6.1-Busbar Protection PDF

6.1 BusBar protection 6.
1 BusBar protection
BUSBAR PROTECTION BUSBAR PROTECTION
Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14
Issue B1 Issue B1
Last Release : October 2010 Last Release : October 2010
Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011 Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011
Program
g Program
g
PART 1 : GENERALITY PART 1 : GENERALITY
PART 2 : OPERATING PRINCIPLES PART 2 : OPERATING PRINCIPLES
PART 3 : OTHER SUBSTATION TOPOLOGIES PART 3 : OTHER SUBSTATION TOPOLOGIES
Advantages / Disadvantages Advantages / Disadvantages
PART 4 : HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION – PART 4 : HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION –
PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE
PART 5 : LOW IMPEDANCE PROTECTION – PRINCIPLE PART 5 : LOW IMPEDANCE PROTECTION – PRINCIPLE
PART 6 : FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION - PRINCIPLE PART 6 : FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION - PRINCIPLE
PART 7 : BLOCKING SCHEME PROTECTION PART 7 : BLOCKING SCHEME PROTECTION
PART 8 : OTHER APPLICATIONS PART 8 : OTHER APPLICATIONS
2 2
PART 1 : Generality PART 1 : Generality
PART 2 : Operating Principle PART 2 : Operating Principle
PART 3 : Other Substation Topologies PART 3 : Other Substation Topologies
PART 4 : High Impedance Differential PART 4 : High Impedance Differential
Protection – Principle
p Protection – Principle
p
PART 5 : Low Impedance Protection – Principle PART 5 : Low Impedance Protection – Principle
PART 6 : F
Frame L
Leakage
k P
Protection
t ti - Principle
Pi i l PART 6 : F
Frame L
Leakage
k P
Protection
t ti - Principle
Pi i l
PART 7 : Blocking Scheme Protection PART 7 : Blocking Scheme Protection
PART 8 : Other Applications PART 8 : Other Applications
3 3
Busbar protection Busbar protection

Objective : Objective :
Clear a fault inside a substation as quickly as Clear a fault inside a substation as quickly as
possible possible
A B C A B C
To Protect : To Protect :
- The operator and workers - The operator and workers
- HV equipment - HV equipment
- Global Network Stability - Global Network Stability
4 4
Busbar protection
Zone protected
Busbar protection
Zone protected
by distance protection by distance protection
XX XX
21 21
Zone protected Zone protected
By the busbar By the busbar
Zone pprotected protection Zone pprotected protection
By the Transformer By the Transformer
Differential protection X X Differential protection X X
X
X
X
The final protection The final protection
method will depend method will depend
on the substation on the substation
XX XX
topology and topology and
complexity complexity
87T 87T
X X
The distance protection will see a busbar fault in The distance protection will see a busbar fault in
reverse zone ( time delayed ) reverse zone ( time delayed )
the transformer differential protection will not see the transformer differential protection will not see
the busbar fault, except by back-up protection the busbar fault, except by back-up protection
5 5
Busbar protection Busbar protection

B1 B2 B1 B2
Zone 1 Zone 1
L1 L1
X
Zone 2 X
Zone 2
L2 L2
X X
L3 L3
X X
L4 L4
X X
L5 L5
X X
X X
C C
6 6
Differential Protection Differential Protection
● When a differential protection is recommended ? ● When a differential protection is recommended ?
● The grading between overcurrent protections is difficult to guarantee ● The grading between overcurrent protections is difficult to guarantee
or impossible or impossible
● The max clearance time is critical for HV equipment or network ● The max clearance time is critical for HV equipment or network
stability stability
● Applicable for : ● Applicable for :
● Generators, ● Generators,
● Transformers,
Transformers ● Transformers,
Transformers
● Overhead lines, ● Overhead lines,
● Underground cables, ● Underground cables,
● busbars, ● busbars,
● Motors. ● Motors.
7 7
Busbar Faults Are Usually Permanent Busbar Faults Are Usually Permanent
Causes of Busbar Faults : Causes of Busbar Faults :

● Falling debris ● Falling debris
● Insulation failures ● Insulation failures
● Circuit breaker failures ● Circuit breaker failures
● Current transformer failures ● Current transformer failures
● Isolators switchs operated on load or outside their ratings ● Isolators switchs operated on load or outside their ratings
● Safety earths left connected ● Safety earths left connected
Therefore : Therefore :
● Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked out by busbar protection ● Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked out by busbar protection
( l i mustt b
(reclosing be d
done after
ft installation
i t ll ti check)
h k) ( l i mustt b
(reclosing be d
done after
ft installation
i t ll ti check)
h k)
8 8
Busbar Protection must be Busbar Protection must be
● RELIABLE ● RELIABLE
● Failure to trip could cause widespread damage to the substation ● Failure to trip could cause widespread damage to the substation
● STABLE ● STABLE
● False tripping can cause widespread interruption of supplies to ● False tripping can cause widespread interruption of supplies to
customers / ppossible p
power system
y instability
y customers / ppossible p
power system
y instability
y
● DISCRIMINATING ● DISCRIMINATING
● Should
Sh ld ttrip
i th
the minimum
i i number
b off b
breakers
k tto clear
l th
the ffault
lt ● Should
Sh ld ttrip
i th
the minimum
i i number
b off b
breakers
k tto clear
l th
the ffault
lt
● FAST ● FAST
● To limit damage and possible power system instability ● To limit damage and possible power system instability
9 9
Protection Methods Protection Methods
● Differential Protection ● Differential Protection

