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Electroosmotic flow of pseudoplastic nanoliquids via peristaltic pumping

Article  in  Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering · February 2019
DOI: 10.1007/s40430-018-1555-0

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Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-018-1555-0

TECHNICAL PAPER

Electroosmotic flow of pseudoplastic nanoliquids via peristaltic

pumping
Prakash Jayavel1 · Ravinder Jhorar2 · Dharmendra Tripathi3   · Martin N. Azese4

Received: 26 September 2018 / Accepted: 25 December 2018

© The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2019

Abstract
The study of electroosmotic flow of biorheological fluids has been employed in the advancement of diversified biomicro‑
fluidics systems. To explore more in this field, a mathematical model is developed to investigate the electroosmotic flow of
pseudoplastic aqueous nanoliquids in microchannel. A tangent hyperbolic fluid model is employed to describe the rheological
behavior of the pseudoplastic fluid. Here, analytical solutions for potential distribution, temperature and nanoparticle frac‑
tion are derived and perturbation solution for stream function, pressure gradient and volumetric flow rate are obtained. The
convective boundary condition is applied on the channel walls. The authentic assumptions of Debye–Hückel linearization,
long wavelength and small Reynold’s number are employed in the dimensional conservative equations. The influences of
various emerging parameters are graphically computed for axial velocity, pressure gradient, thermal temperature, nanoparticle
volume fraction, skin friction coefficient and Nusselt profiles. To observe the thermal radiation effects, a thermal radiative
flux model is also deployed. It is noticed that the heat transfer Biot number increases with increasing thermal temperature;
however, a reversed behavior is reported for the nanoparticle volume fraction. Therefore, the present model does not only
provide a deep theoretical insight to interpret the electroosmotic flow systems, but it will also be applicable in designing the
emerging tool for biomicrofluidic devices/systems under peristalsis mechanisms.

Keywords  Electroosmosis · Peristaltic wall motion · Pseudoplastic nanofluids · Thermal slip · Thermal radiation · Nusselt
number

1 Introduction to possess the ability to reveal interesting features especially

Research on controlled flow through microchannel continues
to gain attraction due to its extensive applications in many
sciences which include biology, medical engineering and
medicine. On the one hand, studies of this kind have proven
Technical Editor: Cezar Negrao, PhD.
* Dharmendra Tripathi
dtripathi@nituk.ac.in
1
Department of Mathematics, Avvaiyar Government College
for Women, Karaikal 609 602, Pondicherry‑U.T., India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University,
Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
3
Department of Mathematics, National Institute
of Technology, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, Uttarakhand,
India
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
when such channels are structured to depict a progressive
wave that propagates along the length of the tube, in which
case the phenomenon would be referred to as peristalsis.
Therefore, peristalsis is defined as a wavelike motion within
flexible tubes that is initiated and controlled by the system‑
atic contraction and relaxation of adjacent locations resulting
in a push of the content within.
We further note that because of the increasing impor‑
tance of this process seen in many folds it has, therefore,
been widely studied recently with an even broader impact.
Bearing in mind, for instance, its application to many physi‑
ological and industrial areas, several effects have been con‑
sidered [1–3]. Moreover, this involuntary mechanism is
also observed in many biomedical application instruments
like the heart–lung machine and blood pumps in dialysis
processes.
Nonetheless, from the onset, many researchers have
been attracted to investigate the mechanism of peristaltic
motion after one of the first major investigations by Latham

13
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 61   Page 2 of 18 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering
[4]. Since then, obviously many authors followed, where
some have used analytical [5, 6], numerical [1–3, 7] and
experimental [8–10] techniques to study and understand the
dynamics involved in the physiology and mechanics of such
peristaltic transport. The way this kind of movement hap‑
pens is by the squeezing motion of channels walls and their
contents, which in turn forces deliveries within such tubes.
A perfect example is observed when one swallows food
through the esophagus. Therefore, because of its systematic
transportation ability, peristaltic pumps are widely required
in pharmaceutical industries—thus generating a tremendous
interest in such studies of transport as was done in [10].
Furthermore, it is not unusual to find peristaltic pumping
being exposed to other external effects which can seriously
impact it. Such modulation has been broadly studied and is
commonly encountered by effects such as heat [1], magnetic
fields [2] and electroosmosis mechanism [11]. While this
kind of study typically leads to nonlinear treatments, a small
number have been modeled to result in linear forms. Accord‑
ingly, quite a few mathematical models governing peristaltic
motion have been studied. Especially physiological flows are
driven by the combined effects of peristaltic pumping and
popular external effects (electromagnetic, electroosmosis)
[12–18] that have been reported in the literature. The nar‑
rowness of the conduits involved with peristalsis has made
it attractive to especially the lubrication theory. Despite the
success of this technique, other researchers have avoided
it, yet neatly represent solutions governing such dynamics
[1–3]. Further, among the effects that have been studied
alongside peristalsis, we like to highlight the electric double
layer (EDL) thickness, external electric field, magnetic field,
Joule heating, slip parameter, non-Newtonian parameters,
thermal radiation on pumping and flow characteristics have
also been analyzed. Interestingly, entropy generation analy‑
sis [13] has also been presented as well. It is fascinating how
this single effect substantially modifies peristaltic transports.
On the other hand, we underline the scientific implica‑
tion of tangent hyperbolic nanofluid (THN). It is constituted
by a non-Newtonian fluid called tangent hyperbolic fluid,
mixed with solid nanoparticles [19]. Several studies involv‑
ing nanofluids can be found that cover a variety of other
effects [37–39]. Nevertheless, it is appealing to also note
that this combined aspect of the fluid has been experimented
to closely mimic the behavior of blood and other biological
flow systems. Besides, some experiments carried out using
THN have revealed a consequential ability for it to predict
shear thinning behavior. Therefore, it is not hard to infer
from this the importance of studying THN in peristaltic
microchannels with direct relevance to human biology and
medicine. Moreover, such systems have experienced appeal‑
ing changes in their flow parameters in the presence of exter‑
nal effects such as those mentioned in previous paragraphs.
We note, for instance, a study done by Khan et al. [20], in
13
(2019) 41:61
which they used boundary layer flow to study THN. Therein,
a resulting non-trivial governing equation is numerically
analyzed to investigate several parameters. The results depict
the influence of several dimensionless numbers; Weissen‑
berg, Prandtl, Lewis, Hartmann, thermophoresis. Accord‑
ingly, we choose a THN for our findings here. Additionally,
due to the relevance of external effects like Joule heating and
electroosmotic effects, we further extend the scope of this
work by incorporating these effects as well.
In retrospect, one can find several works of literature
involving complex fluid flow in microchannel, where some
are shaped to encompass peristaltic motion. It turns out that
typically, flow in such confined tubes shows appreciable
viscous effects, which often times require that wall slip is
considered [21–23], forcing them to require robust analyti‑
cal skills.
As a result of all of these different applications and
effects, the flowing fluid in such conduits can differ exten‑
sively. So, while the peristaltic flow has been studied
extensively for Newtonian fluids, other investigations have
considered non-Newtonian type liquids such as two-fluid
model [24], couple-stress fluids [25], generalized Maxwell
& viscoelastic fluids [26] and even Burger’s fluid [27, 28].
Consequently, it is not hard to find interesting literature
involving peristalsis and THN, where several aspects of fluid
dynamics have also been investigated [29–31]. While some
studies have focused on the dynamics governing transport
in peristalsis, others have studied effects on such peristaltic
motion, due to the manifestations of heat (or Joule heating)
and energy transfer effects [7, 19, 28, 30–32], electrostatic
effects [33], slip effects [5, 6], magnetic effect [29].
In this development, we note that when the aforemen‑
tioned non-trivial phenomena are incorporated into micro‑
channels of peristaltic nature, obtaining the solutions could
lead to convoluted mathematical procedures. For simple
cases where the leading governing equations are linear, ana‑
lytical solutions have been obtained [11, 34]. The fluid rheo‑
logical effects on electroosmotic flow have been investigated
[35]. Meanwhile, in others, the complexity has required a
semi-analytical solution, where numerical schemes have
been employed [20, 36], as well as perturbation theory to
obtain a full solution to the problem. Nonetheless, others
found success in tackling some complex analysis without
using perturbation theory [1–3].
In the present study, we analyzed the electrostatically
influenced 2D flow of THN in a microchannel that exhib‑
its peristaltic movements where both heat and radiation are
involved. We do so by developing an elegant mathematical
model that neatly investigates electroosmotic effects of aque‑
ous nanoliquids exhibiting pseudoplastic behavior. So, we
use a tangent hyperbolic fluid model to examine the rheolog‑
ical response of the pseudoplastic fluid. We develop a partial
differential equation (PDE) governing the pressure gradient,
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61 Page 3 of 18  61

