CHE-314: Lecture 6. Section 2: Porous Media, Radial Systems and Spheres

Chemical & Materials Engineering
Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering

Phone: 780-492-2881 | Email: cmeinfo@ualberta.ca
Website: www.cme.engineering.ualberta.ca
CHE-314: Heat Transfer, Fall 2018, UofA, Edmonton, Canada
CHE-314: Lecture 6. Section 2: Porous Media,

Radial Systems and Spheres
Dr. P. Nikrityuk
Sep. 17th, 2018
1
Porous Media Radial Systems The Sphere Industrial-Example
Definition Effective Conductivity Coefficient keff ,min & keff ,max
In many engineering applications, heat transfer occurs within porous media that
are combinations of a stationary solid and a fluid/gas. Very often porous media
is used as an insulator
*T.L. Bergman, A.S. Lavine, F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt. Fundamentals of Heat and
Porous media is saturated media if it consist of a solid phase and a single

fluid/(or) gas phase.
Unsaturated media consist of three phases: solid, liquid, and gas phases.
A saturated porous medium that consists of a stationary solid phase through
which a fluid flows is referred to as a packed /or fixed bed.
Mass Transfer. 7th Ed. John Wiley & Sons. 2011.
1
1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.7 Rdp = 1 0.4
Rdp = 2
ε
0.6
Rdp = 5 0.2
13 14 15
0.5 Rdp = 10
0.4
0.3
0.2
0 3 6 9 12 15
r/dP
1
Examples of a fixed bed with monodisperse and polidisperse particles. Right figure is comparison of radial
VOL
porosity distribution for different particle diameter ratios. Here ε = VOLgasP denotes the porosity or void
fraction of gas phase or void fraction of any interstitial fluid.
1
S. Schulze, P. Nikrityuk, B. Meyer. Particulate Science and Technology, 2014. 2
Considering a saturated porous medium that is subjected to L

Area A
different surface temperatures T1 and T2 under steady-state
conditions the heat rate may be expressed as ε , ks, k f, k eff
T1
keff A W
qx = (T1 − T2 ) (1) T2
L qx
where keff an effective thermal conductivity. A porous medium and its

Prediction of keff requires (in general) detailed knowledge of properties.
each phase distribution and the thermal conductivities of
each of the phases.
keff of a saturated porous medium consisting of an
interconnected solid phase within which a dilute distribution
of spherical fluid/gas regions exists, resulting in an
expression of the form (Maxwell relation):
keff k + 2ks − 2ε(ks − kf )

= f (2)
ks kf + 2ks + ε(ks − kf )
This relation is valid for relatively small porosities (ε < 0.25)
ε = 0.22 ε = 0.52
keff 1−ε
If ks >> kf , ks
= 1+0.5ε
3
(1−ε )L εL
isolation
The minimum and maximum possible values of keff Area A
can be estimated considering the composite walls. T1 Ks Kf

If a medium is modeled as an equivalent, series qx
composite wall consisting of a fluid region of length ε L T2

and a solid region of length (1 − ε) L the heat rate can isolation
be calculated as follows: x
∆T A∆T
qx = = (1−ε) L
Rtot εL Series composite wall - keff ,min
ks
+ kf L
isolation
Area A
Thus, using eq. (1) we have T1 Ks (1− ε )w
q x,s
1 q x,f
keff ,min = (1−ε)
Kf εw
ε T2
ks
+ kf isolation
If a medium is described by the equivalent, parallel

composite wall consisting of a fluid region of width ε w
and a solid region of width (1 − ε), w , we obtain
maximum possible value of keff
Parallel composite wall - keff ,max
keff ,max = ε kf + (1 − ε) ks
4
Derivation Composite Overall Heat Transfer Optimum Insulation Thickness?
Consider a hollow cylinder whose inner and outer

surfaces are exposed to fluids at different temperatures.

