orientation, joy and humor, flexibility, adaptability and
creativity, hardwork and industry, faith and religiosity,
ability to survive
General Education: Social Studies | 14
Weaknesses: extreme family centeredness, extreme initiative, colonial mentality, talangka mentality, lack of
personalism, lack of discipline, passivity and lack of self-reflection

PART IV: PRACTICE TEST

1. A series of military expeditions initiated by Christians in Western Europe to conquer the Holy lands (Jerusalem) from
the Muslims and establish a network of Christian kingdoms in the region.

a. Crusades c. Jihad
b. Enlightenment d. Reformation

2. In the late 1980’s student protest for more democracy and civil liberties in China centered in _______.

a. Beijing University c. People’s Park

b. Forbidden palace d. Tiananmen Square

3. Who was the assassin responsible for the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand that sparked the Great War?

a. Gavrilo Princip c. Trifko Grabez

b. Nedjelko Cabrinovic d. Wilhelm II

4. Arrange the following into chronological order according to history.

I. Allied forces overwhelmed the Japanese forcing them to surrender

II. Philippines was conquered by the Japanese Imperial Army
III. The Imperial army attacked US bases at Pearl Harbor
IV. Japan’s democratic Constitution went into effect

a. III-II-I-IV c. I-II-IV-III
b. III-II-IV-I d. IV-II-III-I

5. The Nigerian author named _______ wrote the famous novel Things Fall Apart (1959), which described the effects of
imperialism on traditional Ibo society in Africa.

a. Amy Tan c. Henry Stanley

b. Chinua Achebe d. Victor Hugo

6. Who is the author of the book “The Prince”? History remembers him by his idea that “the end justify the means”.

a. Charles Dickens c. Karl Marx

b. John Locke d. Niccolo Machiavelli

7. Who was the Pilot who flew over Hiroshima and Nagasaki to drop the atomic bomb for the first time in human
history?

a. Elwell Otis c. Michinomiya Hirohito

b. Enola Gay d. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr.

8. Who was the Spanish conquistador who conquered Mexico and defeated the Aztecs?

a. Christopher Columbus c. Hernando Cortes

b. Francisco Pizzaro d. Juan Ponce de Leon

9. Sistine Chapel: Michelangelo Bounarotti; The Last Supper: _______.

a. Leonardo da Vinci c. Raphael Santi

b. Miguel de Cervantes d. William Shakespeare

10. Which of the following is a method used to determine the age of an artifact?

a. Carbon dating c. Radiogram

b. Radiogeology d. Sodium Nitrate dating

11. One of the most decisive battles during the American Civil War was the battle of Gettysburg. Where was the battle
fought?

General Education: Social Studies | 15

 a. Georgia c. South Carolina
b. Pennsylvania d. Virginia

12. During World War II, which country was the only had the power to use an atomic bomb against their enemies?

a. Israel c. USA
b. UK d. USSR

13. For thousands of years, China was under imperial rule of various dynasties that saw Emperors as divine rulers. Who
was the last Emperor of China?

a. Empress Dowager c. Wudi

b. Kublai Khan d. Pu Yi

14. The Post-World War II period brought changes to the nations of Asia and the Pacific. Which of the following did
NOT happen during this period?

a. European colonies became independent nations and faced the problems of building united societies.
b. Ethnic and religious rivalries in South Asia brought unity among India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
c. Japan arose to become one of the world’s major economic and trading nations.
d. Civil war between the Nationalist and Communist China erupted.

15. The United Nations has its headquarters in New York City. It also has two offices in two other cities in the world.
Which of the following cities has a UN office?

a. Bangkok c. Sydney
b. Hong Kong d. Vienna

16. He is the chief lawgiver and priest of the Inca; they believed that he is the direct descendant of Manco Capac the Sun
God.

a. Conquistador c. Quetzalcoatl
b. Montezuma d. Sapa Inca

17. Peter the Great created a new class of nobles that he allowed to own hereditary, landed estates and bounded them in
duty to him from the age of 15 until their deaths. What do you call these nobles?

a. Bourgeoisie c. Gentry
b. Dvorianie d. Proletariat

18. Which of the following countries does NOT have a high incidence of suicide?

a. China c. Philippines
b. Japan d. Singapore

19. According to legend, the Incas lived originally on the shores of clear and icy Lake Titicaca, which is astride the border
of modern day ______.

