2017 International Conference on Sustainable Energy Engineering and Application (ICSEEA)

Vertical Facade PV Installation to Optimize

Microgrid System on High Rise EV Parking Lot with
AC and DC Charging Station

Tinton Dwi Atmaja1, *, Rudi Darussalam2, Dian Andriani2

1
Mechatronics Division, Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Bandung, Indonesia
2
Renewable Energy Engineering Division, RC for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Bandung, Indonesia
*tinton_dwi@yahoo.com

Abstract—As Electric vehicle (EV) emerges as a trending
transportation mode in developed countries, EV charging
stations facility has been installed widespread in many places
from urban to suburban area. Installed charging station can be
in the form of individual parking slot in the owner residence or
massive parking lot in a community area. Commonly, parking lot
has been built on the ground and consumes a large area. A
parking lot can be transform into high rise parking lot for having
higher parking capacity with less ground area needed. This
paper will discuss about high rise parking lot which have
additional surface for better solar radiance capture rather than
on-the-ground parking lot. The building was designed to be able
to support electric vehicle (EV) both in alternating current (AC)
and direct current (DC) type depends on EVs’ energy storage
systems. Microgrid architecture was implemented to facilitate the
charging process and also to incorporate local power resource i.e.
solar power. Designated photovoltaic installments are proposed
to optimize the microgrid in the vertical surface of the building.
This facade installment should be controlled in one building
energy management system (BEMS) and improved the
performance of the microgrid. The PV will help the building in
decreasing its dependency to the utility grid and increase its
profit with no longer spend expenditure on high cost electricity.
Keywords—photovoltaics; vertical facade installation; parking
lot; microgrid system; electric vehicle; charging station
I. INTRODUCTION
The depletion of fossil fuel has acted as the main reason of
the rapid ongoing research on renewable energy such as solar
power. Along with that, the emerging electric vehicles (EV)
storm the street exponentially ignoring its high cost research
and expensive infrastructure. As the EV, especially plug-in
hybrid vehicle (PHEV), increases their number, so is the
demand on charging station. Moreover, as the EV can be
designed with alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC)
charging type, depend on their energy storage system (ESS),
charging station asset has also required facilitating either AC or
DC charging type.
Commercial building committed to provide parking lot for
EV later enhanced their grid with AC/DC microgrid which can
support DC or AC charging station. Said parking lot commonly
operated with hybrid distributed generation (DG) unit such as
Photovoltaic (PV) and other compatible ESS [1][2]. This kind
of parking lot with AC/DC grid and sustainable/renewable
source DG is believed to be able on providing important role in
erecting green building, support on fight against global
warming, and reducing CO2 emissions.
Eventual complication emerges due to various types of
charging station. There are several types of possible charging
station i.e. DC charging, one phase AC slow charging, or 3
phase AC fast charging configuration where unbalanced phase
voltage and current to the grid was introduce. Some grid shall
meet unacceptable disturbance beyond its tolerance microgrid
limit [3]. Therefore, designated intelligent and coordinated
control system should be provided to control heterogeneous
AC/DC charging bus. Previous research on power
management and control of a islanded and grid-connected
hybrid AC/DC microgrid was presented by Eghtedarpour [4]
while charging station system to facilitate DC and AC plugin
has been conducted by Rahman et al. [5]. Research on
microgrid with multi-layer ESS has been conducted at [6] and
the optimal selection on multi-are power system was observed
in [7]. Finally, the security on its electricity delivery on
various level has been discussed on [8].
Conventionally, people built parking lot horizontally on
the ground level and consumes a large ground-level area. The
issue on AC/DC microgrid for EV parking lot has become
more interesting since people start building high rise parking
lot which was assumed as tall parking building with smaller
horizontal ground area but automatically increases its vertical
surface area. Larger vertical surface means higher possibility
to collect solar radiance if there is no significant obstacle
around. Fig 1 shows the example of high rise parking lot i.e.
Autostadt Car Tower in Germany (top left) [9], The Wöhr
Parksafe 580 in Sindelfingen (top right) [10], or parking
garage in New York City (bottom) [11].
Rooftop PV was the most common installation method to
capture most of the solar radiance along the day. However, to
fill the vertical surface as a sustainable energy resource,