● High Impedance ● High Impedance
● Low Impedance ● Low Impedance
● Medium Impedance with Bias Characteristic (no more used) ● Medium Impedance with Bias Characteristic (no more used)
● Frame Leakage Protection (Detection of leakage currents) ● Frame Leakage Protection (Detection of leakage currents)
● Directional Comparison Protection (Blocking Scheme) ● Directional Comparison Protection (Blocking Scheme)
10 10

Protection – Principle Protection – Principle
PART 6 : Frame Leakage Protection - Principle PART 6 : Frame Leakage Protection - Principle
PART 7 : Blocking
g Scheme Protection PART 7 : Blocking
g Scheme Protection
11 11
Biased Differential Scheme Biased Differential Scheme
I1 I2 I1 I2 I1 I2 I1 I2
I1 - I2 I1 - I2 I1 - I2 I1 - I2
Differential Differential Differential Differential

Current HI Current LI Current HI Current LI
I1 - I2 I1 - I2 I1 - I2 I1 - I2
Trip Trip
no Trip no Trip
Trip Trip
no Trip no Trip
Mean Through I + I Mean Through I + I Mean Through I + I Mean Through I + I
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Current Current Current Current
2 2
12
2 2
12
Differential Differential
Current Current
I1 - I2 I1 - I2
Trip Trip
no Trip no Trip
Mean Through Mean Through

Current Current
I1 + I2 I1 + I2
2 2
13 13
Differential Differential
Current Current
I1 - I2 I1 - I2
Trip Trip
no Trip no Trip
Differential Current I1 + I2 Mean Through

Differential Current I1 + I2 Mean Through
Current Current
Mean Through Current I1 + I2 Mean Through Current I1 + I2
I1 + I2 I1 + I2
2 2
2 2
Differential Current = 2 X Mean Through Current Differential Current = 2 X Mean Through Current
14 14
Protective Zone definitions Protective Zone definitions
Bus Section / Bus Disconnector Bus Section / Bus Disconnector
BS BS
Z
Zone 1 Zone 2 Z
Zone 1 Zone 2
Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 3 Zone 4
BC1 BC2 BC1 BC2
F1 F2 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4
15 15
No Busbar Protection No Busbar Protection

●Advantages ●Advantages
● There are fewer faults on busbars than on ● There are fewer faults on busbars than on
other parts of the power system. other parts of the power system.
● No risk of dislocation of system due to ● No risk of dislocation of system due to
accidental operation of busbar protection. F2
accidental operation of busbar protection. F2
F1 F1
●Drawbacks ●Drawbacks
● Slow fault clearance. ● Slow fault clearance.

Busbar faults at F1 and F2 are cleared by Busbar faults at F1 and F2 are cleared by
remote
t time
ti delayed
d l d protection
t ti on circuits
i it remote
t time
ti delayed
d l d protection
t ti on circuits
i it
feeding the faults: feeding the faults:
Time Delayed Overcurrent or Time Delayed Overcurrent or
Time Delayed Distance Protection (Zone 2) Time Delayed Distance Protection (Zone 2)
16 16
With Busbar Protection With Busbar Protection
ZONE ZONE
● Fast clearance by tripping of all ● Fast clearance by tripping of all
breakers at the busbars F1 breakers at the busbars F1
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 1 ZONE 2

● Fast Tripping but only for the ● Fast Tripping but only for the
Cirscuit breakers of the selectied F1 F2 Cirscuit breakers of the selectied F1 F2
zone zone
17 17

1/2 1/2
SS SS SS SS SS SS
1 87BB 2 3 1 87BB 2 3
87BB 87BB
21 21 21 21
18 18
2/2 2/2
87BB 87BB
87BB 87BB
21 21 21 21
19 19
Without Busbar Protection Without Busbar Protection

1/2 1/2
21 21 21 21 21 21
21 21 21 21
20 20
Without Busbar Protection Without Busbar Protection
2/2 2/2
21 21 21 21 21 21
21 21 21 21
21 21
With Busbar protection With Busbar protection

87BB 87BB
87BB 87BB
21 21 21 21
Without Busbar protection

p Without Busbar protection
p
21 21 21 21 21 21
21 21 21 21
22 22

Protection – Principle
p Protection – Principle
p
23 23
Topology & Architecture of the HV Topology & Architecture of the HV

network and HV subtations network and HV subtations
Single breaker - Single bus Most basic, simple and Single breaker - Single bus Most basic, simple and
economical bus design
design. economical bus design
design.
Main use : Main use :

- distribution, - distribution,
- lower transmission voltages - lower transmission voltages
Drawback : Drawback :
- Lack of flexibility for bus - Lack of flexibility for bus
faults faults
- maintenance - maintenance
Generaly
G l nott protected
t t d by
b a Generaly
G l nott protected
t t d by
b a
busbar protection if one or busbar protection if one or
two infeeds exist. two infeeds exist.
24 24
Topology & Architecture of the HV Topology & Architecture of the HV
network and HV subtations network and HV subtations
Single
S g e buses co
connected
ected with
t bus ttie
e Generally used when a large Single
S g e buses co
connected
ected with
t bus ttie
e Generally used when a large
number of circuits exist. number of circuits exist.
Main use : Main use :

- Distribution networks, - Distribution networks,
- Industrial substations with or - Industrial substations with or
without co-generation. without co-generation.
Advantages : Advantages :
- Flexibility, specially when the - Flexibility, specially when the
substation is fed by two substation is fed by two
separatet power suppliesli separatet power suppliesli
(generators). (generators).
- A bus fault only causes the - A bus fault only causes the
loss of half a bar loss of half a bar
25 25
Double breaker - Double bus Double breaker - Double bus

