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Comparison of the Innate and Adaptive immune systems

Action Innate Adaptive

- Important for secondary response and an important way of how vaccination and immunity is
- Non-specific immunity and recognises and responds to, all
created.

Timeline pathogens in the same way.

- Doesn't provide long lasting protection, but it does provide an
- Primary immune response occurs with the first exposure to antigen. Acquired immune
response to antigen is to produce antibodies, however the concentration of antibody is lower
than it seen in the secondary immune response and the antibody concentration drops off
IMMEDIATE defense against infection.
relatively quickly.
- Secondary immune response occurs much quicker than primary. This is because the
memory B cells have already been primed and are able to be stimualted quickly.

- Major functions of the innate immune system:

- The immune reaction is specific for a given antigen.
Specificity 1. Recruiting immune cells to sits of infection and inflammation - these could be bacterial
toxins or products released from injured tissues and cytokines released from other WBC.
2. Activation of complement cascade - either in classical (presence of antigen and
- There are two types of adaptive - cell mediated (T and B cells) and
humoral immunity - antibodies.
antibody complex activation) or alternate (presence of bacteria).
3. Identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and
- Antigen that it targets can be from intracellular pathogens therefore
lymph, via - PAMP and complement surrounding bacteria (opsonisation). will usually be virally derived but can also be from bacteria.
4. Activation of adaptive immune system via professional antigen presenting cells -
macrophage, dendritic cells, lymphocytes.

Major cell types of APC - macrophage, Dendritic cells, lymphocytes.
Cells involved Granulocyte - basophil/mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils
Phagocytes - Neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages
Cytotoxic - eosinophils and lymphocyte and plasma cells
Other cells involved in innate:
- Natural killer - protection against intracellular organisms (Virus)
- Eosinophils - protection against larger parasites.
- T-helper cells - there is Th1 (for macrophage activation) and Th2
(for B cell activation) and cytotoxic T cells for destroying virus
infected cells via MHC class 1.
- B - cells - there are plasma cells to more more anitbodies and B
memory cells for secondary response.
- Plasma cells make different immunoglobulins - IgG (for late phase)
and IgA (for skin), IgM (for bacteremia and quick), IgE (for
inflammation and allergy).

Soluble factors are complement proteins C3a and C5a and C3b for - Soluble factors are acute phase proteins and cytokines.

Soluble factors opsonisation of bacteria.

There are also acute phase proteins and cytokines.
- There could also be activation of complement via antigen-antibody
complex.
- A form of acute phase protein is ESR and CRP - Antibodies
involved

Memory for these cells are not to high - however a lot of the APC Memory for these cells are high and are from plasma B cells or
Memory present to B cells and T cells to create memory nature of adaptive
immune system.
memory B cells - which when activated - can mass produce
antibodies.