Answer:

Exercise 11

We have,

Event A and B are mutually exclusive events which portrays that only one event occurs at a time

i.e. either A or B can occur at a time.

According to the question,

Probability of A = P (A)

= 0.30

Probability of B = P (B)

= 0.20

Now,

The probability of either A or B (P (A U B)) = P (A) + P (B)

                                                                                              = 0.30 + 0.20

                                                                                              = 0.50

Therefore, P (A U B) i.e. the probability of occurring either event A or event B is 0.5 which

means there is equal chance of occurrence for both events A or B once at a time.

Then,

The probability of neither A nor B (P (A ꓵ B)) = 1 - P (A U B)

                                                = 1 – 0.5

                                                = 0.50

Therefore, the probability of not occurring event A and B is 0.5 which means there is equal

chance of not occurring of both the events A and B i.e. P (A ꓵ B) = 0.5

Exercise 12

We have,

Event X and Y which are mutually exclusive due to which occurrence of one event blocks

occurrence of another event.

Probability of X= P (X)

= 0.05

Probability of Y= P (Y)

= 0.02

Now,

The probability of either X or Y (P (X U Y)) = P (X) + P (Y)

                                                                                              = 0.05 + 0.02

                                                                                              = 0.07

Thus, the probability of occurring either event X or event Y is 0.07 which explains there is 7 %

chance of occurring both events X or Y one at a time i.e. P (X U Y) = 0.07

Then,

The probability of neither X nor Y (P (X ꓵ Y)) = 1 - P (X U Y)

                                                = 1 – 0.07

                                                = 0.93

Therefore, there is 93% of not occurring event X or event Y i.e. P (X ꓵ Y) = 0.93

Exercise 23

We have,

Probability of A =P (A)
 = 0.40

Probability of B under condition of A (P (B | A)) = 0.30

Then,
Joint probability of event A and B (P (A and B)) = P (A) * P (B | A)

                    = 0.40 * 0.30

                   = 0.12

Thus, the probability of occurrence of both events A and B at the same time is 12 % i.e. the joint

probability of event A and B is 0.12.

Exercise 24

We have,

Probability of X1 = P (X1)
= 0.75

Probability of Y2 under the condition of X1= (P (Y2 | X1))

= 0.40

Now,

Joint probability of event X1 and Y2 P= (X1 and Y2) = P (X1) * P (Y2 | X1)

                    = 0.75 * 0.40

                   = 0.30

Therefore, the chance of occurring of both events X1 and Y2 at a same time is 30% i.e. the joint

probability of occurrence event X1 and Y2 is 0.3.

References
Gelman, A., & Speed, T. P. (1993). Characterizing a Joint Probability Distribution by Conditionals.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 185-188.
Lind, D. A., Marchal, W. G., & Wathen, S. A. (2019). Staristical Techniques in Business and Economics.
New York: McGraw-Hill Education.