2 Busbars ; 2 Circuit Breakers 2 Busbars ; 2 Circuit Breakers
Generally used in HV substations (500 Generally used in HV substations (500

kV) kV)
X
X
Advantage : Advantage :
- Increased operating flexibility, - Increased operating flexibility,
- Both busbars are independent, - Both busbars are independent,
specially from a protection point of specially from a protection point of
view.
view view.
view
X
X
X
X
X
X
- All switch disconectors are normally - All switch disconectors are normally
X
X
closed and no bus couplor is used. closed and no bus couplor is used.
- The loss of one bus dos not affect - The loss of one bus dos not affect
th transmitted
the t itt d power. th transmitted
the t itt d power.
- The line p
protection must be - The line p
protection must be
connected to both CTs. connected to both CTs.
26 26
Main and transfer buses with single Main and transfer buses with single
breaker breaker
Main Main
Reserve / Transfer Reserve / Transfer
By-pass By-pass By-pass By-pass

Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator
27 27
Main and transfer buses with single Main and transfer buses with single
breaker breaker
Main Main
Reserve Reserve
Transfer Transfer Transfer Transfer
CB CB CB CB
T
Transfer
f T
Transfer
f
Be carefull to the CT ocation on the Bus Transfer, in order to Be carefull to the CT ocation on the Bus Transfer, in order to
clearly defined the protected zone clearly defined the protected zone
28 28
Breaker and a half bus arrangement Breaker and a half bus arrangement
Widely used for larger multicircuit and higher voltage systems Widely used for larger multicircuit and higher voltage systems
- High flexibility
flexibility, - High flexibility
flexibility,
- Line faults trip two circuit breakers but does not cause loss of - Line faults trip two circuit breakers but does not cause loss of
services of other lines and busbars. services of other lines and busbars.
87 87
Zone to Zone to
protect protect
separately separately
87 87
29 29
Other Busbar Topologies Other Busbar Topologies

Ring Bus Ring Bus
Common for Higher voltages (US) OHL FEEDER

Common for Higher voltages (US) OHL FEEDER
No busbar No busbar
- One circuit breaker for two lines, X
- One circuit breaker for two lines, X
X
X
- No busbar is required (not - No busbar is required (not
applicable) as the bus protection is applicable) as the bus protection is
already performed by the line already performed by the line
protection themselves. X X protection themselves. X X
X
X
X
X
- The ring can be opened without loss - The ring can be opened without loss
of power. X
of power. X
X
X
- If the ring is opened, a fault on a line - If the ring is opened, a fault on a line
may y separate
p the other lines and the may y separate
p the other lines and the
bus. TRANSF. FEEDER bus. TRANSF. FEEDER
30 30
Mesh Busbar F1 F3
Mesh Busbar F1 F3
T1 T3 T1 T3
T4 T2 T4 T2
F4 F2 F4 F2
31 31
Mesh Busbar Protection Mesh Busbar Protection

F1 F3 F1 F3
87 87 87 87
R1 R3 R1 R3
T1 T3 T1 T3
T4 T2 T4 T2
87 87 87 87
R4 R2 R4 R2
F4 F2 F4 F2
32 32
Importance of CT Location Importance of CT Location
and Number and Number
33 33
Effect of CT location on the global Effect of CT location on the global

P t ti Performance
Protection P f P t ti Performance
Protection P f
Bus Bus
Feeder Feeder
Protection 51 Protection 51
Feeder Feeder
Feeder Protection Feeder Protection
Protection Protection
Bus Bus
Bus Bus
Bus 51 Bus 51
All CT
CTs on liline side
id All CTs on Bus side All CT
CTs on liline side
id All CTs on Bus side
CT Overlap CT Overlap
Feeder Feeder
34 34
PART 3 : Other Substation Topologies
p g PART 3 : Other Substation Topologies
p g

PART 8 : Other Applications
Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011
35 PART 8 : Other Applications
35
Single Bus Substation Single Bus Substation
P1 S1 P1 S1 P1 S1 P1 S1 P1 S1 P1 S1
P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2
36 36
37 37
38 38
39 39
Double Bus Substation Double Bus Substation
40 40
Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
P1 S1 P1 S1
P2 S2 P2 S2
P1 S1 P1 S1 P1 S1 P2 S2 P1 S1 P1 S1 P1 S1 P2 S2
P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2 P1 S1 P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2 P1 S1
a Current a Current
b b
41 41

Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
Current Current
a a
b b
42 42
Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
a Current a Current
b b
43 43

Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
Current Current
a a
b b
44 44
Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
a Current a Current
b b
45 45

Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
a Current a Current
b b
46 46
Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
Tripping a Tripping a
b b
a a
Current b Current b
47 47

●Interposing CTs are not acceptable ●Interposing CTs are not acceptable
● Main CT must be identical ● Main CT must be identical
● Current
C t switching
it hi via
i auxilliary
illi relay
l iis nott acceptable.
t bl ● Current
C t switching
it hi via
i auxilliary
illi relay
l iis nott acceptable.
t bl
● Requirement of number of position contact (Disconnector switch) is ● Requirement of number of position contact (Disconnector switch) is
high high
48 48
●No auxiliary contact must be used ●No auxiliary contact must be used
for current switching
g for current switching
g
● Supplementary delay on current switching ● Supplementary delay on current switching
● Reliabiliby ● Reliabiliby
●Auxiliary relays must be designed ●Auxiliary relays must be designed

so that : so that :
● They get closed before ● They get closed before
the bus disconnector is closed the bus disconnector is closed
● Theyy g
get open
p after ● Theyyg
get open
p after
the bus disconnection is open the bus disconnection is open
49 49
Check Zone Supervision Check Zone Supervision

Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus A
Trip Bus A
Zone A Zone A
Zone B Zone B
50 50
Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus A
Trip Bus A
Currentt
C Currentt
C
switching switching
failure failure
Zone A Zone A
Zone B Zone B
False False
Tripping Tripping
51 51

Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus A
Trip Bus A
Zone A Zone A
Zone B Zone B
Check Check
Zone Zone
52 52
Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus A
Trip Bus A
Zone A Zone A
Zone B Zone B
53 53

Bus A Bus A
Bus B Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus A
Trip Bus A
Check Check
Zone Zone
54 54
Protection Sensitivity Protection Sensitivity
55 55
Stability for External Faults Stability for External Faults

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
ZM A ZM ZM A ZM
RCT RCT
2RL 2RL
M M
2RL 2RL
RCT RCT
56 56
External Fault with CT Saturation External Fault with CT Saturation
ZM A ZM=0 ZM A ZM=0
Unwanted Unwanted
RCT Tripping RCT Tripping
2RL CT Saturation 2RL CT Saturation
M M
2RL 2RL
RCT RCT
TC saturé TC saturé
57 57
External Fault with CT Saturation External Fault with CT Saturation

RS RS
ZM A ZM=0 ZM A ZM=0
Stabilizing Resistance Stabilizing Resistance
RCT RCT
2RL 2RL
M M
2RL 2RL
RCT RCT
Saturated CT Saturated CT
58 58
Impact of CT Saturation - Remind Impact of CT Saturation - Remind
High High
Increase Increase
of IM of IM
VS VS
Knee point Knee point

Voltage Voltage
Above Knee Point Voltage : Above Knee Point Voltage :
Small increase Small increase
of IM ● IM increase highly of IM ● IM increase highly
● => Zm can be considered equal to ● => Zm can be considered equal to

zero zero
IM IM
59 59
Impact of CT Saturation - Remind Impact of CT Saturation - Remind

VS VS
RC 2R 2R RC RC 2R 2R RC
T L L T T L L T
RS RS
ZM ZM ZM ZM
A A
IM IM
Before saturation Before saturation
RC 2R 2R RC RC 2R 2R RC
T L L T VS T L L T VS
RS RS
ZM ZM=0 ZM ZM=0
A A
During saturation During saturation

IM IM
60 60
Stability for Internal Fault Stability for Internal Fault
RS RS
ZM A ZM ZM A ZM
RCT RCT RCT RCT

2RL 2RL 2RL 2RL
M M
Vset Vset
61 61
Insulation requirements Insulation requirements

RS RS
ZM A ZM ZM A ZM
RCT RCT RCT RCT
2RL 2RL 2RL 2RL

M M
=> Very High Risk of Over Voltages => Very High Risk of Over Voltages
across Protection Terminals across Protection Terminals
Vset Vset
62 62
Insulation requirements Insulation requirements
RS RS
ZM A ZM ZM A ZM
A non linear resistance can be RCT RCT A non linear resistance can be RCT RCT
g
required to limit the voltage M g
required to limit the voltage M
2RL 2RL 2RL 2RL
across terminals (Secondary across terminals (Secondary
M M
circuit withstand voltage) circuit withstand voltage)
Vset Vset
63 63
Internal Fault with CT saturation Internal Fault with CT saturation

RS RS
ZM A ZM=0 ZM A ZM=0
●To avoid a non-tripping of the protection: ●To avoid a non-tripping of the protection:
● The relay must have fast detection and tripping ● The relay must have fast detection and tripping
● CTs must be designed to avoid saturation for internal faults ● CTs must be designed to avoid saturation for internal faults
RCT RCT
ZM = 0 ZM = 0
2RL (TC “short-circuited" ) 2RL (TC “short-circuited" )
Vset Vset
M M
2RL 2RL
RCT RCT
64 64
CT Wiring Supervision CT Wiring Supervision
Requirements Requirements
65 65
CT Wiring Supervision (2) CT Wiring Supervision (2)

I1 I1
CT1 I2 I3 I4 CT1 I2 I3 I4
RST RST
V R V R
ZM2 ZM3 ZM4 ZM2 ZM3 ZM4
Super Super
vision RR vision RR
relay
l relay
l
I1 I1
Voltage measured by supervision relay Voltage measured by supervision relay

V  1 (R // Z M2 // Z M3 // Z M4 ) V  1 (R // Z M2 // Z M3 // Z M4 )
If supervision relay setting  VSP If supervision relay setting  VSP
Out - of - balance current to operate the supervision relay Out - of - balance current to operate the supervision relay
VSP V V V VSP V V V
   SP  SP  SP    SP  SP  SP
R Z M2 Z M3 Z M3 R Z M2 Z M3 Z M3
Alarm is Generally time delayed (3 sec.
sec typ.)
typ ) Alarm is Generally time delayed (3 sec.
sec typ.)
typ )
66 66
Differential Relay Circuit A
Differential Relay Circuit A
B B
C Zone bus wires C Zone bus wires
N N
95X 95X
95X Bus wire short contacts 95X Bus wire short contacts
95X 95X
95 Supervision relay 95 Supervision relay
Stabilising resistors Stabilising resistors
Metrosil Metrosil
resistors resistors
v v v v v v
87 87 87 87 87 87
67 67
High Impedance Protection High Impedance Protection

