as ‘The Prospects for Psychological Science in Human-Computer Interaction Allen Newell Camogie Melon Univnsty Stuart K. Card Neen Gal Alte Resear Center his papr edcusen the propels of peony playing sige ole in the progren of imer-sumapur® incrriion tn any Bch, wd ene ce thet it muthermatial or there technical em teeny toe totter sciences, cven irae softer sciences have porn combos take. eps that, aecomputer science and iia inelligence cont Tne umar-sompuies teraction tae thie appen opeyeh {ible pryholageal science. Thisapprech, bwever, Max Ben erie ot hecontents. idvutagtin nto Seca the nee 5. MARDENINCTHEE SCHENCr 2 Bile bth amour Fak oasis Find Ripe Application Domaiae 1. INTRODUCTION Human-computer interaction i cleanly driving. ines the seelerat ing activity, ne need only pot the ACM CHI (Computer-Human Te. sein) and the IFIP tetera etiam o the resem pearance i the fell ot wo new jours, hme wn xormaton Tenaya ama onpte resto, eld Fama onpace neat insane ‘many sscptines amputee graphics, human ltrs ogi pyealagy, il atl itelligece In thik pyr we wih single nt eo he What athe peonpects pmsl laying gia ole in hiring ‘eld? "The question nportant fort reasons, Fist the prove itech and computers isa universal shat goa The we revs rm paytogy ie viewed hy many to bea Ky to hi ete Stare thisview Second aeansierabe gout of yrychologealrescash abe ning bone nf sth computers "Thay eames ‘tveether basic a pple prythinl ses ll jay af nino ‘esis are wall og eal esate sheen eae pablo sud funding agencies fava eee he ease for pryebulogial reser might rem har need aging Wiha name ke bus com putes eration, would appeat thatthe eae syhology isl estabinbed. Yer parents esl hne heesien PROSHHCTS FOR PSYEHOLOGICALSGIENGE 21 ter yest me and women wth a apparent nga an she hi Avene The eth athe secon peg hi Gla By ‘mean be aur. This ie ie we wih oor hee "We fir acu the pba pyc hl wl aves paying signet role inthe developncat ol humane nest, he pertain ‘what thin role might be. Newt we rn to he problems thi som, Fal Swedes the wns ponjete Out kcysom pach dst an h ‘theraspeciaof human computer ineravton arent iar any athe tnter echoes and hee sppeting sciences are cearly val Our coer into auca wbtherpychokny fab Fal, Such a concen dct nt ea ell rts teclncaldceasion, bt i hes large doce of opin onthe te four ld ativan tee ture. This paper, teretore, ine man csny—and hit af oe 2. THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 2.1. Gresham's Law ni 6th century St Thomas Geetany, 3 faualer a the Lana Royal ‘ange emulated ae esr th at that eye ese “iappear om crcalation, leaving only te worn ones, esol, this leat the new eine were ineinscally word ste melted don thn the a wie dees a oh Given the exinence of some hart wience—quaniative oF otherwise techni —and the existence fae altace ned an ene wil eno be wad a the sat sctence ane ogi wal the lnaprtan sues are within the arp ithe ha seen Av conse pis thse festa hive nay oie sete Wit hen tendo be ignored This phenomenon ours despite nv expt he Tet by all concerned sat the qualitative farsa nortan, Qualitative fe tora are ll aide wen they fish tial nals,Example 1: Operations Recarch. tn pertins esearch ad manatee linear programing. uring then. eigen Ts side consist tmecacf vrs, of ranger tits an ex Fetaton, an ase conceptual ete, ach va rs yao will Fo i ance, alah entrepreneurs nn bergain alu the wert of» G's ‘lla assign dla ure, analy eat ae praca mater, neta {ond ill ine Ener progeny del vo ireommuanee. tufts ster a substi Weratre iv operons eee ‘leering ih ak of quate consheraions. Yer, despite thio era sample 2: Human Factors, Consider next the dle ie and tines of tuum factors Human factors at aii es bck 40 years to World Wor I aihough snd enginersing routs go ak ante 20 years), There ascertain been much brave tall about the central role dat Munn factors should play in the development of machine: And indeed there have ensued tonne reali det gu, sch in ue payed a ennine cole in scp design