a. Argentina and Chile c. Mexico and Chile

b. Bolivia and Peru d. Peru and Ecuador

20. Who was the first president of Gran Columbia? Peru hailed him as El Libertador.

a. Simon Bolivar c. Bernardo O’Higgins

b. Jose de San Martin d. Prince Pedro

21. Flash flood are common in Metro Manila especially during the rainy season. What is the main reason flash flood
occur in the area?

a. Volcanic eruptions c. Urban development projects

b. High population density d. Clogging of waterways with waste

22. Which term refers to life zones – all plants, animals, other organisms, and the physical environment in a particular
area?

a. Biomes b. Ecosystems
General Education: Social Studies | 16
 c. Savannas d. Tundras

23. From a geographical perspective, the term America, refers to the _______.

a. East America c. North and South America

b. Latin America d. United States of America

24. Due to the constant efforts (armed and parliamentary) of the Moros of Mindanao, the ARMM was created, this
granted them a degree of autonomy while remaining under Philippine sovereignty. Which of the following refers to
ARMM?

a. Authoritarian Regions of Moro Mindanao c. Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

b. Autonomous Region of Moros and Muslims d. Autonomous Regional Muslim Mindanao

25. The region of the world that is located between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn with a generally warm
climate, is referred to as _______.

a. Caribbean c. Polar
b. Mediterranean d. Tropics

26. What is the largest country (in terms of land area) in the South Americas?

a. Argentina c. Chile
b. Brazil d. Mexico

27. Which refers to a flat landform where the surface is raised above the surrounding land with a steep cliff on one side?

a. Hill c. Plateau
b. Mountain d. Valley

28. The location of places in relation to the surrounding bodies of water is referred to as relative _______ location.

a. Absolute c. Geographic
b. Continental d. Maritime

29. What province is known as the “Sugar Capital of the Philippines”?

a. Bicol c. Negros Occidental

b. Leyte d. Negros Oriental

30. Who is the father of geography? He is the first known individual to use the word and considered it as an academic
study.

a. Archimedes c. Eratosthenes
b. Aristotle d. Pythagoras

31. Who was the Portuguese explorer best remembered for his voyage to the southern tip of Africa?

a. Bartholomew Dias c. Hernando Cortes

b. Francisco Pizarro d. Vasco da Gama

32. What are imaginary lines running around the earth in an east-west direction maintaining the same distance from each
other?

a. Arctic circle c. Parallels

b. Meridians d. Tropic of cancer

33. The Philippines can be considered a typhoon prone country, each year typhoons destroy millions’ worth of agriculture
and infrastructure. In which ocean does typhoons originate in?

a. Atlantic Ocean c. Pacific Ocean

b. Indian Ocean d. South China Sea

34. Which of the following refers to the study of population?

a. Cartography b. Demography
General Education: Social Studies | 17
 c. Ethnography d. Human Geography

35. Which region in the Philippines is alternatively known as SOCCSKSARGEN?

a. Region III c. Region X

b. Region IV d. Region XII

36. The supercontinent that broke into the different continental masses approximately 250,000,000 years ago is the
_______.

a. Eurasia c. Laurasia
b. Gondwanaland d. Pangaea

37. Which mountain has the highest peak in the Philippines?

a. Mt. Apo c. Mt. Mayon

b. Mt. Bulusan d. Mt. Pinatubo

38. The geographic characteristic of a fertile land between two rivers made the rise of the first civilization possible. What
were these rivers?

a. Amazon, Nile c. Irrawady, Mekong

b. Huang Ho, Yang Tze d. Tigris, Euphrates

39. The following countries are landlocked EXCEPT ________.

a. Afghanistan c. Mongolia
b. Iran d. Nepal

40. This province is known as “the salad bowl of the Philippines”.

a. Benguet c. Cagayan
b. Biliran d. Ifugao

41. Which country does her relationship with the Philippines strained because of the country’s claim over Sabah?

a. Borneo c. Indonesia
b. Brunei d. Malaysia

42. Which Philippine forest resource is known as the “Republic tree”?

a. Akasha c. Mahogany
b. Ipil-ipil d. Narra

43. Where in the Philippines did the Spanish established their permanent settlement?

a. Cebu c. Manila
b. Leyte d. Panay

44. The Japanese successful invasion was climaxed by the surrender of the joint Filipino-American forces on May 6,
1942. Where did the surrender happened?

