PEDIATRIC REQUIREMENT:

REPORTING

TYPHOID
FEVER
Presented by Sharlin Macalintal
What is Typhoid
Fever?

"A communicable
disease marked
especially by fever,
diarrhea, prostration,
headache, and intestin
al inflammation from a
bacterium."
-Mayo Clinic
Etiology

Typhoid fever spreads

through contaminated food
and water or through close
contact with someone who's
infected. It is caused by a
bacterium called Salmonella
typhi.
 Predisposing Factors

If you live in a country where typhoid

fever is rare, you're at increased risk
if you:Work in or travel to areas where
typhoid fever is established (endemic)
Work as a clinical microbiologist
handling Salmonella typhi bacteria
Have close contact with someone who is
infected or has recently been infected
with typhoid fever
Drink water contaminated by sewage
that contains Salmonella typhi

Worldwide, children are at

greatest risk of getting the
disease, although they generally
have milder symptoms than
adults do.
Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms are likely to develop gradually —
often appearing one to three weeks after exposure to
the disease.

Early illness:
1. Fever that starts low and increases daily, possibly reaching as
high as 104.9 F (40.5 C)
2. Headache
3. Weakness and fatigue
4. Muscle aches
5. Sweating Dry cough
6. Loss of appetite and weight loss
7. Abdominal pain, Diarrhea or constipation
8. Rash
9. Extremely swollen abdomen
Later illness:
delirious, motionless and exhausted eyes half-closed; life-
threatening complications often develop at this time
Diagnostic Procedure
Diagnosis is usually confirmed by identifying Salmonella typhi
in a culture of your blood or other body fluid or tissue.

For the culture, a small sample of your blood, stool, urine or

bone marrow is placed on a special medium that
encourages the growth of bacteria. The culture is checked
under a microscope for the presence of typhoid bacteria. A
bone marrow culture often is the most sensitive test for
Salmonella typhi.

some instances other testing may be used to confirm a

suspected typhoid fever infection, such as a test to detect
antibodies to typhoid bacteria in your blood or a test that
checks for typhoid DNA in your blood.
MEDICATIONS/ TREATMENT

Antibiotic therapy is the only effective treatment for typhoid fever.

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro). In the United States, doctors often prescribe

this for
Azithromycin (Zithromax). This may be used if a person is unable
to take ciprofloxacin or the bacteria is resistant to ciprofloxacin.
nonpregnant adults.
Ceftriaxone. This injectable antibiotic is an alternative in more-
complicated or serious infections and for people who may not be
candidates for ciprofloxacin, such as children.

Drinking fluids. This helps prevent the dehydration that results

from a prolonged fever and diarrhea. If you're severely dehydrated,
you may need to receive fluids through a vein (intravenously).
Surgery. If your intestines become perforated, you'll need surgery
to repair the hole.
 Nursing Responsibilites
1. A liquid or soft diet was a treatment
mainstay during and immediately following
the febrile period. Encouraging oral intake
to a weak and feverish child presented
2. Promote rest and maintaining absolute bed
rest were crucial
3. Monitor movement and instituted
precautions
4. Monitoring and recording temperature,
providing antipyretic therapy, and
assessing the response were critical
nursing measures
5. Observation
6. Nurses were responsible for monitoring
and educating patients, staff,
7. environmental disinfection—removing
waste from the patient care area,
disinfecting bodily fluids before disposal,
and cleaning everything from linens to
doorknobs visitors
Rational
1. This is so food is easily digested and can
makeup for cars and fat loss; oral intake is
increased to have patient gain strength
2. crucial to recovery from typhoid fever
3. to prevent injury caused by thrashing
during a febrile seizure
4. Nurses were responsible for selecting and
administering the least intrusive way to
reduce fever
5. Relapse was common, and complications
such as intestinal hemorrhage or
perforation were more likely to occur later
in the course of illness. If intestinal
hemorrhage occurred, the child was
returned to full bed rest, and the nurse
applied ice to the abdomen, elevated the
foot of the bed, and administered morphine
hypodermic-ally.
6. measures required to prevent the spread of
disease
7. to prevent infection from spreading
 ASSESSMENT
with rationale
Gather subjective or what the patient has to tell about
symptoms, feelings, perceptions, and concerns in order to
make their outcome better and bringing the patient back to
recovery.
The objective data would include assessing the skin, if the
person is restless or not, and taking their vital signs. This data
would support that the patient has signs of typhoid fever and
the nurse is able to proceed into interventions of soothing the
pain, providing comfort, and bringing the normal vital signs
back to normal as soon as possible.
Skin assessment and care because Prolonged fever, bed
rest, diarrhea, and inadequate nourishment put these patients
at high risk for skin breakdown and pressure ulcers
FIRST AID
GUIDE | 2020
 in relation to Typhoid Fever

Health Teaching
Prevention Control and how
to Prevent Infecting others
 Wash your hands.
Frequent hand-washing in hot, soapy water is the best way
to control infection. Wash before eating or preparing food
and after using the toilet. Also, teach the patient the proper
technique of hand washing.
 Avoid drinking untreated water.
Contaminated drinking water is a particular problem in areas where
typhoid fever is endemic. For that reason, drink only bottled water
or canned or bottled carbonated beverages, wine and beer.
 Avoid raw fruits and vegetables.
Because raw produce may have been washed in unsafe water,
avoid fruits and vegetables that you can't peel, especially lettuce.
 Choose hot foods.
Avoid food that's stored or served at room temperature.
Steaming hot foods are best.
 Take your antibiotics.
Follow your doctor's instructions for taking your antibiotics, and be
sure to finish the entire prescription.
 Avoid handling food.
Avoid preparing food for others until your doctor says you're no
longer contagious.
Direct Patient
Care 
with rationale

1. Monitor patient temperature degree and

patterns to know if the fever patterns may
diagnose in any underlying disease.
2. Observe for shaking chills and profuse diaphoresis
to know if there is high temperature and presence
of generalized infection.
3. Wash hands with anti-bacterial soap before and
after each care and encourage proper hygiene.
This is so it reduces cross contamination and
prevents the spread of infection.
4. Provide tepid sponge bath and avoid the use of
ice water and alcohol. This may help reduce fever,
however the use of ice water and alcohol may
cause chills and can elevate temperature.
5. monitor for signs of deterioration of condition or
failure to improve with therapy. This may reflect
 References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/d
iseases-conditions/typhoid-
fever/symptoms-causes/syc-
20378661

https://www.mayoclinic.org/d
iseases-conditions/typhoid-
fever/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20378665

https://journals.lww.com/ajno
nline/fulltext/2005/04000/a_l
ook_back__nursing_care_of_t
yphoid_fever__the.31.aspx

https://www.slideshare.net/ha
nasheque/typhoid-disease

http://apps.who.int/medicine
docs/documents/s20994en/s2
0994en.pdf

https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/typh