Ba ae il these yar there rn of dissin within the Fld of hm ha Ihetrsapesialis arene taken sssvinly att wad wish lx, Melts Inmet reste the omen Fat Sty Dalla pa ‘Many somputerspiendeignersappea iohave no knowledge systems, oF that « subatantial humnan-faciors database exists vo help here is dhs much evidence i he furmnstors Lert dha hasan facture practsioners are not relly i the center af the ward in whith they srork Hart science, sn thelr of engineering ives out ot scene, i the To of ara fct. uampl 3: Programming Language shin cx meses Minor riers hry ey fran rola amet the compat on ne ey te programmer the cr inan appre sie fr Inge eh Inthe wld bm the compres, undersaaing hm ose PROSPECTS FOR PSVEHOLOGICALSCIENCE 21 snd lly shennan se, waders ge hott css eas Tanguagesseeve or the wee OF Iangwaes contain many apps caae onan ee tinal noyeholoyieeiene nora appeal wpe ‘ome esa nthe haan sede exh fone a sage a wit Shermans fr Pig (0) ao ay aa books weigh esis the wo ves And nan (172) a vary af aks tommplercunscurtion, pring, peogran spi Uinoatonalsemantis, pisive langage, LK) gears, ahd sre ‘turd grating elle wo nd he Buna ide, te ee iy of programming anges vical Seal se agorits {ll ghoethorense syntetie langage ase al hone Merten Ther at ls shina ko wi epee te ppg) of rogram langues but fa ewer an of hat consis eas er idinyneatc experiments The human computer parts poring Tangagesbave evel eae yey (ad Newel, 1988). Tis Comparison sno ply iat keegan less eh Lewd abou sompiers, jt ste operation of Grea’. tceetngy the techy ging Language bass ways i Seng enti rom the aussi human pa ofthe eerie, Carte Shenacainhe pm wit SAB Te on Hse has ely rai ear eo hath fics. perm thing lr res. Rape prenaeyping typeset ees ur koe ting st Hone wos ie slain the user pene me Ke pa abe 2.2, The Hard and Soft Seiences ofthe Interface omy ‘he hard sien othe honan-cpter interface ompter seks —he technologies of computer fraphis, sonnnn anguages interlace rograns, ‘ind microcomputers. This tre wen th computer seience tse ise Syeda tare ay Beha “Tesi scene of te bunna-onpatr interfere, peony ve she wer (Hansen, 1970 3289 esi CGnmnnicte eh nea emi, p40)a NEWELL AND GARD, ot may desire dings a hey spores rm nln entry at alin he display of dt ors (Sih mr engacering the ierface, ay have alent octal yclgicl a egrlkagy ft, ay cere, omnia, fon aie ‘a am cores ata elie. Yet aaher technology anal ance svi wth eng senate ve neice Mt Tea en sompe opting, Al i isu abr, hn a der sey A tn wo apy bw cece ae cave npn itera, et Ieepmybtgas.lnverestingy, AL lo ss 3. THE VISION "Me nde Gres aw were aed cea when with oan Mra) sre begun ove rset no arn ma Kevan PARC i "he 19704 Bu weal dawson atthe ime of how jeg eal ot Gael play sigue (we tenabling) ale the prog eos hutaneomputer traction. Alyn the 17D, engi pytlo ere fine sj te deere aa pear {a oxen peytigyfor Imancomnpter iteration, Over the eat ew lr the shape such tation vision et design were heaton walt yt design tie ne herent ketene of eee of reo “ake liferecenchading healt wo make rade wh part the syste ‘hen the designs fhe pit eam, Mii vexjnslity nay fom the dee cals, uate te fle er mou designers bo Kame tating aot mswctoenl cegerings but ell ttprucoginecingcrmabtals ce suber tel designs to engiaering orl that have mo diet connection wi pene), Likewite computer intertaces ave we desig by eu fencers ‘mechanics of making the interlace works eS PROSPHCTS FOR PSVCHOLOGICALSCIENCE 2 Ajevond incinleerhe ne or segineringeyetbeaey lowes “flere wid th camper, This plist nyt characteris toh Shaye cael, tn aprinion. Task ops cans peeing [portant for ab ane blr on yb despa ofthe ash Tene Caleation mcs that pesto ee tans he judgnent el the towr, expec of he protic the Sesame of nes extn the emia eatin spt Apnintion ape tht ea wor a sospens nat thi beter Rather, apinatin ofthe. However le i the pe ecesey ingredient i fre by wniting for iia hore sat are highly accra tm the Fst Me develope ine ofeach at bia ata i son he or 1 hr sh Tm Moa Te Pry of an protean aealationl ores seal ot aaa the Ade Mw Purr, the GOMES tio tae, a he Kept La! Md Uelaped these oe he task nn of inert et eating ad po Geum, 4 Wherry. 