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 2017 International Conference on Sustainable Energy Engineering and Application (ICSEEA)
Fig. 1. Example of high rise parking lot; Autostadt Car Tower in
Germany (top left) [9], the Wöhr Parksafe 580 in Sindelfingen (top right)
[10], or parking garage in New York City (bottom) [11].
Facade PV installation was introduced. Fig. 2 shows the types
of PV installation integrated around a building [12]. Not only
in the vertical wall, facade PV can also be installed on the
balcony, curtain wall, sunshade, or in the window shutter
itself. Previous research on facade installation has been
conducted i.e. performance and financial evaluation on facade
PV Installation by Ghazali et al. [13] and implementation
strategy for facade PV for BIPV [14].
This research is empowering the high rise parking lot with
installing facade PV in its vertical surface. Certain
configuration on installing facade PV was provided to meet
the highest efficiency especially on energy capacity. The
complexity on AC/DC charging system later resolved using
designated control system to lessening network unbalance
voltage or current. The main objective is that this research is
optimizing microgrid’s performance.
Furthermore, the result of this research not only can be
implemented into a high rise parking lot but also can comply
into another high rise green building or any other high rise
structure i.e. commercial antenna tower or tall military facility.
The less the obstacle surrounding the structure, the higher the
contribution given by this facade installation.
II. METHOD
This research proposed Microgrid architecture to facilitate
charging infrastructure and further equipped with sustainable
energy resource. The microgrid will consist of AC and DC bus
to supply electricity into charging point and equipped with
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Fig. 2. Facade PV installation [12].
Fig. 3. Parking lot building illustration.
several DC-DC converter and AC-DC converter. Designated
coordinated control system will be applied to cover the
heterogeneous possibility of charging method either in AC or
in DC type.
The system will be implemented into a high rise parking
lot with higher solar radiance potential than on the ground
parking lot. Building illustration is shown in Fig. 3 with 120
meter height, 36 meter width, and 36 meter length [13].
However, this paper will discuss about the possibility to utilize
the outer surface of the building and will not limit the
dimension of the building nor limit the capacity of the parking
capacity. The higher the parking lot is built, the higher the
potential of collecting solar power. The wider the building is
built, the higher the possible capacity or collecting solar
power.
This system was assumed to use Heterojunction Intrinsic
Thin-film Silicon (HIT-Si) solar module and install them in
the vertical facade surface of the building and also in the
rooftop of the building. However, the analysis will be focused
on the facade PV installation. The installation will be on the
several directions (i.e. east and west) and will be analyze to
find the best facade configuration.
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Main
Utility Grid
Controller

Parking lot
AC bus

Local Other
Local Controller
Controller AC Load

DC bus

Local Local Local Other

Controller Controller Controller
DC Load

PHEV PHEV
Energy Photovoltaic
Storage

Fig. 4. Microgrid schematic on high rise parking lot for AC and DC Charging System.

This research contains secondary data from an experiment
conducted in a tropical climate location. Therefore, the result
of this paper would only valid in tropical area either south or
north of equator. Implementation in distanced locations from
tropical should conduct further calculation and thorough
analysis.
III. SYSTEM AND CONFIGURATION
The configured system in this parking lot will contain a
microgrid infrastructure, a coordinated system control to
facilitate AC and DC charging system, and a sustainable source
in facade installation around the building.
A. Microgrid configuration on high rise parking lot
Designated high rise parking lot should be able to provide
charging infrastructure to every PHEV parked inside. Based
on the class of the PHEV, there are several charging
infrastructure which is need to be provided on AC or DC
charging type (Table 1) [15]. Overall microgrid structure is
shown in Fig. 4. The grid has AC bus and DC bus separately
to support charging activities for each charging infrastructure
type; DC charging infrastructure will be equipped with DC-
DC converter and AC charging infrastructure will be equipped
with AC-DC converter. Both inverter/converter types shall be
V2G compatible. Aside for charging activities, AC and DC
bus shall support for other building load such as lightning
system, air conditioner, control system, communication

TABLE I. CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE

Insfrastructure technology PHEV Class Effect of Infrastructure on Mainstream PHEV Owner

Long-range BEV Range extension, expand market
Interstate Limited-range BEV Not practical for long trips
DC fast charge Range-extended BEV NA – not equipped
Minimal PHEV NA – not equipped
Long-range BEV Range extension, expand market
Intercity Limited-range BEV 2 x Range extension, increases confidence
DC fast charge Range-extended BEV NA – not equipped
Minimal PHEV NA – not equipped
Long-range BEV Not necessary
Intracity Limited-range BEV Range extension, increases confidence
DC fast charge Range-extended BEV NA – not equipped
Minimal PHEV NA – not equipped
Long-range BEV Not necessary
Intercity Limited-range BEV Range extension, increases confidence
AC levels 1 and 2 Range-extended BEV Increases eVMT and value proposition
Minimal PHEV Increases eVMT and value proposition
Note: BEV, battery electric vehicle; eVMT, electric vehicle miles traveled; NA, not applicable; PHEV, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