For steady-state conditions with no heat generation,
the appropriate form of the heat equation is

1 d dT
kr =0 (3)
r dr dr
If k is a contant, integration of eq. (3) gives:
T (r ) = C1 ln(r ) + C2 (4)
Inserting boundary conditions: T s,1
symmetry line
qr
T (r1 ) = Ts,1 T (r2 ) = Ts,2 (5)
r1 Ts,2
into eq. (4) we have
r2
Ts,1 − Ts,2 r
T (r ) = ln + Ts,2 (6)
ln(r1 /r2 ) r2
5
The heat rate and heat flux at which energy is

conducted across any cylindrical surface in the solid
may be expressed using Fourier’s law T ,1
8
dT 2π L k(Ts,1 − Ts,2 ) T s,1 A B C
symmetry line
qr = −k (2π r L) = (7) Ts,2
| {z } dr ln(r2 /r1 ) Ts,3
A
r1 Ts,4
00 qr k(Ts,1 − Ts,2 ) T
qr = = (8) ,4
8
r2
A r ln(r2 /r1 )
r3
r4
Conduction Resistance: h4
h1 Cold
ln(r2 /r1 ) Hot fluid
Rr ,cond = fluid
2π L k
Considering the composite system (see right figure) using the theory of the
composite plane wall (Lecture#5) the heat transfer rate may be expressed as
T∞,1 − T∞,4
qr = (9)
1 ln(r2 /r1 ) ln(r3 /r2 ) ln(r4 /r3 ) 1
+ + + +
2π r1 L h1 2π L k 2π L k 2π L k 2π r4 L h4
| {z } | {z A } | {z B } | {z C } | {z }
Rt,conv 1 Rt,condA Rt,condB Rt,condC Rt,conv 4
Here the interfacial contact resistances was neglected. 6

Using an overall heat transfer coefficient, eq. (9) may be expressed as follows:
T∞,1 − T∞,4
qr = = U · A(T∞,1 − T∞,4 ) (10)
Rtot
where U can be defined in terms of any inside area.

E.g. if U is defined in terms of A1 = 2π r1 L, than
1
U1 = r1 (11)
1
h1
+ kA
ln( rr2 ) + r1
kB
ln( rr3 ) + r1
kC
ln( rr4 ) + r1 1
r4 h4
1 2 3
This definition is arbitrary, and the overall coefficient may also be defined in
terms of A4 or any of the intermediate areas. Note that
X −1
U1 A1 = U2 A2 = U3 A3 = U4 A4 = Rt (12)
U2 , U3 , U4 can be expressed using eqs. (9) and (10).
7
The possible existence of an optimum insulation

thickness for radial systems is suggested by the

presence of competing effects associated with an
increase in this thickness. r
In particular, although the conduction resistance ri

increases with the addition of insulation, the
Ti
convection resistance decreases due to increasing outer
surface area. insulation

Air
Hence there may exist an insulation thickness that T
8
minimizes heat loss by maximizing the total resistance h = 5 W/m 2K
to heat transfer. Next we resolve this issue by
considering the following system:
A thin-walled copper tube of radius ri is used to transport a low-temperature
refrigerant and is at a temperature Ti that is less than that of the ambient air
at T∞ around the tube. Is there an optimum thickness associated with
application of insulation to the tube?
Confirm the above result by computing the total thermal resistance per unit
length of tube for a 10-mm-diameter tube having the following insulation
thicknesses: 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mm. The insulation is composed of cellular
glass, and the outer surface convection coefficient is 5 W/m2 · K.
8
The total thermal resistance per unit length of tube is:
ln(r /ri ) 1
0
Rtot = L Rtot = +
2π k 2π r h
The rate of heat transfer per unit length of tube is
0 T∞ − Ti
q =
0
Rtot
An optimum insulation thickness would be associated with the value of r that

0 0
minimized q or maximized Rtot :
0
dRtot 1 1 k
= 0; =⇒ − = 0; =⇒r =
dr 2π k r 2π r 2 h h
To define if this result maximizes or minimizes the total resistance, the second
derivative must be evaluated:
0
d 2 Rtot 1 1
=− +
dr 2 2π k r 2 π r3 h
9
at r = k/h
0
d 2 Rtot

1 1 1 1
= − = >0
dr 2 r =k/h π (k/h)2 2π k 3 /h2

k 2k
Since this result is always positive, it follows that r = k/h is the insulation
radius for which the total resistance is a minimum, NOT a maximum. Hence
an optimum insulation thickness does not exist!
The radius r = k/h is called as a critical insulation radius:
k
rcr ≡
h
0
If r < rcr , q increases with increasing r .
0
If r > rcr , q decreases with increasing r .
2. With h = 5 W/m2 · K and k = 0.055 W/m· K, the critical radius is
0.055
rcr = = 0.011 m
5
It can be seen that rcr > ri and heat transfer will increase with the addition of
insulation up to a thickness of
rcr − ri = 0.011 − 0.005 = 0.006 m