Synthesis Synthesis
● Stability is entirely due to a stabilising resistor in the circuit.. ● Stability is entirely due to a stabilising resistor in the circuit..
● It is a simple,
simple reliable and circulating current scheme ● It is a simple,
simple reliable and circulating current scheme
● The CTs must have the same ratio & must be of high ● The CTs must have the same ratio & must be of high
accuracy (low magnetizing current) - class X accuracy (low magnetizing current) - class X
● The
Th CT kneek point
i voltage
l needs
d to b be relatively
l i l hi high
h ● The
Th CT kneek point
i voltage
l needs
d to b be relatively
l i l hi high
h
● The magnetising current can desensitise the scheme ● The magnetising current can desensitise the scheme
● The scheme can be very fast ● The scheme can be very fast
● Isolator contacts are needed to switch the full CT secondary ● Isolator contacts are needed to switch the full CT secondary
current between the zones. current between the zones.
● There are risks to open the secondary side of CTs ● There are risks to open the secondary side of CTs
● Extending the scheme is quite simple (if CTs not too old) ● Extending the scheme is quite simple (if CTs not too old)
● Metrosil and Buswire supervision is required ● Metrosil and Buswire supervision is required
● Maintenance
M i t rules
l are strict
ti t ● Maintenance
M i t rules
l are strict
ti t
68 68
One Breaker and a Half One Breaker and a Half
Substation Substation
Requirements for the Tee zone Requirements for the Tee zone
69 69
One and Half Circuit Breaker One and Half Circuit Breaker
Systems Systems
S1 P1 S1 P1
S2 P2 S2 P2
Bus A Bus Bus A Bus
B B
P1 P2 P2 P1 P1 P2 P2 P1
S1 S2 S2 S1 S1 S2 S2 S1
●Use of one additional ●Use of one additional

● High Impedance ● High Impedance
Differential relay Differential relay
● Low Impedance ● Low Impedance
Differential relay (3 Differential relay (3
winding transformer winding transformer
relay) relay)
70 70
Systems Systems
Bus A Bus Bus A Bus
B B
71 71
Systems Systems
Bus A Bus Bus A Bus
B B
72 72
Systems Systems
Bus A Bus Bus A Bus
B B
73 73
Systems Systems
Bus A Bus Bus A Bus
B B
74 74
Systems Systems
Bus A Bus Bus A Bus
B B
75 75
Systems Systems
Bus A Bus Bus A Bus
B B
P1 P2 P2 P1 P1 P2 P2 P1
S1 S2 S2 S1 S1 S2 S2 S1
P1 P2 P2 P1 P1 P2 P2 P1
S1 S2 S2 S1 S1 S2 S2 S1
76 76
PART 2 : O
Operating
ti Principle
Pi i l PART 2 : O
Operating
ti Principle
Pi i l
Ad
Advantages
t / Disadvantages
Di d t Ad
Advantages
t / Disadvantages
Di d t
PART 4 : High Impedance Differential Protection PART 4 : High Impedance Differential Protection
Pi i l
Principle Pi i l
Principle
PART 5 : Low Impedance Protection PART 5 : Low Impedance Protection

Principle Principle
PART 6 : F
Frame Leakage
L k P
Protection
t ti - Principle
Pi i l PART 6 : F
Frame Leakage
L k P
Protection
t ti - Principle
Pi i l
77 77
GENERAL SCHEME GENERAL SCHEME

BB1a BB1b BB1a BB1b
Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral

Unit Unit Unit Unit
Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Unité Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Unité Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral
Unit Unit Unit Centralle Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Centralle Unit Unit Unit
Peripheral Units Peripheral Units Peripheral Units Peripheral Units

Optical Fibres Optical Fibres Optical Fibres Optical Fibres
78 78
Bias Characteristic Principle Bias Characteristic Principle
idiff (t) idiff (t)
Tripping
pp g Area Tripping
pp g Area
X X X X
i1 i2 i1 i2
X X
X X ID>2 Blocking Area X X ID>2 Blocking Area
i3 in IS i3 in IS
ID>1 ID>1
ibias (t) ibias (t)
Differentail Current: idiffnoeud (t) = i1 + i2 + i3 + … + in Differentail Current: idiffnoeud (t) = i1 + i2 + i3 + … + in

Operating
p gQ Quantity:
y idiff ((t)= )| = |  in|
) |i| diffnoeud ((t)| Operating
p gQ Quantity:
y idiff ((t)= )| = |  in|
) |i| diffnoeud ((t)|
Bias Quantity: ibias(t) = |i1|+ |i2|+ | i3| + … + |in| =  |in| Bias Quantity: ibias(t) = |i1|+ |i2|+ | i3| + … + |in| =  |in|
79 79
INTEGRATED FUNCTIONS INTEGRATED FUNCTIONS

●Peripheral Units Objective ●Peripheral Units Objective
● Local Current Acquisition ● Local Current Acquisition
● Local Signal Processing (magnitude, angle, saturation detection ) ● Local Signal Processing (magnitude, angle, saturation detection )
● Local Back-up Protections (Max I) ● Local Back-up Protections (Max I)
●Central Unit objective ●Central Unit objective

