1

4 General Comments

Gutturals ‫ א ע ה ח‬take Hateph Pathach ( ֲ)
instead of Vocal Shewa ()
ְ
– But Resh ‫ ר‬can take a Vocal Shewa (‫)ר‬
ְ

If a begadkephat with a Dagesh Lene
gets a vowel in front of it, the Dagesh goes away.

Verbs are described with I-, II-, or III-
referring to the first, second, or third root consonant.
– I-guttural has a guttural for the first root consonant.
– II-guttural has a guttural for the second root consonant.

Stem vowel = vowel under the second root consonant.
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 2
I-Guttural, II-Guttural (§14.2-14.3)

WRITE IN HEBREW I-Guttural II-Guttural

I-Guttural and II-Guttural 3ms ‫עָ ַמד‬ ‫ָּב ַחר‬
refers to ‫א ע ה ח‬
3fs ‫ָע ְמ ָדה‬ ‫ָ ּבחֲ ָרה‬
as the 1st or 2nd root consonant.
2ms ‫עָ  ַמ ְד ָּת‬ ‫ָּב  ַח ְר ָּת‬

Same as strong verbs except:
2fs ‫עָ ַמ ְד ְּת‬ ‫ָּב ַח ְר ְּת‬
– Guttural takes
Hateph Pathach ( ֲ) 1cs ‫עָ  ַמ ְד ִּתי‬ ‫ָּב  ַח ְר ִּתי‬
instead of Vocal Shewa ()
ְ ‫ָע ְמדּו‬ ‫ָ ּבחֲ רּו‬
3cp

The reason that ‫ ר‬is
2mp ‫ע ַמ ְד ֶּתם‬
ֲ ‫ְּב ַח ְר ֶּתם‬
not considered to be a guttural here
is that ‫ ר‬CAN take a Vocal Shewa. 2fp ‫ע ַמ ְד ֶּתן‬
ֲ ‫ְּב ַח ְר ֶּתן‬
1cp ‫עָ  ַמ ְדנּו‬ ‫ָּב  ַח ְרנּו‬
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 3
III-‫ח‬/‫§( ע‬14.2-14.3)

RECOGNITION ONLY III-‫ח‬/‫ע‬ Strong

III-‫ח‬/‫ ע‬refers to ‫ ח‬or ‫ע‬ 3ms ‫ׁשָ ַמע‬ ‫ָקטַ ל‬
as the 3rd root consonant.
3fs ‫ׁש ְמעָ ה‬
ָ ‫ָ ק ְטלָ ה‬

Same as strong verbs except
2ms ‫ׁשָ  ַמ ְע ָּת‬ ָ‫ָק  ַט ְלּת‬
2fs takes Pathach ()
ַ
instead of Silent Shewa ().
ְ 2fs ‫ׁשָ  ַמעַ ְּת‬ ‫ָקטַ ְל ְּת‬

This does not follow any rule 1cs ‫ׁשָ  ַמ ְע ִּתי‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְל ִּתי‬
that you know. 3cp ‫ׁש ְמעּו‬
ָ ‫ָ ק ְטלּו‬
2mp ‫ְׁש ַמ ְע ֶּתם‬ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתם‬
2fp ‫ְׁש ַמ ְע ֶּתן‬ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתן‬
1cp ‫ׁשָ  ַמ ְענּו‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְלנּו‬
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 4
III-‫§( א‬14.4-14.5)

RECOGNITION ONLY III-‫א‬ Strong

Use sufformatives to recognize. 3ms ‫ָמצָ א‬ ‫ָקטַ ל‬

Sufformatives the same as strong except: 3fs ‫ָ מ ְצאָ ה‬ ‫ָ ק ְטלָ ה‬
– Lose Dagesh Lene in ‫ת‬
2ms ָ‫ָמ  ָצאת‬ ָ‫ָק  ַט ְלּת‬
– Lose Silent Shewa under ‫ת‬
2fs ‫ָמצָ את‬ ‫ָקטַ ְל ְּת‬

