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Electrical Model of In-Vehicle Power Line Communication System Based On Direct Digital Signal Transmission
Electrical Model of In-Vehicle Power Line Communication System Based On Direct Digital Signal Transmission
Electrical Model of In-Vehicle Power Line Communication System Based On Direct Digital Signal Transmission
Abstract— The technology for transmitting data through vehicle technology of +12 V power line communication (Power Line
power lines (VPLC) allows to reduce the number of wired Communication-PLC) [1,2]allows to reduce the number of wired
connections, reduce the weight and cost of wiring. However, the connections. PLC modems can be used for communication
implementation of high-speed data transmission through the use of between various points in the car via the +12 V power supply
sophisticated signal modulation and coding methods involves the network, without additional dedicated wires for data exchange.
use of expensive modems. As a result, VPLC technology has not yet
found practical application in the automotive industry. On the In the automotive industry, devices are being developed to
other hand, VPLC technology can be used to control additional demonstrate the feasibility of the PLC approach, and studies are
equipment, for example, electronic relays of car alarms. The underway of possible applications of PLC technology in avionics
wholesale price of such relays should not be higher than a few [3] or satellites [4]. Over the past decade, significant progress has
dollars. In these conditions, the problem can be solved using direct been achieved in the development of PLC for 220 V home and
digital signal transmission. The implementation of this method office AC networks. Numerous studies show that it is impossible
requires the creation of a relatively low-frequency model, capable to directly apply the results obtained for 220 V AC networks to
of adequately displaying the process of transmitting a pulse signal cars, because the geometric characteristics and the tree structure
through the car wiring. This paper considers the principles of of cable harnesses in these environments are completely
forming a model including a transmitter, a battery model, and a different. There is much more impulse noise in the car wiring; the
model of wired connections. The influence of the wiring
car PLC line has a low input impedance due to the low internal
parameters, the transmitter and the receiver on the propagation
resistance of the car battery. In addition, the data transmission
process of the pulse signal is estimated at a qualitative level.
channels of the car wiring, unlike home networks, are more
Keywords—digital transmission; car alarm; electric model; dependent on numerous randomly connected electrical
wireless relay consumers. Their connection leads to sharp changes in the load
resistances in the transmission line for short time intervals and, as
a consequence, to a change in the properties of the line.
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, communication in cars is implemented using three There are various approaches to creating VPLC models. The
protocols: LIN, CAN and FlexRay. These protocols use a +12 V most obvious and simple approach is associated with the
DC line as a power source for electronic units and dedicated lines experimental obtaining of families of transfer functions and input
for communication. The wired network of modern cars used to impedances of a power line, without trying to build mathematical
transmit signals has a length of several kilometers and hundreds or electrical models on their basis [5, 6]. Based on the
of energy consumers. This led to an increase in the weight of measurement results, only recommendations are offered on the
cable bundles and their cost. Under these conditions, the use of
the frequency range and transmission method. In papers [7, they give results that are accurate in statistics, they require
8], the authors first made an attempt to present the car wiring in detailed knowledge of the wiring structure, which is hardly
the form of a complex of multi-wire harnesses connected to each available to PLC developers. Instead, it is proposed to consider
other through junction boxes, as well as to take into account a the network as a black box and experimentally determine the
variety of consumers. Another approach to the formation of the characteristics of the model through a set of test influences. The
model is presented by the authors in [9, 10, 11]. Analyzing the logical conclusion to the studies performed in [9, 10, 11] is the
channel models considered earlier, the authors state that although
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creation of a channel emulator for transmitting data over signal from the transmitter to the receiver passes through the car
automotive +12 V power supply networks [12]. battery, which is a key element that affects the attenuation of the
signal. There are many electrical models in which the car battery
Summing up, we note that the statement of the problem is represented by EMF and ohmic internal resistance. However, it
almost always required the provision of high-speed was shown in [6, 14, 15] that direct digital signal transmission
communication (about 10 Mbit / s) between any wiring points. requires taking into account the internal inductance of the car
Analysis of the frequency characteristics of the wiring (they battery, which is about 200 nH.
contained numerous gain dips at frequencies that are difficult to
predict theoretically) led to the need for complex signal Let us consider the principle of digital signal transmission
modulation and coding methods, such as FFT OFDM and [13-15] on the example of a simplified model, Fig. 1. The
Wavelet OFDM. Implementing OFDM communications in the microprocessor of the main car alarm module generates a packet
frequency range of 1-100 MHz requires large hardware and of pulses reproducing the code message. Impulse "voltage dips"
software costs. This is precisely what has led to the fact that caused by the final internal resistance of the car battery and the
currently there are no cars that would use PLC technology for properties of the wiring, propagate through all the power wires of
high-speed data transfer instead of dedicated two-wire buses. the car. The wireless relay is connected in an arbitrary place to
the +12 V power line, and receives pulse control signals from the
But PLC technology can be used to control additional same power line. After the amplifier and the band-pass filter,
equipment installed on the car after purchase. For example, which suppresses pulse and low-frequency noise, the useful pulse
electronic relays for car alarms. Such relays break the electrical signal is sent to the internal comparator of the microprocessor
circuits of the car and prevent theft. The control signal is (MP). The microprocessor also performs the function of decoding
transmitted at a low speed (up to 10 kbit / s), but the technical and generates a voltage to the control winding of a standard relay
implementation of the relay is limited by tight price limits. installed on the electronic board of the wireless relay.