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 2017 International Conference on Sustainable Energy Engineering and Application (ICSEEA)
system, etc. AC and DC bus is connected using bidirectional
AC-DC converter.
The PV and the energy storage system are connected to the
DC bus with its each DC-DC converter. The PV will consist
of facade modules and rooftop modules. The ESS will be
consisting of several battery racks but can be enhanced into
another type of ESS such as fuel cell (PEMFC) or
supercapacitor/ultracapacitor (SC/UC). Coordinated control
system will be provided to control each bus, control every
inverter/converter, and managed to facilitate the
heterogeneous AC or DC charging type. The connection to the
utility grid (on-grid) is necessary to support peak time or as
backup system when the charging loads surpasses the
PV+ESS capacity. Moreover, the utility grid connection
should be V2G connection standard i.e. anti-islanding feature.
B. Coordinated control for AC and DC charging system
As described before, there are DC charging system and AC
charging system which is commonly at three phase mode (3P
AC). The objectives on implementing coordinated control are
to synchronize AC grid and DC grid in the following detail.
• Bus voltage regulation; it is important to preserve
voltage level of DC bus and AC bus within acceptable
range. AC bus RMS voltage should be in between -6%
and +10%, and DC bus voltage should be within -3%
to +5% [16].
• Frequency regulation; maintain frequency of AC grid
during grid-tied mode and also along islanded
condition.
• Power sharing; during grid tied mode, utility grid is
supposed to provide or absorb energy form DG sources
to maintain the grid balance. But during islanded mode,
the grid will solely responsible for balancing itself on
total load proportionally.
• Reduction of phase unbalance; 3P charging EV will
have lesser challenge than the time of single phase
charging is introduced. The grid needs to balance all
the phase line regardless the single phase load.
To achieve mentioned objectives, the control system will
consist of one main controller which will perform
bidirectional communication with the local controller both in
AC and DC grid. Two main components of this control system
are interlinking converter control and DC/DC converter
control. For the interlinking converter control, it should
consist of power controller, voltage controller, and current
controller.
Fig. 5 shows three layer coordinated control algorithm
developed by Rahman et al. [5]. Three coordination layer have
been developed to operate simultaneously without overlapping
each other. The first layer maintain the DC grid and ensure a
solid DC bus voltage regulation. This layer, in other words,
specialized on coordinating all DC type EV chargers. The
second layer conduct the same detail as the first layer but
specialized on AC type 3P EV chargers at AC grid. Second
layer is responsible for frequency and AC bus RMS voltage
regulation. The third layer will monitor AC bus as its main
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- Determine DC grid voltage regulation
- Initiate DC charging
- Initiate 3P AC charging from AC grid
- Simultaneous DC and 3P AC Charging
- Call for DC to AC grid power sharing or
vice versa
- Determine frequency regulation
- Initiate 3P AC charging
- Initiate DC charging from DC grid
- Simultaneous DC and 3P AC Charging
- Call for AC to DC grid power sharing or
vice versa
- Determine AC grid voltage regulation
- Call for switch connection to the grid
- Initiate V2G operation
- Determine supply or absorb through
interlinking converter; DC grid to AC
grid, or vice versa.
Fig. 5. Three layer coordinated control algorithm.
priority and determine supply or absorb operation between the
grids through AC-DC interlinking converter. In this manner,
third layer facilitates V2G operational capability and also
cover for PV/ESS power availability. The control action will
be conducted locally on local controller but the coordination
will be set in the main controller which generates all necessary
active/reactive power command to every inverter an converter
including interlinking and interfacing section.
Several cases will emerge variations on the site such as
night time or busy hours. The system is supposed to balance
the grids on following manner.
• PV output will vary between night and day; the
proposed system can detect power availability of PV
(and installed energy storage) from DC voltage
regulator and local converter on each PV and ES.
• EV number will be vary between active hour and
passive hours; this system should detect whether the
charging demand is within PV-ESS power capacity or
it should call for grid assistance.
• EV number in DC grid will be different than AC grid
based on installed technology of attached BEV or
HEV. The system will detect the need of each grid and
initiate synchronization on bidirectional AC-DC
converter.
C. Vertical Facade PV Installation
Electricity for charging activities initially supplied by the
utility grid with a backup of PV installation commonly
installed in the rooftop of the building. With the facade
installation, this research would open possibilities to increase
backup power generation rather than rooftop generation alone.
Utilizing the vertical surface of the building, PV installation
should consider which wall surface should be chosen. First of
all, this research will assume that the obstacle around the high
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TABLE II. CASE CONFIGURATION [13]