● Automatic Adaptation
p of zone number ● Automatic Adaptation
p of zone number
● Differential Calculation Element for each zone ● Differential Calculation Element for each zone
● Differential Calculation Element « Check Zone » ● Differential Calculation Element « Check Zone »
● Communication management CU < <-->
> PU ● Communication management CU < <-->
> PU
● Circuitry Fault Control for each Differential Element ● Circuitry Fault Control for each Differential Element
80 80
OTHER INTEGRATED FUNCTIONS OTHER INTEGRATED FUNCTIONS
●Peripheral Units Objective ●Peripheral Units Objective

● Pole Discrepency Supervision, for circuit breakers and bus ● Pole Discrepency Supervision, for circuit breakers and bus
disconnectors disconnectors
● CT Supervision
S i i ● CT Supervision
S i i
● Inter-Tripping management in case of Internal Bus Fault ● Inter-Tripping management in case of Internal Bus Fault
● Circuit Breaker Failure : ReTrip order (stage 1) or Zone Tripping ● Circuit Breaker Failure : ReTrip order (stage 1) or Zone Tripping
(stage 2) (stage 2)
●Central Unit objective ●Central Unit objective

● Circuit Breaker Failure– Definition of zones to be tripped ● Circuit Breaker Failure– Definition of zones to be tripped
● Maintenance modes management (per zone differential blocking) ● Maintenance modes management (per zone differential blocking)
81 81
Current Circuitry Fault Supervision Current Circuitry Fault Supervision
● Under ideal operating conditions ● Under ideal operating conditions

idiff = 0 idiff = 0
● Under normal operating conditions ● Under normal operating conditions

idiff  0 idiff  0
● => use of a circuitry fault alarm threshold so that : ● => use of a circuitry fault alarm threshold so that :
1.2 x idiff (normal operation)  (ID>1))  0.8 x Ifeeder (min
(min. load) 1.2 x idiff (normal operation)  (ID>1))  0.8 x Ifeeder (min
(min. load)
● => Affected zone blocking (option depending on manufacturer) ● => Affected zone blocking (option depending on manufacturer)
82 82
●The Check Zone Element does not take into account the status ●The Check Zone Element does not take into account the status
of busbar disconnections ((assignment
g to bus A or B)) of busbar disconnections ((assignment
g to bus A or B))
Total Idiff = Sum of current node idiff Total Idiff = Sum of current node idiff
idiff(t) CZ =  idiff =  ( i)  idiff(t) CZ =  idiff =  ( i) 
●Under pole discrepency condition on a circuit breaker or a bus ●Under pole discrepency condition on a circuit breaker or a bus
disconnector the differential current in the check zone remains
disconnector, disconnector the differential current in the check zone remains
disconnector,
nil, preventing any maloperation of the busbar protection, nil, preventing any maloperation of the busbar protection,
●=> A trip will be issued only if the differential current measured ●=> A trip will be issued only if the differential current measured
by
y the check zone has reached the trippingpp g threshold. byy the check zone has reached the tripping
pp g threshold.
83 83
Tripping Threshold Conditions Tripping Threshold Conditions
● No Blocking due to Circuitry Fault ● No Blocking due to Circuitry Fault
● Differential Current detected by the Check Zone Element ● Differential Current detected by the Check Zone Element
● Differential Current above the Tripping Threshold, ● Differential Current above the Tripping Threshold,
generaly set so that : generaly set so that :
1,2 x I_highest loaded feeder  (ID>2)  0.8 x I” Min. short-

short- 1,2 x I_highest loaded feeder  (ID>2)  0.8 x I” Min. short-
short-
Circuit Circuit
● Fault point inside the Characteristic Operating Area ● Fault point inside the Characteristic Operating Area
84 84
Use of only 1 CT on the Bus Coupler Use of only 1 CT on the Bus Coupler
●Pole Discrepency on the bus coupler Circuit Breaker : ●Pole Discrepency on the bus coupler Circuit Breaker :
Zone 1 BB1 ILOAD across CB

CB. BB2 Zone 2 Zone 1 BB1 ILOAD across CB
CB. BB2 Zone 2
EN EN
IdiffZ1= 0 IdiffZ2 = + ILOAD IdiffZ1= 0 IdiffZ2 = + ILOAD
CB CLOSED CB CLOSED
Peripheral but given Peripheral but given
Unit Status is OPEN Unit Status is OPEN
Central Central
Unit Unit
Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral
Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit
Check zone Check zone
Idiff =  idiff = idiffZ1+ idiffEN1 + idiffZ2 =0 Idiff =  idiff = idiffZ1+ idiffEN1 + idiffZ2 =0
● The protection remainS stable ● The protection remainS stable

85 85
Use of 2 CTs on the Bus Coupler Use of 2 CTs on the Bus Coupler
●Bus Coupler CB closed and fault on the Bus coupler ●Bus Coupler CB closed and fault on the Bus coupler
Zone 1 BB1 IdiffZ3 = IFault BB2 Zone 2 Zone 1 BB1 IdiffZ3 = IFault BB2 Zone 2
VZ VZ
IdiffZ1= 0 IdiffZ2 = 0 IdiffZ1= 0 IdiffZ2 = 0
Peripher. Peripher. Peripher. Peripher.