a. Bataan c. Corregidor
b. Capas d. Manila

45. Which of the following countries is the largest in South Asia?

a. Burma c. India
b. China d. Thailand

46. During Mr. Rhaegar’s discussion of the Noli Me Tangere, the students debated on the identity of the Filipino. during
the Spanish period, how were the natives of the Philippines called?

a. Creoles c. Indios
b. Filipino d. Insulares

General Education: Social Studies | 18

47. What was the grounds for protest for Andres Bonifacio’s election as the Director of Interior?

a. Civil status c. Lack of qualification

b. Lack of practice d. Religion

48. Which of following is NOT a mainland continent?

a. China c. Mongolia
b. Korea d. USA

49. Who was the first President that underwent an impeachment trial?

a. Diosdado Macapagal c. Glorio Macapagal-Arroyo

b. Elpidio Quirino d. Joseph Estrada

50. Fruits and vegetables such as avocado, corn, potato, and tomato are not native in the Philippines. Which of the
following countries did they come from?

a. China c. Portugal
b. Mexico d. Spain

51. The Philippines is consisted of different islands and landlocked provinces. Which of the following is a landlocked
province?

a. Isabela c. Oriental Mindoro

b. Masbate d. Romblon

52. Which of the following orders of presidents correctly applies to Philippine history?

I. Diosdado Macapagal
II. Elpidio Quirino
III. Manuel Roxas
IV. Sergio Osmena

a. I-II-III-IV c. IV-III-II-I
b. III-II-IV-I d. IV-III-II-II

53. Which of the following is an influence of Spain in the Philippine culture?

a. Centralized government c. Sultanate government

b. Protestant doctrine d. Technical-Vocational education

54. History remembers her for volunteer participation and leadership in developing constructive civic enterprises that
have given women a new and creative role in their country. Her work was recognized with a 1961 Ramon Magsaysay
Award for Public Service.

a. Cecile R. Guidote-Alvarez c. Nilawan Pintong

b. Keo Viphakone d. Raden Kodijat

55. Which of the following statements follows the “Filipino First Policy”? Filipinos _______.

a. were to be given first preference in all matters related to the economic development of the country
b. are to be selective in the entry of foreign professionals in the country
c. should exclusively buy Filipino products and services
d. should not contribute to the brain drain problem

56. Who was the individual that led the stitching of the national flag of the Philippines?

a. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad c. Marcela Agoncillo

b. Lorenza Agoncillo d. Melchora Aquino-Ramos

57. Which of the following is considered the greatest naval battle in history that happened during the Japanese occupation
of the Philippines?

a. Battle of Leyte Gulf c. Battle of Samar

b. Battle of Manila d. Battle of Surigao Gulf
General Education: Social Studies | 19
58. Which of the following places is known as “the Tuna Capital of the Philippines”.

a. Capiz c. General Santos City

b. Cavite d. Pangasinan

59. Who was the governor-general that ordered all Indios to adopt Spanish surnames?

a. Arthur McArthur c. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

b. Elwell Otis d. Narciso Claveria

60. Mindanao was never fully conquered by the Spaniards because of the constant resistance of its Muslim inhabitants.
What do you call regions like Mindanao during the Spanish era?

a. Alcaldia c. Corregimiento
b. Ayuntamiento d. Pueblo

61. He receive the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1959, for public service in recognition of their compassionate concern for
others whom society had cast aside. Honoring his work in the Culioon Leper Colony in the province of Palawan.

a. Hans Westenberg c. Lim Kim San

b. Joaquin Villalonga d. Pablo Torres Tapia

62. Who was the officer in pre-colonial barangays in the Philippines whose chief responsibility was to announce to the
public the recently legislated laws?