the temperature, the electric potential and the nanoparticle
volume fraction, as dependent variables. A non-dimensional
analysis of these equations yields critical dimensionless
numbers. Among them, we define Reynolds, Biot, Prandtl,
Weissenberg and Grashof. In addition, we also harvest inter‑
esting parameters such as Helmholtz–Smoluchowski veloc‑
ity, non-dimensional heat source/sink parameter, Brownian
motion parameter, thermophoresis parameter and radiation
parameter. These PDEs are solved by enforcing a convec‑
tive boundary convection where we assume a Debye–Huckel
linearization form, a long wavelength approximation and
creeping flow consideration.
To finally tackle these convoluted PDEs, we analytically
obtain solutions for the dimensionless potential distribution,
the dimensionless temperature and the nanoparticle fraction.
Meanwhile, solutions for the stream function, the dimension‑
less pressure gradient and the volume flow rate are generated
by engaging perturbation analysis in terms of the Weissen‑
berg number. In the end, we generate data for axial velocity,
pressure gradient, thermal temperature, nanoparticle volume
fraction, skin friction coefficient and Nusselt profiles, and
study the effects of the dimensionless numbers and param‑
eters on them. These results are graphically represented and
reveal interesting behaviors as showcased in their trends.
Furthermore, as radiation is also present, we analyze this
effect by employing a radiative flux model. Particularly, we
observed that the heat transfer Biot number increases with
𝜂̄ = ±h̄ be the right-hand side wall and left-hand side wall
boundaries, and the medium is painstaking to be tempted by
a sinusoidal wave train propagating with a constant speed
c along the microchannel in Fig. 1. The right wall of the
inclined channel maintained temperature T0 and nanoparticle
fraction volume C0 , whereas the left wall has temperature T1
and nanoparticle volume fraction C1 . The geometry of the
microchannel is demarcated as:
( )
̄ ̄t) = ± d + ā cos2 𝜋 (𝜉̄ − c̄t) ,
̄ 𝜉,
h( (1)
𝜆
in which ā  , 𝜆 , ̄t and d are the amplitudes of walls, wave‑
length, dimensional time and the width of the channel,
respectively.
2.2 Governing equations
The equations governing the flow with an incompress‑
ible, electrohydrodynamics (EHD) of hyperbolic tangent
ξ
η

-vely charged wall surface

increasing thermal temperature. However, a reversed behav‑
ior is reported for the nanoparticle volume fraction. All these
help in providing a really deep theoretical insight that helps
in interpreting the electroosmotic flow systems and will have
a central role in designing the emerging tool for biomicroflu‑
idic devices/systems under peristalsis mechanisms.
We develop our analysis in such a way that it helps in
highlighting our goals for this research. Accordingly, the
present paper is structured as follows. In Sect. 2, we for‑
mulated the mathematical model for this problem, where a
non-dimensional analysis reveals dimensionless numbers.
c
In Sect. 3, the governing equations are analyzed and exact
solutions are obtained on the one hand, and approximate
solution using perturbation analysis on the other. Results
are then analyzed and scrutinized alongside their various
implications in Sect. 4. Finally, in Sect. 5, key findings of λ
the results are discussed and concluded.

2 Mathematical formulation Eξ

2.1 Flow regime

We consider a two-dimensional electroosmotic flow of

hyperbolic tangent nanofluid in a microchannel under the
effects of radiation and heat source sink parameters. Let Fig. 1  Geometry of electroosmotic flow regime

13
 61   Page 4 of 18 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61

nanofluid in the presence of gravitational forces are given density of the particle, n is the power law index, 𝛤 is the time
by [15–18] and [29, 30] dependent material constant, c′ is the volumetric volume
expansion coefficient, 𝜇̄ 0 is the coefficient (of viscosity of the
𝜕 ū 𝜕 v̄ )
+ = 0, (2) fluid, Ex is the applied electrical field, 𝜌c′ p is the heat
𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ ( )
capacity of fluid, 𝜌c′ f is the effective heat capacity of nano‑
( ) particle, 𝛼m is the thermal conductivity, T̄ is the thermal
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 p̄ 𝜕 (̄ ) 𝜕 (̄ )
𝜌f + ū + v̄ ū = − + S𝜉̄𝜉̄ + S̄ temperature, C̄ is the nanoparticle phenomena, Q0 is the con‑
𝜕 ̄t 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜉 𝜂̄ stant heat addition/absorption, DB is the Brownian diffusion
( )
+ 𝜌̄e E𝜉 + (1 − C0 )𝜌f g𝛽t T̄ − T̄ 0 coefficient, DT is the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient,
( ) (
− 𝜌p − 𝜌f g C̄ − C̄ 0 ,
) Tm is the fluid mean temperature, and 𝜎 ′ and k′ are the Ste‑
(3)
fan–Boltzmann constant and the mean absorption
coefficient.
( )
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 p̄ 𝜕 (̄ ) 𝜕 (̄ )
𝜌f + ū + v̄ v̄ = − + S̄ + S ,
𝜕 ̄t 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜉 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜂̄ 𝜂̄
(4)
( ) ( 2 ) ( )
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 ̄ 𝜕 𝜕2 𝜕 C̄ 𝜕 T̄ 𝜕 C̄ 𝜕 T̄
(𝜌c� )f + ū +v T = 𝛼m + 2 T̄ + (𝜌c� )p DB +
𝜕 ̄t 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜉̄2 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄
�
(( )
2 ( )2 ) ( ) (5)
(𝜌c )p DT 𝜕 T̄ 𝜕 T̄ 𝜕 q̄ r 𝜕 q̄ r ( )
+ + − + ̄ 0 T̄ − T̄ 0 ,
+Q
Tm 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄

( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )
𝜕
+ ū
𝜕
+v
𝜕 ̄
C = DB
𝜕 𝜕2 D
+ 2 C̄ + T
𝜕 𝜕2 ̄
+ 2 T.
2.3 Electrohydrodynamics
𝜕 ̄t 𝜕 𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜉̄2 𝜕 𝜂̄ Tm 𝜕 𝜉̄2 𝜕 𝜂̄
(6) The well-known Poisson equation is defined as:
in which S𝜉̄𝜉̄ , S𝜉̄𝜂̄ and S𝜂̄ 𝜂̄ are shear stress components of
̄ ̄ ̄
hyperbolic tangent which are defined as:
𝜌e = −𝜀 ∇2 𝛷̄ , (9)
S̄ 𝜉̄𝜉̄ = 2𝜇̄ 0 [1 + n(𝛤 𝛾̇ − 1)] 𝜕𝜕u𝜉̄̄ , where 𝛷̄ is the electric potential and 𝜀 is the dielectric per‑
( )
mittivity of the medium.
S̄ 𝜉̄𝜂̄ = [1 + n(𝛤 𝛾̇ − 1)] 𝜕ū + 𝜕v̄ ,
𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜕 𝜉̄
S𝜂̄ 𝜂̄ = 2𝜇̄ 0 [1 + n(𝛤 𝛾̇ − 1)] 𝜕𝜕𝜂v̄̄ , and strain rate is explicitly 2.4 Non‑dimensional analysis
expressed as:
( ( ) The non-dimensional variables are introduced as:
2 ( )2 ( )2 )1∕2
𝜕 u
̄ 𝜕 u
̄ 𝜕 v
̄ 𝜕 v̄
𝛾̄̇ = 2 + + +2 . 𝜉̄ 𝜂̄ c̄t ū v̄ d
𝜕𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂
̄ 𝜕𝜉̄ 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜉= ,𝜂 = ,t = ,u = ,v = ,𝛿 = ,
𝜆 d 𝜆 c 𝛿c 𝜆
h̄ d2 p̄ T̄ − T̄ 0 𝛷̄ ā
And the radiative heat flux satisfies h = ,p = ,𝜃 = ,𝛷 = ,a = ,
d c𝜆𝜇̄ 0 T̄ 1 − T̄ 0 𝜁 d
4𝜎 � 𝜕 T̄ 4 (10)
q̄ r = − , (7) C̄ − C̄ 0 𝜆 ̄ d ̄
3k� 𝜕 𝜂̄ 𝜎= , S𝜉𝜉 = S𝜉̄𝜉̄ , S𝜉𝜂 = S𝜉𝜂
̄ ,
̄
C1 − C0 ̄ 𝜇̄ 0 c 𝜇̄ 0c
It is adopted that the temperature difference within the d ̄ ̄ 𝛾d ̇
S𝜂𝜂 = S𝜂̄ 𝜂̄ , 𝛾̇ = ,
flow is sufficiently small such that the term T̄ 4 in a Taylor 𝜇̄ 0 c c
series about a free stream temperature T̄ 0 and neglecting
higher-order terms in the first order in (T̄ − T̄ 0 ) . Thus, sub‑ where 𝜉 is non-dimensional axial coordinate, 𝜂 is non-dimen‑
stituting Eq. (7), we get sional transverse coordinate, u and v are non-dimensional
16𝜎 � 𝜕 T̄ axial and transverse velocity components, p is dimensionless
qr = − . (8) pressure, a is amplitude ratio, 𝜁 is zeta potential, 𝛿 is wave
3k� 𝜕 𝜂̄
number, 𝜃 is the dimensionless temperature, and 𝜎 is the
where ū , v̄ are the components of velocity along 𝜉̄ and 𝜂̄ dimensionless rescaled nanoparticle volume fraction.
directions, respectively, g is the acceleration due to gravity, Now introducing the relation between the velocity fields
p̄ is the pressure, 𝜌f is the density of the fluid, 𝜌p is the and steam function 𝜓  , which are well defined by