Configuration at reference condition Case A Case B Case C Case D

Modules
Namplate capacity (kWdc) 672.094 672.094 1348.188 201.222
Number of modules 3744 3744 7504 1120
Modules per string 8 8 8 8
Strings in parallel 468 468 938 140
Total module ares (m2) 4305.6 4305.6 8629.6 1288
String Voc (V) 531.2 531.2 531.2 531.2
String Vmp (V) 432 432 432 432
Inverter
Total capacity (kWac) 600 600 1250 200
Total capacity (kWdc) 635.061 635.061 1323.045 211.687
Number of inverters 12 12 25 4
Maximum DC voltage (Vdc) 600 600 600 600
Maximum MPPT voltage (Vdc) 330 330 330 330
Maximum MPPT voltage (Vdc) 600 600 600 600
Sub-arrary 1
Strings allocated to sub-array 468 468 469 140
Tilt (deg) 90 90 90 0
Azimuth (deg) 90 270 90 0
Sub-array module area (m2) 4305.6 4305.6 4314.5 1288
Number of modules 3744 3744 3752 1120
Sub-array2
Strings allocated to sub-array 469
Tilt (deg) 90
Azimuth (deg) 270
Sub-array module area (m2) 4314.5
Number of modules 3752

rise building is minimum and the used PV module is
Heterojunction Intrinsic Thin-film Silicon (HIT-Si) module.
HIT-Si module is considered as the highest module efficiency
available in the market with 15.62% nominal efficiency and
180Wdc maximum power. As final completion, the weighted
efficiency for DC to AC inverter is 95%.
Facade installation will be arranged in several directions to
PV Array
find the best possible energy captured. The installation was
divided into four cases with different installation configuration.
This configuration was based on research conducted by
Ghazali et al. [13] on similar climate condition. Installation
direction is shown in Fig 6. (Case A) 90 deg azimuth east
facade, (Case B) 270 deg azimuth west facade, (Case C) 90 and
270 deg azimuth, and (Case D) rooftop. Each case was
considered to use same PV module and inverter type. Detail
configuration on each case was shown in Table II. Importantly,
it can be seen that every vertical installation case has similar
module area (±4300 m2) and similar number of module (±3700
modules).

PV Array

270 deg All four cases will be compared their effectiveness based
on annual energy per nameplate capacity and annual energy per
module. Case C was done in a different location than Case A
and B but assumed as the same building. Case C will heighten
the calculation on Case A and B, and altogether sharpen the
Case A Case B final conclusion on Case A and B.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

High rise parking lot with vertical facade PV installation
was illustrated in Fig. 7. The PV was assumed to be installed in
PV Array

PV Array

270 deg 90 deg

the whole surface of vertical facade (east and west) and also in
Rooftop
the rooftop. The installation is not specifically classified
whether it is a balcony installation or is a curtain wall
installation, however, it is definitely not considered as
sunshade installation.

Case C The vertical facade installation was hoped to increase the

Case D
power generation better than solely depend on utility grid itself.
Fig. 6. Façade installation array schematic for each case [13]. Utilizing vertical facade will increase the backup power