a. Cabeza de Barangay c. Lakan

b. Katalonan d. Paratawag

63. Arrange the following events in chronological order;

I. The trial of Andres Bonifacio

II. The execution of GOMBURZA
III. Dr. Jose Rizal writes Mi Ultimo Adios
IV. The first issue of La Solidaridad was published

a. III-I-IV-II c. II-IV-III-I
b. II-IV-I-III d. I-IV-II-III

64. Which of the following is NOT an influence of Japan in the Philippines?

a. Haiku c. Public system of education

b. Origami d. Technical-Vocational education

65. This was an upper garment without sleeves and collars commonly worn by men in pre-colonial Philippines,

a. Barong tagalog c. Kangan

b. Kamisa de-tsino d. Putong

66. Which among the following was NOT a product of the Propaganda Movement?

a. Dasalan at Tocsohan c. Kalayaan

b. Fray Botod d. La Solidaridad

67. In 1872 the martyrdom of GOMBURZA truly inspired Rizal to fight the oppression brought by Spanish tyranny. The
governor-general who ordered their execution was _______.

a. Rafael de Izquierdo c. Ramon Blanco

b. Primo de Rivera d. Camilo de Polavieja

68. Under Spanish rule, a governor-general governs the Philippines. Who was the first governor-general of the country?

a. Ferdinand Magellan c. Narciso Claveria

b. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi d. Ramon Blanco

69. The Kartila of the Katipunan was consisted of 13 teachings which members of the society was expected to follow.
Who wrote the Kartila?
General Education: Social Studies | 20
 a. Andres Bonifacio c. Apolinario Mabini
b. Antonio Luna d. Emilio Jacinto

70. Which of the following is NOT an influence of China in the Philippines?

a. Dowry c. Porcelain
b. Filial piety d. Rice porridge

71. Who was considered as one of the most beloved Governor-General assigned in the Philippines because of his
libertarian policies?

a. Carlos Maria de la Torre c. Rafael de Izquierdo

b. Jose Basco Vargas d. Simon de Anda’y Salazar

72. The discovery of fire gave human beings tremendous advantage among other species and allowed them to defend
themselves from other predators. Who first discovered the use of fire?

a. Australopithecus c. Homo Habilis

b. Homo Erectus d. Homo Sapiens

73. In Philippine mythology, what was referred to as a gigantic sea serpent that devours the moon?

a. Asuang b. Bakunawa
c. Bathala
d. Gugurang

74. Who was chief advisor and navigator of the Legazpi expedition in the Philippines?

a. Morga c. Urdaneta
b. Pigaffueta d. Villalobos

75. The female religious leaders in pre-colonial Philippines is known as _______.

a. Babaylan c. Bayot
b. Baylon d. Umalohokan

76. Under Spanish colonial rule, governor-generals ruled the Philippines. Who the last Spanish governor-general in the
Philippines?

a. Deigo de los Rios c. Narciso Claveria

b. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi d. William Howard Taft

77. Who was the ancient Tagalog deity that is considered as the supreme god of being; creator of man and earth?

a. Amanikable c. Dimangan
b. Bathala d. Lakapati

78. Who is the president of the Philippines closely associated with the Dovie Beams scandal?

a. Diosdado Macapagal c. Fidel V. Ramos

b. Ferdinand Marcos d. Joseph Estrada

79. His written works is largely used as a primary source in studying the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan. He is _______.

a. Antonio de Morga c. Fr. Mariano Gil

b. Antonio Pigaffueta d. St. Lazarus

80. According to legend, who was the first person to bring the religion of Islam in the Islands of the Philippines?

a. Abu Bakr c. Raja Baginda

b. Karim ul-Makhdum d. Sharif Kabungsuwan

81. What hominid species was named after the Neander Valley in Germany were their remains were first discovered?
General Education: Social Studies | 21
 a. Cro-Magnons c. Neanderthals
b. Homo Habilis d. Tabon Man

82. This is the smaller group of Muslims, who believed only the descendants of Muhammad should hold that caliphate
and stress the Imam’s power as a spiritual leader.

a. Abbasids c. Sunni
b. Shiite d. Umayyad

83. With the rise of nationalism in Europe, many Italians wanted to build a unify all of Italy and turn it into a nation-
state. What did the Italians called their movement for Italian unity?