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61 Page 5 of 18  61

3
16𝜎 � T 0 (1−C̄ 0 )𝜌2f g𝛽t d3 (T̄ 1 −T̄ 0 )
u=
𝜕𝜓
, v = −𝛿
𝜕𝜓
. Rn = 3k� 𝜇̄ 0 cf
is the radiation parameter, Gr = 𝜇̄ 02
𝜕y 𝜕y
i s t h e l o c a l t e m p e r a t u r e G r a s h o f n u m b e r,
(𝜌 −𝜌 )𝜌 gd3 (C̄ −C̄ )
Using the non-dimensional variables and parameters Br = f p f𝜇̄ 2 1 0 is the local nanoparticle Grashof num‑
given above in (1–6), we get the modified equations as
0
ber, and Bh = is the heat transfer Biot number at walls.
hh d
kh
( 2 )
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕2 𝜕 𝜕2
R𝛿 + − 𝜓 2.5 Lubrication approach and boundary conditions
𝜕t𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜉𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 2
𝜕p 𝜕 ( ) 𝜕( ) The proposed mathematical model deals with microfluidic
=− +𝛿 S + S (11)
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 𝜉𝜉 𝜕y 𝜉𝜂 channel in the presence of peristaltic motion and electroos‑
( )
𝜕2𝛷 𝜕2𝛷 mosis, and such investigation is limited to physiological
+ Uhs 𝛿 2 2 + 2 + Gr𝜃 + Br𝜎,
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 peristaltic flows because in such flows, the value of Reynolds
number is engaged with very small values, for example such
flows where the wavelength of a peristaltic wave is approxi‑
( )
𝜕2
3 𝜕 𝜕2 𝜕2 mately very large (0.125 cm) as compared to the radius of
− R𝛿 + − 𝜓 the tube (0.008 cm). Hence, we employed the assumptions of
𝜕t𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜉 2 𝜕𝜉𝜕𝜂 2
(12) long wavelength and low-Reynolds number and neglecting
𝜕p 𝜕 ( ) 𝜕 ( )
= − + 𝛿2 S𝜂𝜉 + 𝛿 S , the terms of order 𝛿 and higher, Eqs. (11–14) become
𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 𝜂𝜂
( ( )) 2
𝜕p 𝜕 𝜕2 𝜓 𝜕 𝜓 𝜕2𝛷
= 1 + n We 2 − 1 2
+ Uhs 2 + Gr𝜃 + Br𝜎,
( ) 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂
R𝛿
𝜕
+ 𝜓𝜂
𝜕
− 𝛿𝜓𝜉
𝜕
𝜃 (15)
𝜕t 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂
( ) 𝜕p
=
1 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝛿 2 2 + 2 𝜃 + Rn 2
𝜕2𝜃 = 0, (16)
𝜕𝜂
Pr 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂
(
𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜃
) (13)
+ 𝛽𝜃 + Nb 𝛿 2 + ( ) ( ) ( )2
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 1 + RnPr 𝜕 2 𝜃 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
( ( ) + Nb + Nt + 𝛽𝜃 = 0,
2 ( )2 ) Pr 𝜕𝜂 2 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂
+ Nt 𝛿 2 𝜕𝜃
+
𝜕𝜃
, (17)
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂
𝜕2 𝜎 Nt 𝜕 2 𝜃
2
+ = 0. (18)
𝜕𝜂 Nb 𝜕𝜂 2
( )
RSc𝛿
𝜕
+ 𝜓𝜂
𝜕
− 𝜓𝜉
𝜕
𝜎 Eliminating the pressure term from Eq. (15), it gives
𝜕t 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 ( ( )) 2
( 2
) ( ) (14) 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜓 𝜕 𝜓 𝜕3 𝛷 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜎
2 𝜕 𝜕2 Nt 2 𝜕 2 𝜕2 2
1 + n We 2
− 1 2
+ Uhs 3 + Gr
𝜕𝜂
+ Br
𝜕𝜂
= 0,
= 𝛿 + 𝜎+ 𝛿 + 𝜃. 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂
𝜕𝜉 2 𝜕𝜂 2 Nb 𝜕𝜉 2 𝜕𝜂 2 (19)
The electric charge density follows the Boltzmann distri‑
where bution which is given by
2𝜓
S𝜉𝜉 = 2(1 + n(We𝛾̇ − 1)) 𝜕𝜉𝜕 𝜕𝜂 , ( )
( 2 2
) ez𝛷̄
S𝜉𝜂 = (1 + n(We𝛾̇ − 1)) 𝜕𝜂2 − 𝛿 2 𝜕𝜕𝜉𝜓2 , (20)
𝜕 𝜓
𝜌e = −2n0 ez sin h ,
2 kB T
S𝜂𝜂 = −2𝛿(1 + n(We𝛾̇ − 1)) 𝜕𝜉𝜕 𝜕𝜂
𝜓
 ,
( (
2
) 2 ( 2 2
) ( 2 )2 )1∕2 where n0 , e , z , kB and T represent the bulk concentration
𝛾̇ = 2𝛿 2 𝜕𝜉𝜕 𝜕𝜂
𝜓
+ 𝜕𝜕𝜂𝜓2 − 𝛿 2 𝜕𝜕𝜉𝜓2 + 2𝛿 2 𝜕𝜉𝜕 𝜕𝜂
𝜓
. (number density), protonic charge, elementary charge
Here, R = 𝜌cd𝛿
is the Reynolds number, Uhs = − 𝜇̄x
E 𝜀𝜁
is valence, Boltzmann constant and absolute temperature.
𝜇̄ 0 0c Using Debye–Hückel linearization, the Poisson–Boltzmann
the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity, We = is the Weis‑ 𝛤c
d equation reduces to:
̄ d2
senberg number, 𝛽 = (T̄ −T̄0 )𝛼 c is the non-dimensional heat
Q

∇2 𝛷̄ = 𝜅 2 𝛷,
̄ (21)
1 0 m p

source/sink parameter, Pr = 𝛼0 f is the Prandtl number,

𝜇̄ c
√
where 𝜅 = ez represents the ratio of the characteristic
m 2n0
(𝜌c� )f DB (C̄ 1 −C̄ 0 )
Nb = is the Brownian motion parameter, 𝜀kB T
𝛼m
(𝜌c� )p DT (T̄ 1 −T̄ 0 ) transverse length to the Debye length; this indicates the pen‑
Nt = T 𝛼
is the thermophoresis parameter, etration of the zeta potential at the surface into the bulk fluid.
m m

13
 61   Page 6 of 18 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61

Utilizing Debye–Hückel linearization the non-dimen‑

sin h((h + 𝜂)𝜅)
sional Poisson–Boltzmann equation can also be consequent 𝛷(𝜂) = , (29)
sin h(2h𝜅)
as:
( ) ( )
𝜕2𝛷 𝜃(𝜂) = C cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂) + D cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂) ,
= 𝜅 2 𝛷. (22)
𝜕𝜂 2 (30)
The non-dimensional boundary conditions (convective Nt ( ( )
boundary conditions) are employed as: 𝜎(𝜂) = E + Fy − C cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂)
( Nb )) (31)
F 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜃 +D cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂) ,
𝜓= , = −1, = Bh(1 − 𝜃), 𝜎 = 1, and 𝛷 = 1 at 𝜂 = h,
2 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂
(23a) 3.2 Perturbation solution
F 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜃 Equations.  (17 and 22) are highly nonlinear differential
𝜓 =− , = −1, = Bh𝜃, 𝜎 = 0, and 𝛷 = 0 at 𝜂 = −h.
2 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 equations. It is not conceivable to find the analytical solution
(23b) in direct manner. So, we attain the solution for the stream
2.6 Volumetric flow rate function as a perturbation method in terms of the small
parameter We (Weissenberg number), by expanding 𝜓, p
The instantaneous volume flow rate in the fixed frame is and F in the following form:
given by ( )
𝜓 = 𝜓0 + We𝜓1 + o 𝜓2 , (32)
h(𝜉,t)
( )
∫
Q(𝜉, t) = u(𝜉, 𝜂, t)d𝜂. (24)
p = p0 + Wep1 + o p2 , (33)
( )
−h(𝜉,t)
F = F0 + WeF1 + o F2 . (34)

The above expression in wave frame is Substituting above expressions in Eqs. (15 and 19) and
collecting the powers We, we get the following system
h(xw ) For the system of order We0

∫ (25)
F(xw ) = uw (xw , yw )dyw . 𝜕 4 𝜓0 Uhs 𝜕 3 𝛷 Gr 𝜕𝜃 Br 𝜕𝜎
4
= 3
+ + , (35)
−h(xw ) 𝜕𝜂 n − 1 𝜕𝜂 n − 1 𝜕𝜂 n − 1 𝜕𝜂