10
If ri < rcr , the total resistance

8
decreases and the heat rate,
0 T −T
(q = ∞0 i ), therefore increases
Rtot
even with the addition of insulation. 6
R’t, (m K / W)
Such effect continues until ri = rcr .
This effect is desirable for any system, rcr=11 mm
R’tot
tube
where heat dissipation (cooling) from 4
R’cond
the surface is needed. R’conv
If ri > rcr any addition of insulation 2

increases the total resistance and
therefore decrease the heat loss. This
behavior is desirable for any system, 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
where insulation is added to reduce r (mm)
heat loss to the surroundings.
Thus, it can be seen that for radial systems, the problem of reducing the total
resistance using insulation exists only for small diameter wires or tubes and for
small convection coefficients, such that ri > rcr .
E.g. for a typical insulation (k=0.03 W/m K) and free convection in air (h=10
W/m2 K), rcr = kh ≈ 0.003 m. It is evident that for a such small value of rcr ,
normally ri is larger than rcr , and we need not be concerned with the effects of
a critical radius.
11
Theory Applications
Heat Equation

1 d dT
r2 k = 0.
r 2 dr dr
Integrating this eq. for constant k using boundary

conditions gives:
r1
" #
1− r
T (r ) = Ts,1 − (Ts,1 − Ts,2 ) r1 (13)
1− r2
Heat Transfer Rate r2

Ts,2
dT 4π k(Ts,1 − Ts,2 ) r1
qr = −k(4πr 2 ) = 1
(14)
dr r
− r1 Ts,1
1 2 r
Resistance
1 1 1
Rt,cond = − (15)
4π k r1 r2
Spherical composites may be treated in much the same way as
composite walls and cylinders, where appropriate forms of the total
resistance and overall heat transfer coefficient may be determined. 12
Theory Applications
Very ofen the ’thermal resistance’ method is used to approximate or to model

unsteady and steady-state heat transfer problems relating to chemically reacting
particles.
E.g. consider a hot carbon porous particle (rp = 3mm) moving in CO2 gas
(T∞ = 1200 K). Due to the reaction - C + CO2 = 2CO (which is endothermic
(requires heat)), the particle temperature decreases in time until steady state is
reached. The temperature inside the particle is not constant due to chemical
reaction inside.
Calculate the particle-average temperature at steady state if heat consuption
inside the particles equals 1 W . The surface emissivity is 0.9. Convection heat
transfer coefficient h∞ =10 , k = 0.2W /mK
White board
CO 2
artificial surface
T Tp RT
8
Ts
1/3 3
Scheme of the problem. Here RT = 0.5 Rp corresponding to VT = Vp − VT ; =⇒ RT = 0.5Rp3 ;
=⇒ RT = 0.51/3 Rp .
13
Theory Applications
Heat transfer balance on the particle surface2,3 :
Ap h∞ (T∞ − Ts ) + Ap hr (T∞ − Ts ) − hin (Ts − Tp ) = 0

| {z } | {z } | {z }
convection radiation cond .
Heat transfer balance inside the particle:
4πk
hin (Ts − Tp ) = q; hin = 1 1

RT
− Rp
q 1
Assume if hr = 0, then Ts = T∞ − Ap h∞
= 1200 − 1.131·10−4 ·10
= 316K
q 4π(0.2) 1
Tp = Ts − , hin = 1 = 0.03; Tp = 316 − 0.03 = 282 K ;
hin
0.003 (0.5−1/3 −1)
recalculate hr : Ts = 0.5(Ts + T∞ ) = 760 K;

hr = 0.9 · 5.67 · 10−8 (760 + 1200)(7602 + 12002 ) = 202
q 1
Ts = T∞ − Ap (h∞ +hr )
= 1200 − 1.131·10−4 ·(10+202)
= 1158 K
1
Tp = 1158 − 0.03
= 1125 K
2
Ap = 4πRp2 2
= 4π0.003 = 1.131 · 10−4
3
hr = εσ(Ts + T∞ )(Ts2 + T∞
2
) 14
Setup Solution
A 2 m diameter pipe is used