a. Italian nationalism c. Risorgimento

b. Renaissance d. Viva Verdi

84. Who was the last Czar of Russia who ousted the executed by radical Russian Marxists, the Bolsheviks?

a. Alexander III c. Catherine the Great

b. Anastasia d. Nicholas II

85. British repression on Indian Nationalist reached an extreme when British troops fired at a gathering of 10,000
unarmed Indians assembled inside a walled garden for a political meeting. Where did this incident happened?

a. Amritsar c. Calcutta
b. Bali d. New Delhi

86. Mao Zedoong’s retreat from Jiangxi province lasted for one year and covered 9,600 km. the Red Army marched an
average of 26 km a day, across rivers and mountains; all while being chased by rival military forces. What did the
Chinese Communist referred to this arduous undertaking?

a. Death March c. Great departure

b. Exodus d. Long March

87. Nelson Mandela led the Black national groups called _______.

a. African National Congress c. Lord’s Resistance Army

b. Commonwealth of Nations d. The Apartheid

88. To open Russia to Europe, Peter the Great built a new capital located at the mouth of the Neva River near the Baltic
Sea. What is the name of this city?

a. Kiev c. Novgorod
b. Moscow d. St. Petersburg

89. What is the highest point in the continent of Africa?

a. Mt. Aconcagua c. Mt. Kilimanjaro

b. Mt. Elbru d. Mt. McKinley

90. A branch of Geography that deals with the study of the earth’s surface features.

a. Biogeography c. Geomorphology
b. Climatology d. Glaciology

91. In the hostility between the Filipinos and Americans, who is recorded to have fired the first shot?

a. A Chinese Trader c. A Filipino Soldier

b. A Filipino Merchant d. An American Soldier

92. Which of the following best describes Philippine topography?

a. No plains, all mountains and hills c. Short coastlines

b. Rugged physical features d. Smooth physical features

93. The following are all peninsulas EXCEPT _______.

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 a. Argentina c. Spain
b. Saudi Arabia d. Zamboanga

94. The location of the Philippines is on an area called the Pacific plate. With this in mind, the country is prone to
_______.

a. Typhoons c. Floods
b. Earthquakes d. Droughts

95. Which of the following does NOT describe the legendary Spartans of Greece?

a. Had a militaristic orientation c. Trained warriors to not fear death

b. Led the Peloponnesian League d. Valued the Golden Mean

96. Among the following, which occurred first in Philippine History?

a. Coup de’ tat of the Magdalo party c. Mendiola Massacre

b. First quarter storm d. People Power Revolution

97. Which does NOT describe the Japanese as a people?

a. Filial piety c. Superiority over nature

b. Fortitude d. Unity

98. What year did Haiyan, one of the strongest tropical storms ever recorded devastated Southeast Asia, particularly the
Philippines?

a. 2000 c. 2013
b. 2007 d. 2014

99. The chair of the Japanese-sponsored commission in 1942 was _______.

a. Jorge Vargas c. Jose Laurel

b. Jose Devenecia d. Sergio Osmena

100. Which of the following orders of presidents correctly applies to Philippine history?

I. Ferdinand Marcos
II. Jose P. Laurel
III. Joseph E. Estrada
IV. Manuel L. Quezon

a. II-I-III-IV c. IV-II-I-III
b. I-II-III-IV d. IV-I-II-III

101. The _______ played the national anthem on June 12, 1898 during the declaration of Philippine independence by
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.

a. Kawit Cavite Band c. Pangkat Kawayan ng Pateros

b. Malabon Band d. San Francisco Del Monte Band

102. The Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two factions; the Magdiwang and the Magdalo, while Baldomero
Aguinaldo led the Magdalo faction, _______ led the Magdiwang.

a. Artemio Ricarte c. Daniel Tirona

b. Ciriaco Bonifacio d. Mariano Alvarez

103. Who was the founder and first editor of La Solidaridad in Barcelona, Spain and considered the greatest orator among
the propaganda movement?

a. Graciano Lopez Jaena c. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

b. Gregorio H. Del Pilar d. Marciano Ponce

104. With whom did Rizal differ in personality and opinions? In which their difference led to the end of the propaganda
movement in Spain.
General Education: Social Studies | 23
 a. Gregorio del Pilar c. Andres Bonifacio
b. Graciano Lopez-Jaena d. Marcelo H. del Pilar