The coordinates and velocities in the two frames (labora‑ 𝜕p0 𝜕3 𝜓 𝜕2 𝛷

tory and wave frames) are correlated as: = (1 − n) 30 + Uhs 2 + Gr𝜃 + Br𝜎, (36)
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂
𝜉 = xw − ct, 𝜂 = yw , u = uw + c, v = vw . (26)
F0 𝜕𝜓0
From Eqs. (24–26), we get 𝜓0 = ± , = −1, at 𝜂 = ±h, (37)
2 𝜕y
Q = F + 2h(𝜉). (27) ( )
Solution for system of order We0
The time averaged flow rate is defined as 𝛩 = ∫ Q(𝜉, t)dt
1
Solution of Eq. (35) satisfying the boundary conditions
0 Eq. (37) can be written as:
which can further be derived as:
𝛩 = F + 2 + a. (28) 𝜓0 (𝜂) = a9 + a10 𝜂 + a11 𝜂 2 + a12 𝜂 3 + a8 𝜂 4
( )
+ a6 cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂)
3 Solution of the problem ( ) (38)
+ a7 cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂)
+ a4 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) + sin h(𝜅𝜂))
3.1 Exact solution
+ a5 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) − sin h(𝜅𝜂)),
Solving Eqs. (17–22) subject to boundary conditions defined
in Eqs. (23a, 23b), the analytical solutions are obtained as:

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61 Page 7 of 18  61

𝜕p0 ( ))
Nt (
= Br E + F𝜂 − C(cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂)) + D(cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂))
𝜕𝜉 Nb
( )
+ Gr C(cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂)) + D(cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂))
(39)
+ Uhs𝜅 2 (A(cos h(𝜅𝜂) + sin h(𝜅𝜂)) + B(cos h(𝜅𝜂) − sin h(𝜅𝜂)))
(
− (n − 1) 6a12 + 24a8 𝜂 + a6 𝛾13 (cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂)) + a7 𝛾23 (cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂))
)
+a4 𝜅 3 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) + sin h(𝜅𝜂)) − a5 𝜅 3 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) − sin h(𝜅𝜂))

For the system of order We1 F1 𝜕𝜓1

𝜓1 = ± , = −1, at 𝜂 = ±h, (42)
( )2 2 𝜕𝜂
𝜕 4 𝜓1 n 𝜕2 𝜕 2 𝜓0 ( )
= , (40) Solution for system of order We1
𝜕𝜂 4 n − 1 𝜕𝜂 2 𝜕𝜂 2
Substituting Eq. (38) into Eq. (40) and solving the equa‑
tion subject to boundary conditions in Eq. (42), we get
( )2
𝜕p1 𝜕3 𝜓 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜓0
= (1 − n) 31 + n , (41)
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 2

𝜓1 (𝜂) = a41 + a42 𝜂 + a43 𝜂 2 + a44 𝜂 3 + a17 𝜂 4 + a18 𝜂 5 + a19 𝜂 6 + a20 (cos h(2𝜅𝜂) + sin h(2𝜅𝜂))
( ) ( )
+ a21 (cos h(2𝜅𝜂) − sin h(2𝜅𝜂)) + a22 cos h(2𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(2𝛾1 𝜂) + a23 cos h(2𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(2𝛾2 𝜂)
( )
+ a24 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) + sin h(𝜅𝜂)) + a25 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) − sin h(𝜅𝜂)) + a26 cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂)
( )
+ a27 cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂) + a28 (𝜅𝜂 − 4)(cos h(𝜅𝜂) + sin h(𝜅𝜂))
( )( )
+ a29 (𝜅𝜂 + 4)(cos h(𝜅𝜂) − sin h(𝜅𝜂)) + a30 𝛾1 𝜂 − 4 cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂)
( )( ) ( ) (43)
+ a31 𝛾2 𝜂 − 4 cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂) + a32 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) + sin h(𝜅𝜂)) 𝜅 2 𝜂 2 − 8𝜅𝜂 + 12
( ) ( )( )
+ a33 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) − sin h(𝜅𝜂)) 𝜅 2 𝜂 2 + 8𝜅𝜂 + 12 + a34 cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂) 𝛾12 𝜂 2 − 8𝛾1 𝜂 + 12
( )( ) ( )
+ a35 cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂) 𝛾22 𝜂 2 − 8𝛾2 𝜂 + 12 + a36 cos h((𝛾1 + 𝜅)𝜂) + sin h((𝛾1 + 𝜅)𝜂)
( ) ( )
+ a37 cos h((𝛾1 − 𝜅)𝜂) + sin h((𝛾1 − 𝜅)𝜂) + a38 cos h((𝛾2 − 𝜅)𝜂) + sin h((𝛾2 − 𝜅)𝜂)
( ) ( )
+ a39 cos h((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )𝜂) + sin h((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )𝜂) + a40 cos h((𝛾2 + 𝜅)𝜂) + sin h((𝛾2 + 𝜅)𝜂) ,

𝜕p1 ( ( ) ( )
= 2n 6a12 + 24a8 𝜂 + a6 𝛾13 cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂) + a7 𝛾13 cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂)
𝜕𝜉
)(
+a4 𝜅 3 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) + sin h(𝜅𝜂)) − a5 𝜅 3 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) − sin h(𝜅𝜂)) 2a11 + 6a12 𝜂 + 12a8 𝜂 2
( ) ( )
+ a6 𝛾12 cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂) + a7 𝛾22 cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂) + a4 𝜅 2 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) + sin h(𝜅𝜂))
) (
+a5 𝜅 3 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) − sin h(𝜅𝜂)) − (n − 1) 6a44 + 24a17 𝜂 + 60a18 𝜂 2 + 120a19 𝜂 3
( ) ( )
+ 8a22 𝛾13 cos h(2𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(2𝛾1 𝜂) + a40 (𝛾2 + 𝜅)3 cos h(𝜂(𝛾2 + 𝜅)) + sin h(𝜂(𝛾2 + 𝜅))
( ) ( ( ))
+ cos h(𝛾1 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾1 𝜂) 𝛾13 a26 + a30 (𝛾1 𝜂 − 1) + 3a34 𝛾12 𝜂 2 − 8𝛾1 𝜂 + 18
( )( ( ))
+𝛾23 cos h(𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(𝛾2 𝜂) a27 + a31 (𝛾2 𝜂 − 1) + 3a34 𝛾22 𝜂 2 − 8𝛾2 𝜂 + 18 (44)
( ( ))
+𝜅 3 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) + sin h(𝜅𝜂)) a24 + a28 (𝜅𝜂 − 1) + a32 𝜅 2 𝜂 2 + 6𝜅 2 𝜂 − 8𝜅𝜂 − 16𝜅+18
( )
−𝜅 3 (cos h(𝜅𝜂) − sin h(𝜅𝜂)) a25 + a29 (𝜅𝜂 + 1) + a32 (𝜅 2 𝜂 2 − 2𝜅 2 𝜂 + 8𝜅𝜂 + 8𝜅 + 18)
( )
+ 8a20 𝜅 3 (cos h(2𝜅𝜂) + sin h(2𝜅𝜂)) + a39 (𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )3 cos h(𝜂(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )) + sin h(𝜂(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ))
( ) ( )
+ a36 (𝛾1 + 𝜅)3 cos h(𝜂(𝛾1 + 𝜅)) + sin h(𝜂(𝛾1 + 𝜅)) + 8a23 𝛾23 cos h(2𝛾2 𝜂) + sin h(2𝛾2 𝜂)
( )
− 8a21 𝜅 3 (cos h(2𝜅𝜂) − sin h(2𝜅𝜂)) + a37 (𝛾1 − 𝜅)3 cos h(𝜂(𝛾1 − 𝜅)) + sin h(𝜂(𝛾1 − 𝜅))
( ))
+a38 (𝛾2 − 𝜅)3 cos h(𝜂(𝛾2 − 𝜅)) + sin h(𝜂(𝛾2 − 𝜅)) ,

13
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1
Rn = 0
0.8 Bh = 1 0.6
Rn = 1 η: 0
0.6 Bh = 2 Rn = 2
η: 0 0.4 u: 0.3375

Bh = 3 u: 0.377
0.4 0.2 η: 0
u: 0.3063
0.2 η: 0
u: 0.3037 0
0 β = -1 β = -1
u

-0.2 β=1

u
-0.2 β=1
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6 -0.6
a = 0.2; Pr = 0.5; Nt = 1; Nb = 3; a = 0.2; Pr = 0.5; Nt = 1; Nb = 3;
-0.8 -0.8 Uhs= 2; We = 0.1;Gr = 2; Br = 3;
Uhs= 2; We = 0.1;Gr = 2; Br = 3;
-1 κ = 1; n = 0.3; Bh = 1; Θ = 2
κ = 1; n = 0.3; Rn = 0.2;Θ = 2 -1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
η
η

Fig. 5  Axial velocity for variation of Rn

Fig. 2  Axial velocity for variation of Bh

1 0.5 Uhs = -2
κ= 1 Uhs = 0
0.8 η: 0.04276
Uhs = 2
κ= 2 u: 0.396
0.6
κ= 3
0.4 0
0.2 β = -1; β = 1
0 β = -1
u
u