1981) provides an example, essen tt hay man ciperatoeael bedded general smut eysterm. Phe ea fsa he tals rage he as vironment nthe itn a man ar ate sly xe pt he syste, he pte ca ee tir experiment with variations dat are expensive to ivy pote tape (Lane, Strie, Leplan, 1979), Alvagh ther ae iss around ieyotembeded seiner there ie question ote pase fs i) be nal ton, 5. HARDENING THE SCLENCE out proteins Sul, our camelion sha, i Imyhologial cence sob msg fair fu hunnarcomnpuer era thon hem thir vision must mot be abandoned; rather, sn prttms mas be vere. Is thus appropriate to spe the remade fies consider Inthe prospects for everconing the problem of lve, the prable cpe, ‘he problem of lateness, an he problem of remoteness im application ce shove 5.1. Overcoming Low-Level Si Paychology Sets the Framework for Task Analysis {et ue tare wid he fr pale ofthe vision, that the hence ft aw level wallet the devign of real sates, Many if the probes of uray ‘computer interaction ae ate eel how invent sensor cites ike ‘oordinated work, computeraided design af VLSI chip, autring of pars fvheugeal iene nthe Hey of aay, the aerangerten of ey {cea ite lly Gop pos blogy sie) at the igh al Yet glee tasks otmshoring pps oe ring surly tolve una am eh "Tether something nla in shina of ar? Or jus dat py holigy isha dat higher level tha hte ea tra ie lg in de loping ae fom the Bat? ‘The Time Seale of Huon Action. lt heeds ce 1 ‘hing base stout thelr ne walxom wiih nan tion acer et Ten dlleren cla theres or von of dive craton. ls Fue Salle enciatd! witcher human actin fg posite the inicted durathin. For example, atthe dvation of snot second ha roughly bie thre ends, thet rth oft paydologel operations auras eho reac ition ot iA wih oo en she esha aaa sca the teary changes ae done a shoe ferry. Such dagen has ceri eavaies al prcranea carat Bu Inetarn for sch crit, we eto ace are pater partir, the di ram aug cht the noise dent nano al it 1. The nai of mata an, ‘The loess bt —beloe roy 30 cei ‘he domain a stra Ho. Physicist, and logy provide the sie {ie mew, "2 Thesonn of sla. Stting joa elo ent second me ener the domain of prychotagy Symbolic processing a mental weshanies dn utes Cycle vines, person ad wt ans are the unite ato Snsry ‘he terminal) af the Mel lua Prine). ‘Theve ae rier fv the Ine ht describe nee tates, shor shane (ai Taw bt they die racy tn 2 ivy, being tho of an inkrmation prea atehtetre. The pnbolie which nan cviy dsr by giving the alr casein tempted ‘dying chapse, or playing gone, These activi recat ihe, ht ingdOaninutes on whole wkeraoun. BC eogeiiveesture of sue aetuies parted by hc cane eds hcrvohy of als snd sboal, generated ine?6 NEWELL. AND CARD, TIME ACTION MEMORY THEORY ey rommon aia) To? (decades) Technolgy Gala to Gear) Symcm Development Seca 1 Gawontts) Design ducati 1s (weeks) Tank wa) atk sui oe hours Tank Sk Pounded 1 Gen ming) Tank LM Rasionliy 0 Gaim) Tak crs 10 (enemy Uneak TM = 1 Gees Operator STM Pyehotogel 10+ Gents) Cycletine Ballers 1) (eemtiees jal———Innegracion Neural ant 10 ouliseesy Pate Summation Biochemical ie of he task “The coy that applies dsb is her Tonal caeulaton of means ands by the wee dein wh a doi iho tra he sce Rn abut the anal cari ede ta the fn The wee calulations are ofcourse lite ar banded (Simon, 192 by this kone and bythe wer centages ‘4 The denn of srl ad ganization Ihr. A the tne eae become longer week, nant, and yeurs~ meena world where the ted stor ‘Saray and where ania theory comes to dominate, Although individuals ‘ontnue to operate in intendedly rational wy, ht cial ntratons play incresinglystonger eles, eading te site Isard signet ee, Ditorent ern are used dsr the characteristic angen: edn, fe selopment, and ealtural change, The ations are oganizatnal desig af a \ercimper terface (mont