Stem vowel
1cs ‫ָמ  ָצא ִתי‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְל ִּתי‬
– Qamets (),
ָ not Pathach ()
ַ
3cp ‫ָ מ ְצאּו‬ ‫ָ ק ְטלּו‬
2mp ‫ְמצָ א ֶתם‬ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתם‬
2fp ‫ְמצָ א ֶתן‬ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתן‬
1cp ‫ָמ  ָצאנּו‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְלנּו‬
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 5
III-‫§( ה‬14.6-14.7)

WRITE IN HEBREW III-‫ה‬ Strong

Use the III-‫ ה‬drill sheet on the website. ‫ה‬
ָ 
ָ 
ַ 
ָ
3ms
1. Accent same as strong verb.
3fs ‫ ְ ָתה‬
ָ ‫ה‬
ָ ְ 
ָ
2. First vowel same as strong verb.
3. Drop the 3-‫ ה‬from the root. 2ms ‫ית‬
ָ  ִ 
ָ ‫ ְ ָּת‬
ַ 
ָ

4. Stem vowel is ‫ ִי‬in 1st & 2nd persons. 2fs ‫ ִית‬

ָ ‫ ְ ְּת‬
ַ 
ָ
5. Sufformatives are almost the same. 1cs ‫יתי‬
ִ  ִ 
ָ ‫ ְ ִּתי‬
ַ 
ָ
– Drop Dagesh Lene in Tau ‫ת  ּת‬ ‫ּו‬
ָ ‫ ְּו‬
ָ
3cp
Because preceded by vowel.
2mp ‫יתם‬
ֶ ִ ְ ‫ ְ ֶּתם‬
ַ ְ
– Drop Shewa under Tau ‫ת  ְּת‬
– 3MS ends in ‫ה‬
ָ (Was 3FS!) 2fp ‫יתן‬
ֶ ִ ְ ‫ ְ ֶּתן‬
ַ ְ
– 3FS sufformative ‫( ָתה‬3MS took it) 1cp ‫ ִ ינּו‬
ָ ‫ ְנּו‬
ַ 
ָ
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 6
Doubly Weak (I/II-Guttural + III-‫§( )ה‬14.8-14.9)

WRITE IN HEBREW I-Gut/III-‫ה‬ II-Gut/III-‫ה‬

Just like a III-‫ ה‬verb except 3ms ‫ה‬
ָ 
ָ ‫ה‬
ָ 
ָ
use Hateph Pathach ( ֲ) instead
3fs ‫ ְ ָתה‬
ָ ‫ֲ ָתה‬
ָ
of Vocal Shewa () ְ
under guttural (‫)א ע ה ח‬. 2ms ‫ית‬
ָ  ִ 
ָ ‫ית‬
ָ  ִ 
ָ

‫ ר‬is not considered to be a 2fs ‫ ִית‬
ָ ‫ ִית‬
ָ
guttural here because 1cs ‫יתי‬
ִ  ִ 
ָ ‫יתי‬
ִ  ִ 
ָ
‫ ר‬CAN take a Vocal Shewa.
3cp ‫ּו‬
ָ ‫ּו‬
ָ
2mp ‫יתם‬
ֶ ִ ֲ ‫יתם‬
ֶ ִ ְ
2fp ‫יתן‬
ֶ ִ ֲ ‫יתן‬
ֶ ִ ְ
1cp ‫ ִ ינּו‬
ָ ‫ ִ ינּו‬
ָ
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 7
Geminate Verbs (§14.10-14.11)

RECOGNITION ONLY Strong Geminate Strong

Geminate Verbs 3ms ‫ָס ַבב‬ ‫ָקטַ ל‬
have the same letter for the
3fs ‫ָ ס ְב ָבה‬ ‫ָ ק ְטלָ ה‬
2nd and 3rd root consonants.
2ms ‫ַס ּבֹו ָת‬ ָ‫ָק  ַט ְלּת‬