β=1
-0.2
-0.5
-0.4
a = 0.2; Pr = 0.5; Nt = 1; Nb = 3;
-0.6 n = 0.2; We = 0.01;Gr = 2; Br = 3;
a = 0.2; Pr = 0.5; Nt = 1; Nb = 3;
n = 0.2; We = 0.1;Gr = 2; Br = 3; κ = 1; Bh = 1; Rn = 1;Θ = 2
-0.8
Uhs = 2; Bh = 1; Rn = 1;Θ = 2 -1
-1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 η
η
Fig. 6  Axial velocity for variation of Uhs
Fig. 3  Axial velocity for variation of 𝜅

n=0 0.6
0.6 We = 0
n = 0.2 We = 0.05
0.4
0.4 n = 0.4 We = 0.1
η: 0 0.2 η: -0.04276
0.2 u: 0.3525 u: 0.2846

0
0
β = -1
u

-0.2
u

-0.2 β = -1 β=1
β=1 -0.4
-0.4

-0.6 -0.6
a = 0.2; Pr = 0.5; Nt = 1; Nb = 3; a = 0.2; Pr = 0.5; Nt = 1; Nb = 3;
-0.8 Uhs= 2; We = 0.01;Gr = 2; Br = 3; -0.8 Uhs= 2; Bh = 1;Gr = 2; Br = 3;
κ = 1; Bh = 1; Rn = 1;Θ = 2 κ = 1; n = 0.3; Rn = 0.2;Θ = 2
-1 -1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
η η

Fig. 4  Axial velocity for variation of n Fig. 7  Axial velocity for variation of We

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering
The expressions for the skin friction and Nusselt number
at the right walls are derived as:
[( ( )) 2 ]|
𝜕h 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕 𝜓 |
Cf = 1 + n We 2 − 1 | (45)
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 2 ||𝜂=h
( )
𝜕h 𝜕𝜃
Nu =
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜂 𝜂=h (46)
The constants in above expressions are described in the
“Appendix” section.
4 Results and discussion
In this model, the electroosmotic flow of tangent hyperbolic
nanoliquids through a microchannel is analyzed in the pres‑
ence of peristaltic pumping. The flow is observed under the
influence of Joule heating and radiation effects. The semi-
analytical solution of modeled equations is obtained by per‑
turbation techniques. The physical behavior of heat transfer
Biot number (Bh) , electroosmosis parameter (𝜅) , power law
index (n), radiation parameter (Rn) , Helmholtz–Smolu‑
chowski velocity (Uhs) , Weissenberg number (We) , Joule
heating parameter (𝛽) and Prandtl number (Pr) on axial
velocity, pressure gradient, temperature and nanoparticle
volume fraction are clearly silhouetted through graphs.
Important outcomes of nanof luid axial velocity
(u = u0 + Weu1 ) in simulating the pertinent parameters
have been portrayed via graphs in this subsection. Figures 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are the parabolic graphical description in
nature for a heat left over (+ Joule heating) and a heat deficit
(− Joule heating). Joule heating (also concerned to as an
ohmic or resistive heating) reports the process, wherever
the energy of power-driven current is transformed into heat
as it flows over a resistance. Especially, when the power-
driven current flows by a liquid with an electric energy, finite
conductivity is changed to heat through resistive losses in
the material. The heat is produced on the microscale as
the conduction electrons transfer muscularity to the con‑
ductor’s atoms through way of collisions. It is identified in
microvalves for fluid control, PCR reactors, bio-particles
manipulation in aqueous, soldering irons, dielectrophoretic
trapping, etc. The way of the
( electric) field arises into act in
the difference of potential uh − u−h  , according to whether
the proposed microchannel is at a lower or higher voltage.
Positive charged particles
( move in the) direction from right
wall to left wall, where uh − u−h > 0  , negatively charged
particles do vice versa.
Effect of the heat transfer Biot number (Bh) on the
axial velocity is sketched in Fig. 2 for both negative and
(2019) 41:61 Page 9 of 18  61
nonnegative values of Joule heating parameter (𝛽 = −1, 1) .
The opposite behaviors are noticed for the heat transfer Biot
number at the right and left walls. For large Bh , the axial
velocity decreases near the left wall, whereas opponent
behavior is gone toward the right wall. The conspiracy to
study the influence of electroosmosis parameter 𝜅 on axial
velocity is presented in Fig. 3 for the negative and nonnega‑
tive value of Joule heating parameters. It can be clearly seen
from Fig. 3 that the axial velocity profile reduces with an
increase of 𝜅 in the left wall region and it enlarges for the
large value of 𝜅 on right wall region for both positive Joule
heating and negative Joule heating. This actually infers that
fluid velocity diminishes with cumulative the thickness of
electric double layer which is inversely proportional to the
electroosmotic parameter. That means fluid flows to resist in
the incidence of an electric double layer for two different val‑
ues of Joule heating parameters. The influence of the power
law index (n) parameter on velocity profile is presented in
Fig. 4 for two different values of Joule heating parameters. It
is noted that with an increase in the power law index param‑
eter, there is a fall in axial velocity near the left wall and the
opposite behavior is observed near the right wall. It can fur‑
ther be concluded that rheological parameter plays important
role in electroosmotic and peristaltic pumping. It also sup‑
ports the fluid flow along the microfluidic channel, and the
maximum velocity has occurred at the positive wall region
for both negative and nonnegative values of Joule heating.
Figure 5 shows the influence of the external effect of thermal
radiation and Joule heating parameter on the axial velocity
distribution for the fixed values of other parameters. The
maximum axial velocity is passed on the right wall region.
The heat left over (+ Joules) and heat deficit (− Joules) are
revered nature when thermal radiation effect increases. In
the application point of view, it can be concluded that blood
flow and embryo transfer can be controlled by thermal radia‑
tion and Joule heating parameter. Figure 6 shows the influ‑
ence of Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity Uhs on axial
velocity for three different values (Uhs = −2, 0, 2) . It can be
visibly seen through Fig. 6 that the axial velocity distribution
decreases in the region 𝜂 ∈ [−1.07, 0.04276] , while it dis‑
plays contrary trend in the rest of the part for an increase in
Uhs for both negative and nonnegative values of Joule heat‑
ing parameters. It is important to note that the electric field
performance on ions in the diffuse part of the double layer,
which drags the fluid to develop an effective slip velocity
outer the double layer, is defined by the Helmholtz–Smolu‑
chowski velocity. In this model, one of the important rheo‑
logical parameters is Weissenberg number whose effect on
axial velocity is shown in Fig. 7 for two different values of
Joule heating parameters (𝛽 = −1, 1) . It is observed that the
maximum axial velocity passes right region wall with more
values of Weissenberg number for the positive value of Joule
heating; however, reversed behavior conceded heat deficit.
13
 61   Page 10 of 18 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61

0.2 1
Bh = 1 n=0
0.15 Bh = 3 0.9 n = 0.05
0.1 Bh = 5 n = 0.1

0.05 0.8

0 0.7

dp/dξ
dp/dξ

-0.05
0.6
-0.1
-0.15 0.5
-0.2
0.4
-0.25
-0.3 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ξ ξ

Fig. 10  Pressure gradient for variation of n

Fig. 8  Pressure gradient for variation of Bh

We = 0
0.1 We = 0.05
κ→ 0 1.1
We = 0.1
0 κ = 0.25
κ = 0.5
-0.1 1.05
dp/dξ

-0.2 1
dp/dξ

-0.3
0.95
-0.4

-0.5 0.9

-0.6 0.85
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.7 ξ
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ξ
Fig. 11  Pressure gradient for variation of We

Fig. 9  Pressure gradient for variation of 𝜅

profiles. In order(to analyze )the influences of the heat trans‑
fer Biot number Bh = kh at walls on pressure gradient,
h d

Also, it was noticed that Weissenberg number and thermal h

radiation are opposite nature for both negative and nonnega‑
tive Joule heating. The outcomes of this discussion on veloc‑
ity profile under the effects of various physical parameters
may explore the information and scopes in many fields of
biomedical engineering and industrial engineering.
Pumping characteristics directly depend on the induced
pressure gradient generated by peristaltic pumping and mod‑
ulated by electroosmosis mechanism. Pressure gradient
directly affects the volumetric flow rate. There is a nonlinear
relationship between the pressure gradient and axial length
of the microchannel. Nature of the curves is concave down‑
wards. Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11 are portrayed to analyze the
various vital parameters on pressure gradient. The values of
fixed parameters have been taken from axial velocity
Fig. 8 is plotted. Heat transfer Biot number is the ratio of
conductive resistance and convective resistance in the ther‑
mal boundary layer. It is observed that the convective resist‑
ance in thermal boundary layer reduces and then the pres‑
sure gradient also decreases. It is further observed from
Fig. 9 that increase in electroosmosis parameter (𝜅) results
in rising resistance to the pressure gradient in a uniform
manner of the region. It is also noticed that the behavior of
heat transfer Biot number at walls is opposite nature from
electroosmosis parameter. To study the influence of power
law index (n) on pressure gradient, Fig. 10 is plotted. The
plot presents elevation in the pressure gradient when power
law index is increased. It is also studied that the maximum
pressure gradient occurs for non-Newtonian nanofluid