developmen fa new ierlace type forex She pera somputes (yrs a thecnergee og evhnnlogy Relationship Retaen the Pehla an Bowel Rationality Bands. ‘ine duration fans teraction es beh the pel sl ogy al a tande-aionaityBa he poye he sine cota Ahemachincryfeesoning: he inten rates of presence, wore ing memory size snd relay sing thee Tied pean. Fleas the user proms theta ak analy hat cava Thchomge durin enna onsen btn Thistle ‘lhe wet dane hy the nar he eve teuneown al cn Ie tinge! on the bjetive tank nays sdane by an observing se tis maison eo ee peta mera, te wer rigs he sk ‘uation quota of uve knowledge sll, the memory el Cham of Pyare 6 she LYM nl all exeniag Gn the bounded Turter, hough concen by “anal baa i owes ad ays (and ‘he changed tersinology. ‘New pychologal lw of infriaton processing do nt aise at longer racing, There a ted, the accumulated levi Tantei menor Sittacuiston, Thew eet are nluenced by the we’ goal oriented Sons about wha stent ad what to pete. Ts, new psychological ptenomena cut ine ieee, Dut hee sheet explanation i 4 be rnin he serpy of he ln procesng mechani of he prycholo ‘Stun an he upersitendedly rationabemteawors, OF ours, te pact of Seciliccogitive mechanisms that enenges drations above a inte a Bnemprieal question, And thas oe vid hat here are yer logical thethantms at lomge ive scale, sucha the sleep-wake ete ae well ‘Hogi enum Uf neta, fag, and snd beanging 1 the leone rationality regi (altho cogntvepryeloogy has not ye ben sttew interne these in is view wrt proce) But the veal joint tha above a inate all dorzing sat the human sous ad 8 Framework ofthe we’ rational endeavors om is own Deal Prchology and the Lee of Human-Computer Interaction, yeti scien secs tbe a tn Tow fevel Because the ine wale of human henpue interaeton Fallon the inte aso wo lasses of theory, ine hich primarily payctogia Thelower ban (ents of cd up (operhapa inate) tat of cogsitive psychology of psjeologial ams ant tmcrhant as described inthe Aode! Human Processor. Thi doin be tongs to cogsitive payciology, Prycholicl plenmena abound al coxa tive papehaogit ae the eens ho eve the ou, describe hem at, tnd epee them in theory However this hl is the a eo the ist rein, Pewee tert, we ae a,b bigger mental ish ryme NEWELLAND CARD. ‘ENE nd Gini up to day) i cht vended etna sss {Epes ae Ie were the lage hae be ound =the help pte 4 Tuidomatn belongs tothe tnkonnain east The eucslngeien Sistas analysis of hesitation fared by the uae. issn a hat hm faye soul help and what activites vapor he sinment of teasers tvs ‘The cognitive poehotogi has no unig capabilities or such invest {ations of specie tase domains of CADIAM, sales support, or msc ‘Our conclusion, dherefore, that the rks af he visio bing now level to cver the phenomena ofthe iterfice i pally cones. The dana ‘that marks psychology’ unique contribution deed lite wo the bra oe, low afew minutes, which indeed i lw the lve of much that seal Jnuinan-computr interaction, Butt snot the whole sary fo wo rt thet bands ae connected because the rational ask analy being He iy a human user fined eal, dered by te ower eg tive mode: Pehle ditt onde ational he ad att eed teandtand at hap the wr nde. "The vision wyatt pychology sd Aleve that mel not fn ‘Second, understanding the tak orn iy heist reirement inthe boned rathnaity domain asthe ‘t huan-compater snceracton inypones, enteyng tthe anaes ying Ine! of the human proceor will becom inreingy ceva Thi is unclaimed neler teretry ae cold wel bs eycholog's contin, 45.2. Overcoming Limited Scope: Fill Out the Mode! Human Processor 1 erica of the vision, shat he sop he ph omen and content coveted by tsi ar ole. fact, the seope of thevision has always cen noader thn the pei sien The Pigg af Heme Confer Intraton. Toe les were the results «parla te search path The prominence of performance mest, fr instance, sceurel because ofthe lac ofthe nl reearch succes. The large isi was rele in the Movct Human Peocsur whith inched atone ‘shat the prewar tudes