In and 1st 2nd
person,
repeated consonant  ‫ֹּו‬ 2fs ‫ַסּבֹות‬ ‫ָקטַ ְל ְּת‬

Use sufformatives to recognize. 1cs ‫ַס ּבֹו ִתי‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְל ִּתי‬

Sufformatives the same as 3cp ‫ָ ס ְבבּו‬ ‫ָ ק ְטלּו‬
strong except:
2mp ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתם ַסּבֹו ֶתם‬
– Lose Dagesh Lene in ‫ת‬
2fp ‫ַסּבֹו ֶתן‬ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתן‬
– Lose Silent Shewa under ‫ת‬
1cp ‫ַס ּבֹונּו‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְלנּו‬
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 8
Biconsonantal Verbs (§14.12-14.13)

RECOGNITION ONLY ‫קּום‬ Strong
Biconsonantal has 2 consonants instead of 3.
‫ָקם‬


3ms ‫ָקטַ ל‬

In the lexical form, there is a vowel letter
between that  Qamets () ָ in QP3ms 3fs ‫ָק ָמה‬ ‫ָ ק ְטלָ ה‬
– ‫ָקם  קּום‬ 2ms ‫ַק ְמ ָּת‬ ָ‫ָק  ַט ְלּת‬
– ‫ׂשָ ם  ִׂשים‬
2fs ‫ַק ְמ ְּת‬ ‫ָקטַ ְל ְּת‬
– ‫ָּבא  ּבֹוא‬
– Like Greek contract verbs 1cs ‫ַק ְמ ִּתי‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְל ִּתי‬
(ἀγαπάω  ἀγαπῶ) 3cp ‫ָקמּו‬ ‫ָ ק ְטלּו‬

Memorize the lexical form!
– You need to remember that it is ‫ קּום‬not 2mp ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתם ַק ְמ ֶּתם‬
‫ קֹום‬or ‫ִקים‬ 2fp ‫ַק ְמ ֶּתן‬ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתן‬

Use sufformatives to recognize. ‫ַק ְמנּו‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְלנּו‬
1cp
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 9
‫§( נָתַ ן‬14.18)

RECOGNITION ONLY ‫ָתן‬
ַ ‫נ‬ Strong

This is a very common verb. 3ms ‫ָתן‬
ַ ‫נ‬ ‫ָקטַ ל‬

‫ָתן‬
ַ ‫ נ‬same as strong verb except ‫נָ ְתנָה‬ ‫ָ ק ְטלָ ה‬
3fs
– If sufformative begins with ‫ ת‬or ‫נ‬
2ms ָ‫ָתּת‬
ַ ‫נ‬ ָ‫ָק  ַט ְלּת‬
III-‫ נ‬assimilates to Dagesh.
2fs ‫ָת ְּת‬
ַ ‫נ‬ ‫ָקטַ ְל ְּת‬
– Gains an accent in 2fs
– Recognize based on sufformatives. 1cs ‫ָת ִּתי‬
ַ ‫נ‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְל ִּתי‬
3cp ‫נָ ְתנּו‬ ‫ָ ק ְטלּו‬
2mp ‫נְ ַת ֶּתם‬ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתם‬
2fp ‫נְ ַת ֶּתן‬ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתן‬
1cp ‫ָתּנּו‬
ַ ‫נ‬ ‫ָק  ַט ְלנּו‬
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 10
‫§( הָ יָה‬14.18)