105. Who is considered the founder of Philippine Socialism?

a. Apolinario Mabini c. Isabelo delos Reyes

b. Emilio Jacinto d. Rafael Palma

106. Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level?

a. Conflict theory c. Structural functionalism

b. Positivism d. Symbolic interactionism

107. Who was the vice-president of the Biyak-na-Bato Republic of 1897?

a. Mariano Trias c. Isabelo Artacho

b. Antonio Montenegro d. Baldomero Aguinaldo

108. What right guarantees that no court shall prosecutes, tries, and/or punish a person for the same crime twice?

a. Ex post facto c. Right against self-incrimination

b. Right against double jeopardy d. Writ of amparo

109. Rizal won first prize in a literary contest entitled Juventud Filipina but was rejected the prize because he was a native
Filipino. What was the title of Rizal’s allegorical play that was deemed the best in the competition?

a. El Consejo de los Dioces c. Sa Aking Kabata

b. Noli Me Tangere d. Letter to the Young Women of Malolos

110. Graciano Lopez-Jaena founded the first Filipino Masonic Lodge in Barcelona on April 1, 1889. What was the name
of the Masonic Lodge?

a. Gran Oriente Español c. Lodge Walana

b. Lodge Nilad d. Revolucion

111. Which contradicts the Filipino family value of sacrifice?

a. Inability to forgive c. Delayed satisfaction of desires

b. Willingness to forgive d. Tolerance of pain and mistakes

112. Filipino culture gives importance to strong family ties. Due to this culture, Filipino families are generally;

a. Divided c. Nuclear
b. Extended d. Secular

113. Differences in rewards, rights, opportunities, and income between males and females are aspects of _______.

a. gender inequality c. life chances

b. gender stratification d. sex roles

114. Which of the following laws is the “The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012”?

a. R.A. 10354 c. R.A. 7877

b. R.A. 1425 d. R.A. 9262

115. How many years does the term of office of the President and the Vice-president of the Philippines?

a. 3 years c. 5 years
b. 4 years d. 6 years

116. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Reproductive Health Law?

a. Access to different methods of contraception c. Establishment of Sex education programs

b. Decriminalizing abortion d. Promote maternal health
117. Which of the following is NOT acceptable about culture change?

General Education: Social Studies | 24

 a. Culture is constantly changing, hence, no stone age culture has survived today
b. Multinational corporations is solely responsible for the culture changes in our contemporary society
c. Imperialist policies have driven Europe to conquer different countries around the world resulting to culture
changes globally
d. Plunder of precious metals is one of the factors that have driven powerful countries to colonize other countries
that resulted in culture change

118. Which of the following articles in the Philippine constitution stipulates, “No person shall be deprived of life, liberty,
or property without due process of law, nor any person be denied the equal protection of the laws”?

a. Article III c. Article V

b. Article IV d. Article VII

119. Who has the legislative power during the adoption of the 1986 Freedom Constitution?

a. Batasang Pambansa c. Prime Minister

b. President d. Supreme Court

120. Which of the following refers to the physical and emotional attraction of a person to another person?

a. Copulation c. Romantic attraction

b. Gender identity d. Sexual orientation

121. A negative attitude towards an entire category of people such as a minority group is called _______.

a. discrimination c. prejudice
b. racism d. stereotypes

122. A form of discrimination that is especially problematic for women workers is _______.

a. educational gap c. higher level of unemployment

b. sexual harassment d. denial of access to professional jobs

123. The prohibition of sexual relationship between certain specified relatives.

a. Endogamy c. Kinship
b. Incest taboo d. Monogamy

124. Who is Rizal’s closest friend whom he would always confide with through letters? He is a principal of a secondary
school in Leitmeritz, Austria.

a. Ferdinand Blumentritt c. Paciono Rizal

b. Maximo Viola d. Pedro Paterno

125. Christopher Columbus arrived in _______ and thought that he had reached India, thus calling the native people he
found there Indians.

a. Islands of Bahamas c. Yucatan peninsula

b. Coast of Florida d. Cuba

126. What is the name of the process by which we acquire a sense of identity and become members of society?

a. Colonization c. Rationalization
b. McDonaldization d. Socialization

127. She joined the women chapter of the Katipunan in 1895 at the age of 47 and was popularly known as the Mother of
Biak-na-Bato. Who was this Katipunera?

a. Agueda Kahabagan c. Teresa Magbanua

b. Marina Dizon d. Trinidad Tecson

128. Which refers to the privilege of the President to address and appear before the Congress at the opening of its regular
session?