to transport a hot fluid

having the temperature
T∞,1 = 500 K.
The convection heat transfer

coefficient at the internal
surface of the pipe is 20

W/m2 ·K.
Surrounding air temperature

is T∞,2 = 300 K.
The convection heat transfer

coefficient at the outer
surface of the pipe is 2
W/m2 ·K.
Calculate the temperature of

the outer surface.
Calculate Ts,2 , the temperature of the tube external surface for
h2 = 2 W/m2 ·K and h2 = 20 W/m2 ·K ?
15
Setup Solution
’Exact’-numerical solution - (ANSYS)

h2 = 2 W/m2 ·K h2 = 20 W/m2 ·K
num = 389.962 K
Ts,2 num = 315.21 K
Ts,2
Result of numerical modeling for different values of h2
16
Setup Solution
Method I: Porous media To approximate insulation and steel between two

concentric cylinders using porous media. Volume fraction of insulations can be
calculated as follows:
Volins 4 · L · ∆ · ∆R 4 · ∆ · ∆R
ε= =1− =1−
VolP VolP π ((r2 − ∆2 )2 − (r1 + ∆1 )2 )
where ∆R = (r2 − ∆2 − (r1 + ∆1 )) = 0.4 m and

VolP = L · π ((r2 − ∆2 )2 − (r1 + ∆1 )2 ); Volins = VolP − 4 · L · ∆ · ∆R
4 · 0.1 · 0.4
ε=1− = 0.89
π ((0.8)2 − (0.4)2 )
keff ,max = ε · kins + (1 − ε)ks = 0.89 · 0.002 + (1 − 0.89) · 20 ≈ 2.2 W /mK
1 1
keff ,min = (1−ε)
= (1−0.89)
= 0.0022 W /mK
ε 0.89
ks
+ kf 20
+ 0.002
17
Setup Solution
Considering the composite system, see eq. (9) the heat transfer rate may be
expressed as
T∞,1 − T∞,2
qr = ln((r1 +∆1 )/r1 ) ln((r2 −∆2 )/(r1 +∆1 )) ln((r2 )/(r2 −∆2 ))
1 1
2π r1 L h1
+ 2π L ks
+ 2π L keff
+ 2π L ks
+ 2π r2 L h2
0 T∞,1 − T∞,2
qr = 2π
1 ln((r1 +∆1 )/r1 ) ln((r2 −∆2 )/(r1 +∆1 )) ln((r2 )/(r2 −∆2 )) 1
r1 h1
+ ks
+ keff
+ ks
+ r2 h2
at the same time:

0
0 qr
qr = 2π r2 h2 (Ts,2 − T∞,2 ); −→ Ts,2 = + T∞,2
2π r2 h2
if h2 = 2 W/m2 · K
0
Case 1. keff ,min = 0.0022 W/m K: qr = 3.98 W/m, Ts,2 = 300.3 K
0
Case 2. keff ,max = 2.2 W/m K: qr = 1247 W/m, Ts,2 = 399 K
num
|Ts,2 −Ts,2 |
Estimated relative error, 100% · num
Ts,2
, for the Case 1 is 23% and for the Case 2
is 2.3 %
18
Setup Solution
Repeating calculations for h2 = 20 W/m2 · K gives:

0
Case 1. keff ,min = 0.0022 W/m K: qr = 3.98 W/m, Ts,2 = 300.03 K

0
Case 2. keff ,max = 2.2 W/m K: qr = 3391 W/m, Ts,2 = 327 K
num
|Ts,2 −Ts,2 |
Ts,2
, for the Case 1 is 4.8% and for the
Case 2 is 3.8 %
19
Setup Solution
Method II - more correct, Parallel Resistance: assumptions: (1) Steady-state

conditions, (2) One-dimensional, radial conduction, (3) Infinite contact
resistance between materials, (4) Constant properties.