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61 Page 11 of 18  61

0.8 Bh = 0.5 Rn = 0
Bh = 1 1 Rn = 0.1
0.7
Bh = 1.5 Rn = 0.2
0.6
0.8
0.5
β = -0.5; β = 0.5
0.4 β = -0.5; β = 0.5 0.6
0.3
θ

θ
0.2 0.4
0.1
0.2
0
-0.1 a = 0.2; Pr = 1; Nt = 0.5; Nb = 1; a = 0.2; Pr = 1; Nt = 0.5; Nb = 1;
0
Rn = 1; x = 0.4; t = 0.3. Bh = 1; x = 0.4; t = 0.3.
-0.2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
η η

Fig. 12  Temperature distribution for variation of Bh Fig. 14  Temperature distribution for variation of Rn

1 1
Pr = 0.044 Bh = 0.1
0.9 0.9
Pr = 0.71 Bh = 1
Pr = 7 0.8 Bh = 3
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6 β = 0.5; β = -0.5 β = -0.5; β = 0.5
0.5
θ

0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2 a = 0.2; Nt = 0.5; Nb = 1; a = 0.2; Pr = 1; Nt = 0.5; Nb = 1;
Rn = 0.2; Bh = 1; x = 0.4; t = 0.3. 0.1
Rn = 1; x = 0.4; t = 0.3.
0.1 0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
η η

Fig. 13  Temperature distribution for variation of Pr Fig. 15  Nanoparticle volume fraction for variation of Bh

(n ≠ 0) when compared to Newtonian nanofluid (n = 0) . It
can further be seen in Fig. 11 that the pressure gradient
increases with the increase in the Weissenberg number.
Figures 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are drawn to compute
the effects of various parameters such as heat transfer Biot
number (Bh) , Prandtl number (Pr) and thermal radiation
parameter (Rn) on the thermal temperature and nanoparticle
volume fraction in the flow medium with two different val‑
ues of Joule heating parameter ( 𝛽 < 0 and 𝛽 > 0 ). It is also
noted that the absence of Joule heating parameter shows the
linear relationship between thermal temperature/nanoparti‑
cle volume fraction and transverse coordinate; however, it
is the nonlinear relationship in the presence of Joule heating
parameter. The influence of heat transfer Biot number on
the thermal temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction
profiles is shown in Figs. 12 and 15. It is noted that the heat
transfer decreases with the increase in the heat transfer Biot
number for two different values of Joule heating parameter
( 𝛽 < 0 and 𝛽 > 0 ) at left wall region. It is also observed that
the effects of heat transfer Biot number on right and left
wall on thermal temperature have similar effects. The Biot
number size gives a key to the regimes in which different
features are dominant. For Bi > 1 , the convection heat trans‑
fer process offers a little resistance to heat transfer. It is also
noted that the nanoparticle volume fraction decreases with
the increase in the heat transfer Biot number for negative and
nonnegative values of Joule heating parameters. Figures 13
and 16 show the influence of the three different values of
Prandtl number Pr = 0.044, 0.71 and 7 on the thermal tem‑
perature and nanoparticle volume fraction for two different

13
 61   Page 12 of 18 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61

1 1.5
Pr = 0.044 Bh → 0
0.9
Pr = 0.71 Bh = 1
1
0.8 Pr = 7 Bh = 2

0.7 0.5
0.6 β = -1; β = 0.5
0

Cf
0.5
σ

0.4
-0.5
0.3
0.2 -1
0.1 a = 0.2; Nt = 0.5; Nb = 1;
Rn = 0.5; Bh = 1; x = 0.4; t = 0.3.
-1.5
0 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
η ξ

Fig. 16  Nanoparticle volume fraction for variation of Pr Fig. 18  Skin friction for variation of Bh

1 2
Rn = 0 κ→ 0
0.9 1.5
Rn = 0.2 κ= 1
0.8 Rn = 0.4 κ= 2
1
0.7
0.5
0.6 β = -1; β = 0.5
0.5 0
f
σ

0.4 -0.5
0.3 -1
0.2
-1.5
a = 0.2; Pr = 1; Nt = 0.5; Nb = 1;
0.1
Bh = 1; x = 0.4; t = 0.3.
-2
0 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
η ξ

Fig. 17  Nanoparticle volume fraction for variation of Rn Fig. 19  Skin friction for variation of 𝜅

values of Joule heating parameter 𝛽 < 0 and 𝛽 > 0 . It is evi‑
dent that the maximum heat and mass transfer are passed in
water as compared with mercury and air for both negative
and positive values of Joule heating parameter. Figures 14
and 17 show the influence of thermal radiation on thermal
temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles for
two different values of 𝛽 < 0 and 𝛽 > 0 . It is examined that
the thermal temperature boosts by increasing the thermal
radiation for positive value of Joule heating parameter and
that behavior is reversed for the negative value of Joule heat‑
ing parameter. Similarly, the opposite trend is observed for
nanoparticle volume fraction for both negative and opposite
values of Joule heating parameters.
Skin friction coefficient ( Cf  ) states the local wall shear
stress value and physically refers to the ratio between local
wall shear stress and characteristic dynamic pressure. The
changes in skin friction coefficient with change in vari‑
ous physical parameters are illustrated in Figs. 18, 19, 20
and 21. The fixed values of relevant parameters are taken
from the axial velocity profiles. The nonlinear relationship
between skin friction coefficient ( Cf  ) and transverse axial
velocity (𝜉) . The influence of heat transfer Biot number on
the skin friction coefficient ( Cf  ) is presented in Fig. 18 with
three different values of Bi → 0, 1 and 2. It is noticed that
Bi ≪ 1 , which means resistance of surface is very much high
when compared to body resistance otherwise ( Bi ≫ 1 ); it
shows the non-uniformity of temperature gradient within
the microfluidic channel. It also concluded that the skin fric‑
tion coefficient increases with the increase in heat transfer
Biot number. We observed from Fig. 19 that the absence of

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61 Page 13 of 18  61

1.5 0.15
n=0 β = -0.2
n = 0.2 β=0
1 0.1
n = 0.4 β = 0.2

0.5 0.05

Nu
0 0
f
C

-0.5 -0.05

-1 -0.1

-1.5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ξ ξ

Fig. 20  Skin friction for variation of n Fig. 22  Nusselt number for variation of 𝛽

0.1 Bh = 1
1 We = 0
Bh = 2
0.8 We = 0.05
Bh = 3
We = 0.1
0.6 0.05
0.4
0.2
Nu

0
0
f
C

-0.2
-0.4 -0.05
-0.6
-0.8 -0.1
-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
ξ
ξ
Fig. 23  Nusselt number for variation of Bh
Fig. 21  Skin friction for variation of We

0.15
electroosmosis parameter shows the characteristic dynam‑ Rn = 0
ics pressure increases. It can be observed that the absolute Rn = 0.5
0.1 Rn = 1
value of skin friction coefficient is enriched with enhanc‑
ing the electroosmosis parameters. From Figs. 20 and 21, it
0.05
is found that the absolute value of skin friction coefficient
decreases with the increase in the power law index (n) and
Nu

0
Weissenberg number (We). It is also noticed that the maxi‑
mum absolute value of skin friction coefficient is passed
-0.05
in Newtonian fluid as compared with non-Newtonian fluid.
The variations in Nusselt number ( Nu ) at the walls with
the changes in Joule heating parameter, heat transfer Biot -0.1
number and thermal radiation are depicted in Figs. 22, 23
and 24. The constant values are taken from temperature pro‑ -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
files. From Figs. 22, 23 and 24, it is revealed that the abso‑ ξ
lute value of Nusselt number decreases with the increase in
the values of Joule heating parameter (𝛽) and heat transfer Fig. 24  Nusselt number for variation of Rn

13
 61   Page 14 of 18 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61

Table 1  Comparison between y Bandopadhyay et al. [11] Present solution in the absence of We = 0, Absolute error
present analytical solution solution Uhs = 0,a = 0,Br = 0 and Gr = 0
and Bandopadhyay et al. [11]
solution for different value of y 1 2 2 0
when Q = 2
0.95 2.039042 2.0389375 0.000104
0.9 2.056875 2.0565 0.000375
0.85 2.054566 2.0538125 0.000754
0.8 2.033192 2.032 0.001192
0.75 1.993835 1.9921875 0.001647
0.7 1.937586 1.9355 0.002086
0.65 1.865542 1.8630625 0.00248
0.6 1.778807 1.776 0.002807
0.55 1.67849 1.6754375 0.003052
0.5 1.565704 1.5625 0.003204
0.45 1.441569 1.4383125 0.003257
0.4 1.307209 1.304 0.003209
0.35 1.163749 1.1606875 0.003061
0.3 1.01232 1.0095 0.00282
0.25 0.854055 0.8515625 0.002492
0.2 0.69009 0.688 0.00209
0.15 0.521562 0.5199375 0.001624
0.1 0.34961 0.3485 0.00111
0.05 0.175376 0.1748125 0.000564
0 0 0 0