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 2017 International Conference on Sustainable Energy Engineering and Application (ICSEEA)
Case D
Rooftop installation
Ro oftop
Case B
Vertical Facade
installation
Parking lot
Parking lot
South side view Top view
Fig. 7. Parking lot with Facade PV illustration.
Fig. 8. Annual energy per nameplate capacity and annual energy per module area ratio.
generated rather than utilizing rooftop surface only.
Furthermore, this configuration present the most effective
possible direction for vertical facade installation based on
annual energy per nameplate capacity and annual energy per
module. Specific ESS should be integrated with this PV power
source to balance the building’s microgrid but not described
specifically in this paper.
Coordinated control system was proposed to maintain all
the grid assets including the PV, ESS, EV charging, inverter,
and other load. The control system has been observed on its
performance using several possible EV’s charging cases. The
performance was determined on it’s sustain support on
charging activities with voltage regulation and frequency
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Case D
Rooftop installation
Case A
Vertical Facade
installation
Vertical facade
South east 3D view
regulation, and also auxiliary capability to run interlinking
converter between AC and DC microgrid.
A. Vertical Facade installation result
The installation on vertical facade of high rise building
should consider which direction should provide the best
effectiveness. According to research configuration by Ghazali
et al. [13], the first year effectiveness of each configuration can
be seen in Fig. 8. PV installation in whole east facade of the
building has better effectiveness with 600 kWh/kW annual
energy per nameplate capacity ratio and 94 kWh/m2 annual
energy per module area ratio. Whole west facade installation is
least effective with 91 kWh/m2 annual energy per module area
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Fig. 9. Solar insolation comparison between south oriented facing wall
and north oriented facing wall [17].
ratio and 580 kWh/kW annual energy per nameplate capacity
ratio. In addition, combined installation on the whole east-and-
west facade is least effective than whole east only facade but
have a slight eminence than the whole west only facade with
92 kWh/m2 and 591 kWh/kW.
It can be concluded that for typical location (tropical
climate condition), the best recommendation is to install the
vertical PV on the east facade of the building. If possible,
installation on both east and west facade is the second best
possibility. The whole west facade installation is the least
effective installation but still promises not significantly
different effectiveness than the other two installations.
Additional notable consideration came from research
conducted by T. Hwang et al. [17] in the building located north
of the equator. His experiment state that vertical facade
installed in south oriented wall has a better effectiveness than
north oriented wall. North oriented wall (northeast and
northwest) provide annual solar insolation on the panels
approximately 550 kWh/m2. While south oriented installation
(southeast or southwest) showed approximately 1000 kWh/m2
of annual solar insolation. The comparison can be seen in Fig.
9 [17].
At the final conclusion, it should be importantly notified
that the performance ratio for PV system on rooftop facade is
inevitably higher compared to vertical facade. Rooftop
installation have effectiveness almost twice vertical facade
with 1210 kWh/kW annual energy per nameplate capacity
ratio and 189 kWh/m2 annual energy per module area ratio.
B. Coordinated controller response
The designed controller with proposed algorithm has been
tested by Rahman et al. [5]. Based on several comparative
case studies, the coordinated control system can maintain
voltage regulation and power sharing performance within
homogeneous and heterogeneous single-phase EV charging.
• In the case of variable irradiation and loading effects in
the building, all control signals are following their
respective reference signals without any steady state
error and with minimum overshoots.
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• In the case of homogeneous single-phase EV allocation
(each phase of the 3P system is equally loaded with
single-phase EV chargers), interfacing converters along
with the interlinking converter share their accurate
proportion of real and reactive power to meet the
building load requirements.
• In the case of heterogeneous single-phase EV
allocation (unbalance situation between each phase), It
has been observed that even during the unbalanced
charging condition, both DC and AC bus voltages are
effectively regulated by the aggregated support of the
DC and the 3P AC. It can also be concluded that the
proposed controller can duly regulate the frequency.
• In the case of the grid is leaving the islanded mode and
entering grid-tied mode (grid synchronization), It has
been observed that DC bus voltage, AC bus RMS
voltage, and frequency remain in synchronism even in
the transition-period.
C. Further research
There are an open possibility on how many BEV or HEV
connected on these grids. It probably dominated by DC
charging or possibly overrun by 3P AC chargers. Further
research should be conducted to maintain stability on the
parking lot based on how much power can the charging
activity demand on one simultaneous cycle.
Initial maximum power capacity should be determined by
the installed PV and energy storage capability. However, solar
radiance will play a significant role to determine energy
storage maximum support. Maximum power will be different
in the cloudy day than a fully clear day, therefore, further
research should be conducted to calculate the maximum power
capacity in one designated size of parking lot. Further research
on anticipating fluctuated solar radiance should be conducted
also to determine the maximum number of connected EV in
the same time. The final requirement is system efficiency
where the value shall be concluded once the proper number of
EV (including the type) and average number of power demand
has been determined.
V. CONCLUSION
Installing PV in the high rise building facade will increase
the building’s energy stock rather than depending on utility
grid alone. Rooftop facade is definitely giving a better possible
solar radiation compared to vertical facade. However,
maximizing vertical facade PV installation will provide
significant power generation yearly due to the larger area than
rooftop facade. More specifically, for the high rise building
located north of the equator, it is best to prioritize the east
facade, and then the west facade, and the last is the southeast or
southwest facade. South located high rise building should have
north oriented wall as a better choice than southeast/southwest
wall. The designed coordinated controller with three layer
algorithm has been tested and observed within various output
and random commercial loads. With this control system, AC
and DC grid on the high rise parking lot will operate with
stable voltage, maintained frequency, and perform power
sharing even with the presence of homogeneous and
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heterogeneous single-phase EV charging. Further research
could be done to generate better analysis containing more
sophisticated solar power generation system for each
configuration. Advanced ESS should be a better solution for
the building energy management system as the microgrid can
adapt in a possibly better manner.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank all researcher of research
centre for electrical power, Indonesian Institute of Sciences for
the full support on the completion of this paper.
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