Wholesale cost should not exceed $ 7-10. It was shown in [13–
15] that, under severe price constraints, the use of direct digital
signal transmission is an acceptable solution. Digital transmission
requires a relatively low bandwidth (units of MHz) and, as a
result, it is necessary to develop a low-frequency model capable
of adequately displaying the process of transmitting a pulse
signal through a car wiring. For car alarms, there is no need to
transmit a signal from anywhere in the wiring to any other. The
number of connection points is limited, and the model should
give recommendations on the places of equipment connection.
The model should explain, at least at a qualitative level, the
influence of the wiring parameters, the transmitter and the
receiver on the propagation process of the pulse signal. This is
the difference between our proposed model and those considered
previously. Fig. 1. Model of electrical wiring in the digital transmission of the code signal.
II. CAR WIRING MODEL FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION OF Connecting wires between the main car alarm module and the
car battery take into account the resistance and inductance of the
CONTROL SIGNALS
forward R+1 , L+1 and return R−1, L−1 wires. And between the car
The communication system consists of a transmitter, a signal
battery and the wireless relay, R+ 2 , L+ 2 and R− 2 , L− 2
propagation medium (car wiring with connected consumers) and
a signal receiver (electronic relay). In [7], the authors, creating a respectively.
model of electrical wiring in agreement with car manufacturers, When modeling the circuit shown in Fig. 1, in Multisim 10.1,
established the following parameters of copper wires: radius 0.75 pulses with a duration of 0.75 μs were applied to the base of the
mm, thickness of the dielectric sheath 0.2 mm and its dielectric Darlington transistor [14]. The type of transistor affects the
constant 3.9. Calculations of the inductance and resistance per parameters of the pulse that forms on the terminal of the car
unit length of line performed in [13–15] showed that they can be battery. We will make the ultimate assessment by replacing the
approximately estimated at 1.5 μH/m and 10 mΩ/m, respectively. transistor in the Multisim model with an ideal voltage-controlled
An experiment to measure the inductance of the wire was key.
carried out first in the laboratory, and then in a car [13-15]. The Figure 2a shows the pulse when the Darlington bipolar
inductance per unit length of line was 1.0 μH/m. If the wires transistor 2N6038 was used in the model, and Fig. 2b is the ideal
formed a twisted pair, then the inductance decreased to 0.5 μH/m. key. Fig. 2c shows the pulse measured on the car battery when
The pulse signal transmitter (main car alarm module) is always using the Darlington BST50 bipolar transistor in the transmitter
located in the passenger compartment, and electronic relays circuit.
(signal receivers) are most often under the hood. Therefore, the
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TABLE I. EFFECT OF RC CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
During the simulation, a pulse repetition period of 75 μs was L+1 = 4,7 μH 100 200 400
Lbat , nH
established with a pulse duration of 0.75 μs. The simulation Rbat = 20 mOhm 220 445 840
results for different values of R and C are shown in Table 1, Rbat = 20 mOhm 2,35 4,7 9,4
which shows the pulse amplitude (in millivolts), and next to it in L+1 , μH
brackets is the value of the triple time constant 3 τ in Lbat = 200 nH 840 445 220
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connection points. In the ideal case, it is necessary to connect 2 (5-6) 0,60 (0,61)
3,40 3,40 12,00 12,00
anywhere where the nearest +12 V wire is. But practice shows (2,83) (2,79) (8,81) (9,26)
that there are propagation paths in the wiring through which the 3,40 3,20 12,00 12,00
2 (7-8) 0,64 (0,61)
(2,78) (2,80) (8,75) (9,12)
signal undergoes so much attenuation that it cannot be 2,00 4,20
distinguished from noise. Attenuation is determined by both the 3 (9-10) 0,36 (0,46) - -
(2,88) (4,47)
path length and the loads. And therefore, it is necessary to assess 0,90 1,20
3 (5-6) 0,40 (0,42) - -
the degree of influence of loads on the propagation of a pulse (1,03) (1,34)
signal. 1 (13-
0,60 - - - -
14)
Let's carry out an assessment in the laboratory conditions. A (13-14) 0,64 - - - -
simplified experimental scheme is shown in Fig. 3. (13-14) 0,64 - - - -
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1800 length of line in real automotive wiring are 1-2 μH/m, and the
1700
1600
resistance is 10-20 mOhm/m;
1500
1400
In the absence of loads, the pulse value at the battery terminal
1300
is mainly determined by the divider formed by the inductances of
1200 the wiring and the battery.
1100
хх
1000 0.5, Оhm
1.0, Оhm
REFERENCES
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900
2, Оhm
800 10, Оhm
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