Biot number (Bh) , while it increases with the increase in the
thermal radiation effects.
The mathematical model presented by Bandopadhyay
et al. [11] is a special case of the present model for a = 0,
Uhs = 0,We = 0,Br = 0 and Gr = 0 . Results of the present
model have a correlation and agreement with the results of
Bandopadhyay et al. [11] shown in Table 1. It is finally con‑
cluded that the present model has more results and validated
with the existing findings.
5 Conclusions and summary
In this article, we develop a mathematical model to study the
electroosmotic flow of hyperbolic tangent nanofluid in the
microchannel in the presence of convective boundary condi‑
tion, Joule heating and thermal radiation. The perturbation
method is utilized to find the series solution for axial veloc‑
ity, pressure gradient, thermal temperature and nanoparticle
volume fraction. The main outcomes are summarized as:
• With an increase in Biot number, electroosmosis param‑
eter and power law index, axial velocity diminishes at the
left wall and enhances at the right wall in the presence of
Joule heating effects.
• With the absence of rheological parameter (We = 0) ,
axial velocity attains the maximum for negative Joule
heating and minimum for positive Joule heating.
• With an increase in Weissenberg number (i.e., non-
Newtonian rheological parameter), pressure gradient is
accelerated at the left wall.
• Thermal temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction
strongly depend on Prandtl number.
• The skin friction coefficient enlarges with the increase in
the electroosmosis parameter, whereas it reduces with the
increase in the power law index.
• The influence of the Biot number at wall on the skin fric‑
tion coefficient and axial Nusselt number is opposite to
each other.
Thus, our current model determines the variety of infor‑
mation for the conceptualization of the problem with more
perplexed cases and to empathetic the role of electroosmotic
flow and Joule heating parameter. It is also valuable to see
the next generation necessity and growth of the electrical
transducer mechanisms as well as biosensor technologies.
Appendix
The following constants are utilized in the solution parts.

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61 Page 15 of 18  61

√ √ ( ) ( )
−a2 + a22 − 4a3 −a2 − a22 − 4a3 a15 = a6 𝛾1 cosh(𝛾1 h) + sinh(𝛾1 h) + a7 𝛾2 cosh(𝛾2 h) + sinh(𝛾2 h)
𝛾1 = , 𝛾2 = , −a5 𝜅(cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h)) + 4a8 h3 + a4 𝜅(cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h)),
2 2

( ) ( )
cosh (h𝜅) + sinh (h𝜅) cosh (h𝜅) − sinh (h𝜅) a16 = a6 𝛾1 cosh(𝛾1 h) − sinh(𝛾1 h) + a7 𝛾2 cosh(𝛾2 h) − sinh(𝛾2 h)
A= ,B = − ,
2 sinh (2h𝜅) 2 sinh (2h𝜅) −a5 𝜅(cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h)) − 4a8 h3 + a4 𝜅(cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h)),
( ( )( ))( )
Bh − D Bh + 𝛾2 cosh(h𝛾2 ) + sinh(h𝛾2 ) cosh(h𝛾1 ) − sinh(h𝛾1 ) ( )
C= , n 72a212 + 96a11 a8
Bh + 𝛾1
a17 = ,
24(n − 1)
( ) 864na12 a8
Bh Bh − 𝛾1 a18 = ,
D= ( 120(n − 1)
( )( )) ,
( )(
Bh + 𝛾2 cosh(h(𝛾1 − 𝛾2 )) − sinh(h(𝛾1 − 𝛾2 ))
)( )
1328na28
− Bh − 𝛾1 Bh − 𝛾2 cosh(h(𝛾1 − 𝛾2 )) + sinh(h(𝛾1 − 𝛾2 )) a19 = ,
720(n − 1)
n𝜅 2 a24
( ) a20 = ,
1 Nt C cosh(𝛾1 h) + D cosh(𝛾2 h) 4(n − 1)
E= + , n𝜅 2 a25
2 Nb
a21 = ,
( ) ( )
4(n − 1)
E CNt cosh(𝛾1 h) − sinh(𝛾1 h) − DNt cosh(𝛾2 h) − sinh(𝛾2 h)
F= − ,
h hNb
na26 na27
a22 = , a23 = ,
Bh(Nb + Nt) Pr Bh(Nb + Nt) 4𝛾12 (n − 1) 4𝛾22 (n − 1)
a1 = , a2 = , ( )
2Nb(hBh + 1) 2(hBh + 1)(Pr Rn + 1)
n 4a11 a4 𝜅 4 + 24a12 a9 𝜅 3 + 48a8 a4 𝜅 2
Pr 𝛽 AUhs BUhs a24 = ,
a3 = ,a = ,a = − , 𝜅 4 (n − 1)
Pr Rn + 1 4 𝜅(n − 1) 5 𝜅(n − 1)

( )
n 4a11 a5 𝜅 4 + 24a12 a5 𝜅 3 + 48a8 a5 𝜅 2
CGr BrCNt a25 = ,
a6 = 3 − , 𝜅 4 (n − 1)
𝛾1 (n − 1) Nb𝛾13 (n − 1) ( )
DGr BrDNt Br n 2a11 a6 𝛾1 + 24a12 a6 𝛾13 + 48a8 a6 𝛾12
4
a7 = 3 − , a8 = , a26 = ,
3
𝛾2 (n − 1) Nb𝛾2 (n − 1) 24(n − 1) 𝛾14 (n − 1)

( )
F n 2a11 a7 𝛾24 + 24a12 a7 𝛾23 + 48a8 a7 𝛾22
a9 = 0 − a10 h − a11 h2 − a12 h3 − a13 , a27 = ,
2 𝛾24 (n − 1)
a10 = −1 − 2a11 h − 3a12 h2 − a15 , ( )
n 12a12 a4 𝜅 + 96a4 a8
a − a15 a28 = ,
a11 = 16 , 𝜅 2 (n − 1)
4h

( )
a13 − a14 − 2ha15 − 4h2 a11 − F0 − 2h n 12a12 a5 𝜅 − 96a5 a8
a12 = , a29 = ,
4h3 𝜅 2 (n − 1)
( )
( ) ( ) n 12a12 a6 𝛾1 + 96a6 a8
a13 = a6 cosh(𝛾1 h) + sinh(𝛾1 h) + a7 cosh(𝛾2 h) + sinh(𝛾2 h) a30 = ,
+ a4 (cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h)) + a8 h4 + a5 (cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h)),
𝛾12 (n − 1)
( )
n 12a12 a7 𝛾2 + 96a7 a8
( ) ( ) a31 = ,
a14 = a6 cosh(𝛾1 h) − sinh(𝛾1 h) + a7 cosh(𝛾2 h) − sinh(𝛾2 h) 𝛾22 (n − 1)
+ a5 (cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h)) + a8 h4 + a4 (cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h)),

13
 61   Page 16 of 18 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61

24na8 a4 24na8 a5 24na8 a6 24na8 a7 2na4 a6 𝜅 2 𝛾12

a32 = , a = , a = , a = , a = ,
𝜅 2 (n − 1) 33 𝜅 2 (n − 1) 34 𝛾12 (n − 1) 35 𝛾22 (n − 1) 36 (𝜅 + 𝛾1 )2 (n − 1)

2na5 a6 𝜅 2 𝛾12 2na5 a7 𝜅 2 𝛾22 2na6 a7 𝛾22 𝛾12 2na4 a7 𝛾22 𝜅 2

a37 = , a38 = , a39 = , a40 = ,
(𝜅 − 𝛾1 )2 (n − 1) (𝜅 − 𝛾2 )2 (n − 1) (𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )2 (n − 1) (𝜅 + 𝛾2 )2 (n − 1)

F1 a − a47
a41 = − a42 h − a43 h2 − a44 h3 − a45 , a42 = −2a43 h − 3a44 h2 − a47 , a43 = 48 ,
2 4h

a45 − a46 − 2ha47 − 4h2 a43 − F1

a44 = ,
4h3

a45 = a17 h4 + a18 h5 + a19 h6 + a20 (cosh(2𝜅h) + sinh(2𝜅h))