ould us The asi ny (hat model ean be tae a one par of am agen for mbat ned be de to increase the uel sepe of payhologiea! cnc fr ding humon-connpater ‘oma euler the ers Tat emi inerease tes stembled into cleultonal amerark tf he Mee! Human Pree Tn there appear oe momber of eee avances oe promising ines of ingly PROSPECTS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE that ave spe fr itegating nt din ty tren i aope, We mention Hevea Tew af hee a newly apne pis Integrated Medea Copuitin. ste n Figur |, EDT Ssasabatonpeto nts operational oe derive ck fam oan ncl proce ha apes whey ar aN eckslocmenne pyc. dal indy sng opersing print cl i pete ns caultons wt ae Thug we onmplc mod didhave tive ft age ety ool pce in singe anor sab nist ‘comcurrently, although ech with te nent yaaa aetna Sec ering eet i roar er xs lan ie Motel Han rose a aeqligearil ee meter hearin oingtcrm meyeanikohe Tiina Wln) ties nrc need yom ha he Computer iteration, Thy ere ewe neve ned broadened eet Tite bse on which to Did » Model Huan Praesrsileeaeulational Cotesina Mode of Pcption. ‘Vi Mosel Han owes city ete n te ao pore en ACT"). Gen heal garlic nature of oer nse ease shoroing, Perceptual feats ate importa in tae png and the tne time bana Inthe pele bn pss an inert st peecn rome pphkg vier any Pema cra hele Tent face, Screen cmtan, tony sing detox ees20 New 1 sera me hat cura this level. Pereption af course ba me are atca of pycoogy with ll experiential we, This bane fe bing ‘died ina mansicital Hendin of Poveptn (Bl, Kasia, & Thorns, press). The bank ventana he eal erent many of them rising out of linea syste thcory There rem ners in paving hie ety int the sort of tegrated aetna ee wk nest ee ‘icering use (Watson, HHS; Watson & Abs 185) ‘But major prublems een asthe ne ration inerenses. We current do ‘pot have go ways of handling the use of graphic representations ren ‘pace and relating these co the semanas raga the ve tak En stdicrar beginning, bowever, make progres the Eph repre sentaion in the striae (Bewley Kober Sehr, & Verplank, 198 Verplank, 198), direct manipulation interlace terns (Shneiderman, 1988; Hutchins, Hoan, & Norman, 1989), and windows (Car Pavel, & Farrel, 1984; Drper in pen Reichan, pres There nso develope her fil sear Rrende & Wein, 1960, Hinge, 1977; Card 188) but ie hae no yer Be sae Fal oo and a ot bee integrate into lege mae "Thee chun the potential for» Mosel flumas Protest {be coallow anes to much mre sophie perceptual quran Performance and Eror. Sk pHermanc time sd of the: GONG ihe Keyaroke-Level Mode! ore, ae bein extended by the work of Palio ‘Ti Kiera (1585) wo combine performance and learning and by out own Eaich on simolurresponse compaiiliy Gon, Rewrbloom, & Newell, 195). With reapest to fn out bron here has Tong existed mel cvetoped heory of problem solving, which applies bh oman eon (Greeno, 1978; Newell & Simon, 1972) and tan intelligence (Rich 1903). Thisshery x providing th base or a uml ofdevelopncms sucha ‘he planning models inthe discourse work (Allen & Pesca, 1980; Caen Petal 197), eve Yel elevated pred However, hs hoy ha ot de nahin! wa for desgning the se sere With reaper thc situation mined Once an cher cvikecowiorspyeusioin varia pve! behav aed hater int exbting tery Some ot hatin sl ence GOMS ike. Tose ef behavir ais benun cvs theme oe nt sey of ae ocaene, ‘Meth deal wih: Soe coerced tba fo eal problem “"iing ihr dagosing»stuaion sd for recovering em On he ther and, he vein wa errs ocr addr ae sno dof much nar ork. Historical, wor en crreharcomsed ofan saad hci ferortypeand then abulaing ero currence the po ‘uy Ba eset, Novtan (61, 185,164) ha developed teat PROSPECTS FOR PSYCHOLOGICALSCIENCE 23 based taxonomy of errors in terms ole cgi nicanin ht ase thee (Cotditinguiing lips om misses). We ean peta iwi ee {elerate proens Eve ay of acca fae ‘Svatonal validity would be exeaely usu Ulimatey. tor caeres us be integrated nt teers that deserve penance ed Teathing Tee iseominuing ned fr gon wrk