Unit Unit Unit Unit
Central Central
Unit Unit
Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral
Unit Unit
Check zone Unit Unit Unit
Check zone Unit
Unit Unit
Idiff =  idiff = idiffZ1+ idiffZ3 + idiffZ2 =iFault Idiff =  idiff = idiffZ1+ idiffZ3 + idiffZ2 =iFault
●In case of Fault on the Bus Coupler, the relay will generally trip ●In case of Fault on the Bus Coupler, the relay will generally trip
both zones, BUT, a two stage trip is possible depending on : both zones, BUT, a two stage trip is possible depending on :
●The fault current level
level, ●The fault current level
level,
●The required max clearance time (stability criteria) ●The required max clearance time (stability criteria)
86 86
Dead Zone Dead Zone
●Feeder’s CB open : Fauklt between CT and CB ●Feeder’s CB open : Fauklt between CT and CB
idiff idiff
Trip Trip
EN EN EN EN
Idiff EN = I Défaut Idiff EN = I Défaut
Idiff EN = 0 Idiff EN = 0
Ibias EN = I Défaut Ibias EN = I Défaut
Ibi EN = 0
Ibias Ibi
Ibias EN = 0
ID>2 Restrain ID>2 Restrain
IS IS
ID>1 ID>1
ibias ibias
● The relay detects the fault b y using a current criteria ● The relay detects the fault b y using a current criteria
●Fixe current threshold or ●Fixe current threshold or
●Current linked to the zone differential current, to avoid any pole ●Current linked to the zone differential current, to avoid any pole
discrepency problem on the CB status discrepency problem on the CB status
● No zone trip but intertrip to the remote end ● No zone trip but intertrip to the remote end
87 87
Typical Tripping Scheme Typical Tripping Scheme

Central Unit (87 BB) Peripheral Unit Central Unit (87 BB) Peripheral Unit
idiff(t) > k2 . ibias (t ) Local confirmation I>BB idiff(t) > k2 . ibias (t ) Local confirmation I>BB
Zone or IN>BB* Zone or IN>BB*
idiff(t) > [ID>2 ] 1 idiff(t) > [ID>2 ] 1
Local confirmation V< Local confirmation V<
idiff(t) > kCZ . ibias CZ(t ) 2 or V0>* & idiff(t) > kCZ . ibias CZ(t ) 2 or V0>* &
CZ CZ
idiff(t) > [IDCZ>2 ] 3 & idiff(t) > [IDCZ>2 ] 3 &
I  0 in more than 1 feeder 4 Local
L l signal
i l processing
i I  0 in more than 1 feeder 4 L
Local
l signal
i l processing
i
No CT saturation detected No CT saturation detected
5 5
No broken sec.y CT detected No broken sec.y CT detected
88 88
Low Impedance Protection Synthesis Low Impedance Protection Synthesis
 Stability
S bili iis entirely
i l d due to the
h bi
bias characteristic
h i i off the
h  Stability
S bili iis entirely
i l d due to the
h bi
bias characteristic
h i i off the
h
scheme. Metrosils and Stabilizing resistors are not required, scheme. Metrosils and Stabilizing resistors are not required,
 CTs can have different ratios  CTs can have different ratios
 Scheme bias characteristic can cater for lesser accuracy  Scheme bias characteristic can cater for lesser accuracy
CTs (class 5P), instead of Class X CTs, CTs (class 5P), instead of Class X CTs,
 CTs with moderate knee point voltages can be used
used, because the relay  CTs with moderate knee point voltages can be used
used, because the relay
can manage the saturation effects, can manage the saturation effects,
CTs can be shared with other protection, due to low burden, CTs can be shared with other protection, due to low burden,
 Number of // circuits does not affect he primary operating  Number of // circuits does not affect he primary operating
current current
 Fast
ast Tripping
pp g ttime
e ((Decision
ec s o bet
between
ee 3 to 5 ms)
s)  Fast
ast Tripping
pp g ttime
e ((Decision
ec s o bet
between
ee 3 to 5 ms)
s)
 Isolator contact are not needed to switch heavy currents,  Isolator contact are not needed to switch heavy currents,
 Extending the scheme is simple,  Extending the scheme is simple,
 Self supervision and breaker fail protection is easier to  Self supervision and breaker fail protection is easier to
integrate, integrate,
89 89

PART 2 : O
Operating
ti Principle
Pi i l PART 2 : O
Operating
ti Principle
Pi i l
Ad
Advantages
t / Disadvantages
Di d t Ad
Advantages
t / Disadvantages
Di d t
PART 4 : High Impedance Differential Protection PART 4 : High Impedance Differential Protection
Pi i l
Principle Pi i l
Principle
PART 6 : Frame Leakage Protection PART 6 : Frame Leakage Protection

Principle Principle
90 90
Frame Leakage Busbar Protection Frame Leakage Busbar Protection
●Principle and Limitations ●Principle and Limitations
● Limited to Medium Voltage BusBar applications ● Limited to Medium Voltage BusBar applications
● Can detect only earth faults ● Can detect only earth faults
● Means that the fault current betwwen circuit breaker cells and earth ● Means that the fault current betwwen circuit breaker cells and earth
must be measured : must be measured :
●=> Switchgear must be insulated from earth (by standing on concrete ●=> Switchgear must be insulated from earth (by standing on concrete
plinth),
li th) plinth),
li th)
●=> Only one single earth conductor allowed on switchgear, ●=> Only one single earth conductor allowed on switchgear,
●=> All cable glands must be insulated from the cell’s earth, ●=> All cable glands must be insulated from the cell’s earth,
●=> Only
O l one single
i l phase
h CT iis used,
d bbetween
t earthth conductor
d t andd an ●=> Only
O l one single
i l phase
h CT iis used,
d bbetween
t earthth conductor
d t andd an
instantaneous overcurrent relay. instantaneous overcurrent relay.
● In case of several sections (with couplers), Switchgear sections must ● In case of several sections (with couplers), Switchgear sections must
be insulated. be insulated.
91 91
>I >I
Insulation Insulation
92 92
>I >I
93 93
>I >I
94 94
>I >I >I >I
95 95