RECOGNITION ONLY ‫ָהיָה‬ III-‫ה‬

This is a very common verb. 3ms ‫ָהיָה‬ ‫ה‬
ָ 
ָ

‫ ָהיָה‬same as I-Guttural + III-‫ ה‬except ‫היְ ָתה‬
ָ ‫ ְ ָתה‬
ָ
3fs
– Takes ֱ instead of expected ֲ
2ms ‫ית‬
ָ ‫ָה ִי‬ ‫ית‬
ָ  ִ 
ָ
under I-‫ ה‬in 2mp and 2fp
2fs ‫ָהיִ ית‬ ‫ ִית‬
ָ
1cs ‫יתי‬
ִ ‫ָה ִי‬ ‫יתי‬
ִ  ִ 
ָ
3cp ‫ָהיּו‬ ‫ּו‬
ָ
2mp ‫יתם‬
ֶ ִ‫הֱ י‬ ‫יתם‬
ֶ ִ ְ
2fp ‫יתן‬
ֶ ִ‫הֱ י‬ ‫יתן‬
ֶ ִ ְ
1cp ‫ָה ִיינּו‬ ‫ ִ ינּו‬
ָ
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 11
‫ י ֵָרא‬and ‫§( מּות‬14.19)

This section is FYI

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 12
Summary

For ‫ א ע ה ח‬, Vocal Shewa () ְ  Hateph Pathach ֲ

Recognize from sufformative.
– If vowel precedes, tau loses Dagesh and Shewa (‫)ת  ְּת‬

Memorize 3-‫ ה‬verb paradigm.

Stem Vowel in lexical form:
– Usually  ַ
– 3-‫ א‬has  ָ (3-‫ ה‬has  ָ too)
– Biconsonantal has ‫ ִי‬or ‫ ֹו‬or ‫ּו‬

Lost a consonant? Look at vowel under 2nd root consonant.
– 3-‫ ה‬if ‫ ִי‬in 1st or 2nd person. (3rd person gives no clue)
– Geminate if ‫ ֹּו‬in 1st or 2nd person. (not lose in 3rd)
– Biconsonantal if ְ in 1st or 2nd person. (3rd accented)
– 3-‫ נ‬if 
ַ in 1st or 2nd person. (not lose in 3rd)
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 Parsing – Ex14a, p73-74, Odd (Not Assigned) 13

1 ‫עָ לָ ה עָ לּו‬ 1G+3‫ ה‬QP 3cp III-‫ ה‬drops off

3 ‫אָ כַ ל ָ א ְכלּו‬ I-Gutt QP 3cp Same as strong
5 ‫ׁשָ ַמע ׁשָ  ַמ ְע ָּת‬ III-‫ע‬ QP 2ms Normal (III-‫ ע‬has Silent Shewa)
7 ‫ָּבנָה ָ ּבנְ ָתה‬ III-‫ה‬ QP 3fs Drop 3‫ה‬. 3fs  ‫ָתה‬
9 ‫אתי‬
ִ ‫ָׂש‬
ָ  ‫נָׂשָ א נ‬ III-‫א‬ QP 1cs SV 
ָ . ‫ א‬quiescent. ‫ ת‬loses Dagesh
11 ‫ֲתה‬
ָ ‫ָראָ ה ָרא‬ 2G+3‫ ה‬QP 3fs Drop 3‫ה‬. 3fs  ‫תה‬.
ָ 2G ְ  ֲ
13 ‫היְ ָתה‬
 ָ ‫ָהיָה‬ 1G+3‫ ה‬QP 3fs Drop 3‫ה‬. 3fs  ‫תה‬.
ָ
15 ‫ָּבנָה ָּבנּו‬ III-‫ה‬ QP 3cp Drop 3‫ה‬. 1cp is ‫ָּב ִ נינּו‬
17 ‫ָראָ ה ָראּו‬ 2G+3‫ ה‬QP 3cp Drop 3‫ה‬. II-Gutt has no effect here.
19 ‫ָתן‬
ַ ‫נ‬ ‫ָתן‬
ַ ‫נ‬ III-‫נ‬ QP 3ms Normal (III-‫ נ‬has no sufformative)
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