hee Even ih the are prorat mal here comtes to be ath rages and pprtite Knowledge Representation and Mental Modes. ‘Tue Mel Haasan Proceso mca hat wee work terme of eral pole ees tions oftheir aks, bce on the nace of these rpeeecvatons. Yet he tse representation ofthe ak plays erica ue in deter the uss tehavior Within th at ew yours however, ch researc bs been done to provide ome basis forunderaodinga ners ent mel of pate aed fir beginning to connec with haan computer interlace design (Ue O95; Gengner Stevens, JOB, Vong, HN), Hane (1088) Ba provided viene for theexiene af users models andr eletaon pelomaane, but hss that te diet oe of uch sade oy ne ee ened tht wera employ (othe might emcee the rest af he ‘oie ey vate stl me, rater ha uring the wel ae) Tei necenry tops beyond ceri wees odes exiting see avi reiting te were! ven only a desriton ft ak ds Structure, pls the general ste of khowledge and il ofthe ser. AS every Inher che engineering allan eorex ont lial hae sy Tote hee that wor on apboledetintionvol the ask, Suh aries hve tharely een attempted ye Where ty ave, the inguin anal of hand ealetators (Young, 1981), te ronneetion wo setual human bear has remained somewhat entows. Werks ase! weal representation another Promising way in whi the wpe of Moet Human Proceso could be Acquisition of Cgnitie Sil. oth she Medel Huan Process Fg ret inconporte ft that hasan learn i wo ways: by soing informa fon inn rm morale wy ving {Gavin tal) beng much faster than learning procera knowledge Anwming fi), Theories ote ede for bth types of leering. However, i ay Iunarsompuer iteration depena morebeaily on he later Learning tne asptem~arivng at where performance cn be decribed in GOMS ike terme is conmately the sequin of cognicive kil “A theory af cognitive kills ais han Begun to emerge (Anderson, 1981) wth many ofthe ensure ee fr subtly expunge oy of the Model Human Prosewor, Several independent effort model bulme NEWELLAND CARD. ilerent domain learning Lisp ad geometry (Anders, 1982, 18), “iru substi (Vath, 188) ree systems (Rosenblonn ‘the ingredient "The leaner i ake a proetion system (ut tales of bat acts wll be taken uncer what contin). Cons mppear ‘ong the cottons of ules. Learning consis of ding new prdation Fatetothe curteot sea rales, Skil sisi with the ate in bith forthe fle (at opposed to ules that tp mugs eht, I tm, setup eter ‘ubgonl), The canatruction of we rules cannot be dane deiberatly bythe sal representations generate during attempts to aie sone gal sueeses nd flues both yield eevant experience) ‘Tha, bal eequied for he “eauisition of procedural worn scar the earner ed tht will rate new production rues through the automate proces. Any way of geting the earner sda tnks in he sil dain sca tng ol or iar, Tetosing ven plan, ple solving ean, watching aiming ‘Shucvenfa lve, deieaercien ing His anon an anulogy ad ‘Suc a theory of cognitive oil ha important potential for widening the scope fa Model Homan Prost I ncompouble in asnptians and meee ve lrger ceive made we have been eoewsing Te fruse ‘ual the lve of estat concern te huan-computer interaction, ei nied in Bearing» computer lange such Lis Tappa be general nou aki quisition. What dacs nev ortho de {lone show ork wit hi hey nw exklaionel ode Sach Theory sa ocr pre rater elle om pete erin the fystemst ie learn nor the eonstants in the apres leaning equations that cam be derive rw the theory. But he eeory specifies the mechan trhich ce to etree tne phenome Party Linear Mls. somonon sesture appears repeatly in these Acorn, which worth pting ut because ste ne path towne bl ing appropriate models. A given phenomenon of ateret ea be concep ‘Phsomenon = Volone prt + Dita po ‘Sonnethngin the tank oceuts ivan adhe ser must deal wit iy re eating wm eration age aber of esha generate Hines pt Tinear inte, errs, solution opportunites, or whatees. However, he pe romentn aba bs an equally song iromger) nonlinear component which ‘ie eerie sarc offal Tia, he tandardacentiestategy