The thermal circuit is,
s
R’cond
T ,1 T s,1 T s,2 T
8
,2
8
ins
R’
cond
R’conv,1 R’cond R’cond R’conv,2
0 T∞,1 − T∞,2
qr = 2π ln((r1 +∆1 )/r1 ) ln((r2 )/(r2 −∆2 )) 0
1 1
r1 h1
+ ks
+ ks
+ r2 h2
+ Rparal
 −1
0 1 1
Rparal =  ln((r2 −∆2 )/(r1 +∆1 ))
+ ln((r2 −∆2 )/(r1 +∆1 ))

Cs ·ks (1−Cs )·kf
ln((r2 −∆2 )/(r1 +∆1 ))

Here the resistance term, Cs ·ks
, between radii r2 − ∆2 and
r1 + ∆1 is larger by a factor of Cs = 2π·(r4·∆ = 0.08 than the standart result
2 −∆2 )
due to the reduced area!!!
20
Setup Solution
0
qr
Ts,2 = + T∞,2
2π r2 h2
Calculations for h2 = 2 W/m2 · K give Ts,2 = 388.7 K.

num
|Ts,2 −Ts,2 |
Ts,2
,is 0.3%
Calculations for h2 = 20 W/m2 · K give Ts,2 = 314.8 K.

num
|Ts,2 −Ts,2 |
Ts,2
,is 0.1%
21

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Chemical & Materials Engineering

Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering

CHE-314: Heat Transfer, Fall 2018, UofA, Edmonton, Canada

CHE-314: Lecture 6. Section 2: Porous Media,

Porous media is saturated media if it consist of a solid phase and a single

fraction of gas phase or void fraction of any interstitial fluid.

Considering a saturated porous medium that is subjected to L

conditions the heat rate may be expressed as ε , ks, k f, k eff

where keff an effective thermal conductivity. A porous medium and its

keff k + 2ks − 2ε(ks − kf )

can be estimated considering the composite walls. T1 Ks Kf

If a medium is modeled as an equivalent, series qx

composite wall consisting of a fluid region of length ε L T2

If a medium is described by the equivalent, parallel

Consider a hollow cylinder whose inner and outer

surfaces are exposed to fluids at different temperatures.

If k is a contant, integration of eq. (3) gives:

Inserting boundary conditions: T s,1

The heat rate and heat flux at which energy is

may be expressed using Fourier’s law T ,1

Here the interfacial contact resistances was neglected. 6

where U can be defined in terms of any inside area.

E.g. if U is defined in terms of A1 = 2π r1 L, than

U2 , U3 , U4 can be expressed using eqs. (9) and (10).

The possible existence of an optimum insulation

thickness for radial systems is suggested by the

In particular, although the conduction resistance ri

surface area. insulation

The total thermal resistance per unit length of tube is:

The rate of heat transfer per unit length of tube is

An optimum insulation thickness would be associated with the value of r that

dr 2 r =k/h π (k/h)2 2π k 3 /h2

rcr − ri = 0.011 − 0.005 = 0.006 m

If ri < rcr , the total resistance

the surface is needed. R’conv

If ri > rcr any addition of insulation 2

Integrating this eq. for constant k using boundary

Heat Transfer Rate r2

Very ofen the ’thermal resistance’ method is used to approximate or to model

Heat transfer balance on the particle surface2,3 :

Ap h∞ (T∞ − Ts ) + Ap hr (T∞ − Ts ) − hin (Ts − Tp ) = 0

Heat transfer balance inside the particle:

hin (Ts − Tp ) = q; hin = 1 1

recalculate hr : Ts = 0.5(Ts + T∞ ) = 760 K;

A 2 m diameter pipe is used

to transport a hot fluid

The convection heat transfer

surface of the pipe is 20

Surrounding air temperature

The convection heat transfer

Calculate the temperature of

’Exact’-numerical solution - (ANSYS)

Result of numerical modeling for different values of h2

Method I: Porous media To approximate insulation and steel between two

where ∆R = (r2 − ∆2 − (r1 + ∆1 )) = 0.4 m and

VolP = L · π ((r2 − ∆2 )2 − (r1 + ∆1 )2 ); Volins = VolP − 4 · L · ∆ · ∆R

keff ,max = ε · kins + (1 − ε)ks = 0.89 · 0.002 + (1 − 0.89) · 20 ≈ 2.2 W /mK

at the same time:

Repeating calculations for h2 = 20 W/m2 · K gives:

Case 1. keff ,min = 0.0022 W/m K: qr = 3.98 W/m, Ts,2 = 300.03 K

Method II - more correct, Parallel Resistance: assumptions: (1) Steady-state

resistance between materials, (4) Constant properties.