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 a. Inaugural Speech c. Privilege Speech
b. Presidential Address d. State of the Nation Address

129. The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and _______ associate justices.

a. 13 c. 15
b. 14 d. 20

130. Which best describes the division of the Legislature into the Senate and the House of Representatives?

a. Bicameralism c. Quasi-judicial powers

b. Bipartisanship d. Unicameralism

131. A rich candidate bought a big family by the thousand. On Election Day, no one was allowed to leave their homes.
What right was deprived the members of the family?

a. Right to due process c. Right to life, and liberty

b. Right to eminent domain d. Right to participate in democracy

132. C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects
individuals.

a. culture c. method
b. imagination d. tool

133. The constitution empowers the President to declare martial law for _______ days.

a. 30 c. 45
b. 60 d. 90

134. The following are grounds for impeachment EXCEPT _______.

a. Graft and corruption c. Severe illness/disease or handicap

b. Betrayal of public trust d. Culpable violation of the constitution

135. Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle?

a. Emile Durkheim c. George Herbert Mead

b. Erving Goffmann d. Karl Marx

136. When without valid warrants and against the law, authorities search your house despite your objections and
confiscate your personal belongings, which constitutional right is violated?

a. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures

b. Right of liberty of abode and changing the same
c. Right to free speech and expression
d. Right against self-incrimination

137. What right guarantees that no court shall prosecutes, tries, and/or punish a person for the same crime twice?

a. Ex post facto c. Right against self-incrimination

b. Right against double jeopardy d. Writ of amparo

138. Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle?

a. Emile Durkheim c. George Herbert Mead

b. Erving Goffmann d. Karl Marx

139. The following are citizens of the Philippines EXCEPT _______.

a. Filipinos that are married to Foreigners

b. People born in any part of the Philippines
c. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law
d. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
140. If in the case of death or permanent disability of President and the Vice – President who shall assume the position of
the President?
General Education: Social Studies | 26
 a. Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
b. Candidate with the next highest number of votes
c. Speaker of the House of Representative
d. The Senate President

141. Anthropologist study arts in societies in order to _______.

a. Study social stratification, beauty, rituals, meanings, and identities

b. Establish boundaries between modern and postmodern
c. Investigate power and authority in a given society
d. Look into cultural patterns of a given society

142. Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? It is the study of _______.

a. cultures c. individual behavior

b. economics d. society and social interaction

143. Which location should have most nearly twelve hours of daylight and twelve hours of darkness during December? A
town that is located __________.

a. Halfway between the Equator and the South Pole. c. Close to the North Pole.
b. Close to the Equator. d. Close to the South Pole.

144. Which type of governance is characterized by a union of partially self- governing states or regions united by a central
government?

a. Democracy c. Socialism
b. Federalism d. Totalitarianism

145. In England, Queen Elizabeth acts as a head of state. This country also has a parliament and a Prime Minister. Which
among the following describes the form of government?

a. Aristocracy c. Oligarchy
b. Constitutional monarchy d. Totalitarianism

146. Heavily sanctioned folkway, which no one dares to question because they embody moral laws, are called _______.

a. beliefs c. mores
b. custom d. traditions

147. In what region does rice, the staple food of Filipinos mainly come from?

a. Bukidnon c. CALABARZON
b. Cagayan Valley d. Central Plains of Luzon

148. Which religious missionary order first arrived in the Philippines?

a. Augustinian c. Franciscan
b. Dominican d. Jesuit

149. Which crime was Rizal undergone trial by the Spanish military court?

a. Libel and assault c. Falsification of documents

b. Graft and corruption d. Rebellion and organizing illegal societies

150. Antonio Luna wrote under the pen name of _______.

a. Diego Laura c. Taga - ilog

b. Jomapa d. Plaridel

General Education: Social Studies | 27