Confirmation by Transformer Neutral protection Confirmation by Transformer Neutral protection
False Operation False Operation
because induced because induced
loop loop
>I >I
(Insulation (Insulation
Fault) Fault)
>I >I
Tripping is confirmed by the Tripping is confirmed by the

relay, to avoid false trip 96
relay, to avoid false trip 96
>I >I
>I >I
97 97

>I >I
>I >I
98 98
Blocking Scheme Busbar Protection Blocking Scheme Busbar Protection
BUSBAR BUSBAR
PROTECTION PROTECTION
LOGIC LOGIC
>II >II >II >II >II >II >II >II >II >II
99 99

BUSBAR BUSBAR
LOGIC LOGIC
100 100
BUSBAR BUSBAR
LOGIC LOGIC
101 101


102 102
Busbar Blocking Protection Busbar Blocking Protection
● Fault at F1 ● Fault at F1
● Tripping of the Feeder Relay Only Incomer ● Tripping of the Feeder Relay Only Incomer
● Blocking of the Incommer Relay ● Blocking of the Incommer Relay
BLOCK BLOCK
● Fault at F2 O/C Relay ● Fault at F2 O/C Relay
● No Blocking of the Incomer Relay ● No Blocking of the Incomer Relay

● Time Delayed tripping of the ● Time Delayed tripping of the
Incomer Incomer
and Fault Clearance IF2 and Fault Clearance IF2
O/C Relay O/C Relay O/C Relay O/C Relay O/C Relay O/C Relay O/C Relay O/C Relay
IF1 IF1
103 103


104 104
Bus Protection - other application Bus Protection - other application
●Other Application commonly used for ‘’Oil & Gas’’ ●Other Application commonly used for ‘’Oil & Gas’’
● Use of a Partial BusBar relay ● Use of a Partial BusBar relay
● The 51∆ Relay is limited ● The 51∆ Relay is limited
to the load current of each to the load current of each
half section half section
I_pilote=I_incomer-I_coupler I_pilote=I_incomer-I_coupler
●Same scheme than previously ●Same scheme than previously
●Advantage ●Advantage
● Protection of BB1 even ● Protection of BB1 even
if TA is in maintenance if TA is in maintenance
105 105
Bus Protection - other application Bus Protection - other application
●Protection by Transformer Differential Relay ●Protection by Transformer Differential Relay

● Can be used in case of 4 feeders max ● Can be used in case of 4 feeders max
● No Bus Coupler or Bus Disconnector ● No Bus Coupler or Bus Disconnector
87T 87T
106 106

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6.1 BusBar protection 6.

Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14

Busbar protection Busbar protection

Busbar protection Busbar protection

● When a differential protection is recommended ? ● When a differential protection is recommended ?

Causes of Busbar Faults : Causes of Busbar Faults :

Protection Methods Protection Methods

● Differential Protection ● Differential Protection

PART 2 : Operating Principle PART 2 : Operating Principle

Biased Differential Scheme Biased Differential Scheme

Differential Differential Differential Differential

Mean Through Mean Through

Biased Differential Scheme Biased Differential Scheme

Differential Current I1 + I2 Mean Through

Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 3 Zone 4

BC1 BC2 BC1 BC2

No Busbar Protection No Busbar Protection

● Slow fault clearance. ● Slow fault clearance.

ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 1 ZONE 2

With Busbar Protection With Busbar Protection

Without Busbar Protection Without Busbar Protection

With Busbar protection With Busbar protection

Without Busbar protection

PART 3 : Other Substation Topologies PART 3 : Other Substation Topologies

Topology & Architecture of the HV Topology & Architecture of the HV

Main use : Main use :

Main use : Main use :

Double breaker - Double bus Double breaker - Double bus

Generally used in HV substations (500 Generally used in HV substations (500

Reserve / Transfer Reserve / Transfer

By-pass By-pass By-pass By-pass

Other Busbar Topologies Other Busbar Topologies

Common for Higher voltages (US) OHL FEEDER

Mesh Busbar Protection Mesh Busbar Protection

Effect of CT location on the global Effect of CT location on the global

PART 4 : High Impedance Differential PART 4 : High Impedance Differential

Single Bus Substation Single Bus Substation

Single Bus Substation Single Bus Substation

Double Bus Substation Double Bus Substation

Double Bus Substation Double Bus Substation

Double Bus Substation Double Bus Substation

Double Bus Substation Double Bus Substation

Double Bus Substation Double Bus Substation

●Auxiliary relays must be designed ●Auxiliary relays must be designed

Check Zone Supervision Check Zone Supervision

Check Zone Supervision Check Zone Supervision

Check Zone Supervision Check Zone Supervision

Stability for External Faults Stability for External Faults

External Fault with CT Saturation External Fault with CT Saturation

Stabilizing Resistance Stabilizing Resistance

Knee point Knee point

● => Zm can be considered equal to ● => Zm can be considered equal to

Impact of CT Saturation - Remind Impact of CT Saturation - Remind

Before saturation Before saturation

During saturation During saturation

RCT RCT RCT RCT

Insulation requirements Insulation requirements

RCT RCT RCT RCT

2RL 2RL 2RL 2RL

Internal Fault with CT saturation Internal Fault with CT saturation

CT Wiring Supervision (2) CT Wiring Supervision (2)

Voltage measured by supervision relay Voltage measured by supervision relay

95 Supervision relay 95 Supervision relay