( ) ( )
+ a21 (cosh(2𝜅h) − sinh(2𝜅h)) + a22 cosh(2𝛾1 h) + sinh(2𝛾1 h) + a23 cosh(2𝛾2 h) + sinh(2𝛾2 h)
( )
+ a24 (cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h)) + a25 (cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h)) + a26 cosh(𝛾1 h) + sinh(𝛾1 h)
( )
+ a27 cosh(𝛾2 h) + sinh(𝛾2 h) + a28 (𝜅h − 4)(cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h))
( )( )
+ a29 (𝜅h + 4)(cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h)) + a30 𝛾1 h − 4 cosh(𝛾1 h) + sinh(𝛾1 h)
( )( ) ( )
+ a31 𝛾2 h − 4 cosh(𝛾2 h) + sinh(𝛾2 h) + a32 (cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h)) 𝜅 2 h2 − 8𝜅h + 12
( ) ( )( )
+ a33 (cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h)) 𝜅 2 h2 + 8𝜅h + 12 + a34 cosh(𝛾1 h) + sinh(𝛾1 h) 𝛾12 h2 − 8𝛾1 h + 12
( )( ) ( )
+ a35 cosh(𝛾2 h) + sinh(𝛾2 h) 𝛾22 h2 − 8𝛾2 h + 12 + a36 cosh((𝛾1 + 𝜅)h) + sinh((𝛾1 + 𝜅)h)
( ) ( )
+ a37 cosh((𝛾1 − 𝜅)h) + sinh((𝛾1 − 𝜅)h) + a38 cosh((𝛾2 − 𝜅)h) + sinh((𝛾2 − 𝜅)h)
( ) ( )
+ a39 cosh((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )h) + sinh((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )h) + a40 cosh((𝛾2 + 𝜅)h) + sinh((𝛾2 + 𝜅)h) ,

a46 = a17 h4 − a18 h5 + a19 h6 + a20 (cosh(2𝜅h) − sinh(2𝜅h)) + a21 (cosh(2𝜅h) + sinh(2𝜅h))
( ) ( )
+ a22 cosh(2𝛾1 h) − sinh(2𝛾1 h) + a23 cosh(2𝛾2 h) − sinh(2𝛾2 h)
( )
+ a24 (cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h)) + a25 (cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h)) + a26 cosh(𝛾1 h) − sinh(𝛾1 h)
( )
+ a27 cosh(𝛾2 h) − sinh(𝛾2 h) − a28 (𝜅h + 4)(cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h))
( )( )
+ a29 (4 − 𝜅h)(cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h)) + a30 4 − 𝛾1 h cosh(𝛾1 h) − sinh(𝛾1 h)
( )( ) ( )
+ a31 4 − 𝛾2 h cosh(𝛾2 h) − sinh(𝛾2 h) + a32 (cosh(𝜅h) − sinh(𝜅h)) 𝜅 2 h2 + 8𝜅h + 12
( ) ( )( )
+ a33 (cosh(𝜅h) + sinh(𝜅h)) 𝜅 2 h2 − 8𝜅h + 12 + a34 cosh(𝛾1 h) − sinh(𝛾1 h) 𝛾12 h2 + 8𝛾1 h + 12
( )( ) ( )
+ a35 cosh(𝛾2 h) − sinh(𝛾2 h) 𝛾22 h2 + 8𝛾2 h + 12 + a36 cosh((𝛾1 + 𝜅)h) − sinh((𝛾1 + 𝜅)h)
( ) ( )
+ a37 cosh((𝛾1 − 𝜅)h) − sinh((𝛾1 − 𝜅)h) + a38 cosh((𝛾2 − 𝜅)h) − sinh((𝛾2 − 𝜅)h)
( ) ( )
+ a39 cosh((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )h) − sinh((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )h) + a40 cosh((𝛾2 + 𝜅)h) − sinh((𝛾2 + 𝜅)h) ,

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2019) 41:61 Page 17 of 18  61

( )( )
a47 = 4a17 h3 + 5a18 h4 + 6a19 h5 + a39 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 cosh((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )h) + sinh((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )h)
( )( ) ( )( )
− a34 cosh(𝛾1 h) + sinh(𝛾1 h) −2h𝛾12 + 8𝛾1 − a35 cosh(𝛾2 h) + sinh(𝛾2 h) −2h𝛾22 + 8𝛾2
( ) ( )
− a36 (𝛾1 + 𝜅) cosh(h(𝛾1 + 𝜅)) + sinh(h(𝛾1 + 𝜅)) + a40 (𝛾2 + 𝜅) cosh(h(𝛾2 + 𝜅)) + sinh(h(𝛾2 + 𝜅))
− 2a21 𝜅(cosh(2h𝜅) − sinh(2h𝜅)) − 2a25 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) − sinh(h𝜅)) + a29 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) − sinh(h𝜅))
( )
− a32 (cosh(h𝜅) + sinh(h𝜅))(−2h𝜅 2 + 8𝜅) + a37 cosh(h(𝛾1 − 𝜅)) + sinh(h(𝛾1 − 𝜅)) (𝛾1 − 𝜅)
( )
+ a38 cosh(h(𝛾2 − 𝜅)) + sinh(h(𝛾2 − 𝜅)) (𝛾2 − 𝜅) + a33 (cosh(h𝜅) − sinh(h𝜅))(2h𝜅 2 + 8𝜅)
( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2a22 𝛾1 cosh(2h𝛾1 ) + sinh(2h𝛾1 ) + a26 𝛾1 cosh(h𝛾1 ) + sinh(h𝛾1 ) + a30 𝛾1 cosh(h𝛾1 ) + sinh(h𝛾1 )
( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2a23 𝛾2 cosh(2h𝛾2 ) + sinh(2h𝛾2 ) + a27 𝛾2 cosh(h𝛾2 ) + sinh(h𝛾2 ) + a31 𝛾2 cosh(h𝛾2 ) + sinh(h𝛾2 )
+ 2a20 𝜅(cosh(2h𝜅) + sinh(2h𝜅)) + (a24 + a28 )𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) + sinh(h𝜅))
( )( ) ( )( )
+ a34 𝛾1 cosh(h𝛾1 ) + sinh(h𝛾1 ) 𝛾12 h2 − 8𝛾1 h + 12 + a35 𝛾2 cosh(h𝛾2 ) + sinh(h𝛾2 ) 𝛾22 h2 − 8𝛾2 h + 12
( ) ( )
+ a30 𝛾1 (𝛾1 h − 4) cosh(h𝛾1 ) + sinh(h𝛾1 ) + a31 𝛾2 (𝛾2 h − 4) cosh(h𝛾2 ) + sinh(h𝛾2 )
( )
+ a28 𝜅(𝜅h − 4)(cosh(h𝜅) + sinh(h𝜅)) + a32 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) + sinh(h𝜅)) 𝜅 2 h2 − 8𝜅h + 12
− a29 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) − sinh(h𝜅))(𝜅h + 4) − a33 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) − sinh(h𝜅))(𝜅 2 h2 + 8𝜅h + 12),

( )( )
a48 = −4a17 h3 + 5a18 h4 − 6a19 h5 + a39 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 cosh((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )h) − sinh((𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )h)
( )( ) ( )( )
− a34 cosh(𝛾1 h) − sinh(𝛾1 h) 2h𝛾12 + 8𝛾1 − a35 cosh(𝛾2 h) − sinh(𝛾2 h) 2h𝛾22 + 8𝛾2
( ) ( )
− a36 (𝛾1 + 𝜅) cosh(h(𝛾1 + 𝜅)) − sinh(h(𝛾1 + 𝜅)) + a40 (𝛾2 + 𝜅) cosh(h(𝛾2 + 𝜅)) − sinh(h(𝛾2 + 𝜅))
− 2a21 𝜅(cosh(2h𝜅) + sinh(2h𝜅)) − 2a25 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) + sinh(h𝜅)) + a29 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) + sinh(h𝜅))
( )
− a32 (cosh(h𝜅) − sinh(h𝜅))(2h𝜅 2 + 8𝜅) + a37 cosh(h(𝛾1 − 𝜅)) − sinh(h(𝛾1 − 𝜅)) (𝛾1 − 𝜅)
( )
+ a38 cosh(h(𝛾2 − 𝜅)) − sinh(h(𝛾2 − 𝜅)) (𝛾2 − 𝜅) + a33 (cosh(h𝜅) + sinh(h𝜅))(−2h𝜅 2 + 8𝜅)
( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2a22 𝛾1 cosh(2h𝛾1 ) − sinh(2h𝛾1 ) + a26 𝛾1 cosh(h𝛾1 ) − sinh(h𝛾1 ) + a30 𝛾1 cosh(h𝛾1 ) − sinh(h𝛾1 )
( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2a23 𝛾2 cosh(2h𝛾2 ) − sinh(2h𝛾2 ) + a27 𝛾2 cosh(h𝛾2 ) − sinh(h𝛾2 ) + a31 𝛾2 cosh(h𝛾2 ) − sinh(h𝛾2 )
+ 2a20 𝜅(cosh(2h𝜅) − sinh(2h𝜅)) + (a24 + a28 )𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) − sinh(h𝜅))
( )( ) ( )( )
+ a34 𝛾1 cosh(h𝛾1 ) − sinh(h𝛾1 ) 𝛾12 h2 + 8𝛾1 h + 12 + a35 𝛾2 cosh(h𝛾2 ) − sinh(h𝛾2 ) 𝛾22 h2 + 8𝛾2 h + 12
( ) ( )
− a30 𝛾1 (𝛾1 h + 4) cosh(h𝛾1 ) − sinh(h𝛾1 ) − a31 𝛾2 (𝛾2 h + 4) cosh(h𝛾2 ) − sinh(h𝛾2 )
( )
− a28 𝜅(𝜅h + 4)(cosh(h𝜅) − sinh(h𝜅)) + a32 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) − sinh(h𝜅)) 𝜅 2 h2 + 8𝜅h + 12
− a29 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) + sinh(h𝜅))(−𝜅h + 4) − a33 𝜅(cosh(h𝜅) + sinh(h𝜅))(𝜅 2 h2 − 8𝜅h + 12),

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