of “pproximating a plenary i Hiner term can work Unadoraed omen men forteasing othe nonlinear pat, Thus, we un tink oe ie pt ina made, ans to amt in gu ical shecuaten futhe anima of ext vob ea By akg ex Ho ar reang becomes linear proces wil simple rate constant (e450 wow per tinte or light pone, 250 or eral pene). "he ili arses Vip a vary af teration anal windrstantting slr enenens Ure ae ‘many interesting cgtve muse the eaing ps (Rise oy 8) that show this dal rte linear pre with inal conan tnuphorie erect, ew word he GOMS at Keys rel Made pr ‘Tinea (one) pu tise aut erations ail by he aera tne per pert Te fis neesting ape iat the a ‘ype of operat at ye determine whe he vole Ute se for dined uk sk, iu snyaes wth thew el na Krmance time gen the meth, This decposiion works because the veto cant determines epee by tak alysis Alo, ex ai ‘hl easier o dhe tak analy expe wens than uve wets Sin Tally COMS- fie madel dea wth espa vin, wag ther ae on not ene them foward vie bebo. he seco nesting ase ‘nce she llsty porte err law, whi text ing at be twin (10% 0 295, Hao reer a tine aheory, hey ate pi at an! the GOMS and Reyuhe-Level Male recat rong expt be fy in ino ih or example sesing wh etna sla, he we Seve to we the propose method, how ach the wl The as tae “Th remote examples. arin ears trial ons the {Volume parts equate ino of terial ears, but awe bo Thom murh work in pychology. the unio earings ot he exalt, bo ‘he hn (Miler, 1990, fete wae ae hae he terial prey oxganized in chunks, then ony the remaining chunks mst te ered. The ely pr appear ob peominanty dew interference fa the work of Polo tind Kiera (1985), proaion systems poi a er GOMS rvaton of PHCT and exer it predural earings Bt i tha partly Harel aie rly i banana sd sha they pow ukrling, fet for uch the ‘aealtonal theory in he Mod Hsin Proear Tifa prvi sone fiance in asking haw 40 bul sppprin clive tars To oerPorth 6, rig a NEWELL ANDCARD 4 oe “ fee Seige woh ce pephel Cumulate the Science of the Canonical Interface ‘Te thind problem withthe vison concer he ising of ace for mak dng progies tnx rapily mann echo Byte ie yas of ty ih eeepc eres reached smarty he cxsmpl, he Teng hol {paseo bitapped diaplays i hich the old pbs were no hanger of Fevers By the te we wert ited spy he sch hve pase on wo me eae displays. Ad om he ratina ange that rico cme, sb ha is possible ra sly wonucee Unately th ols il alee be i plate aly the ing ew secnology Te phe awe elle for—to construct at tgincring se they ofthe wei sly in this ation, Thug the “puter ian rena mere esoogy ems wo be navn ever inte while ‘Teta eine casts exe old i and redouble she {lt his waitionl amet ast be cone However. there nanny pata anneror a east aisle more tobe sid toterfncs hardware tly Bghy mandrel seo the indus. Atay ri in enya ew nterfve devices ein general use (Figure 7). Thos, eave had progression fon 10 haraceree uppercase pe Mpenitrite interfaces ro CT hase gas teletype to highsrew tion Inotindow dips: Atay aders and printers) Further, oth ‘pogrenion start even cari wih er tet of the sateracecarelae ype, imeraction rte, computations pe iteration peep sien ise play ave, me, memory availble hr he Hythe system oe war, numberof emprational aes ‘Sonsing cameanenty, aa degree of ellgence ofthe itrlae pga, ‘Aromonimstepevery 3 yeas ew comin tae ove aname) cme oiduminatethe rene Ove he yes this interlace poses through ype ile vice aring on developmental expensive sed site researel enviton ‘ems then rising prominence, ten are nally Undergoing slow phove out ae vaecessive canonital inert ‘ah th ie yet, parameters rad improve, bute gst ofthe Inustge dso change Mont sangeet pie eliaiity and phys ieulpackoning: whieh eee market penetration enormously, ut nov te ser “hheterdtes,Ptcen 20 years ea eemonable gute forthe tl Titi sr inerfan ype: Ihr sem ng oe tht it ry dusvotgerhap three tania insesfve shar the scene at any manne, each In diferent phe of ie yee tun tks tbe done ompatr go drug de intetaee—dhereore ‘uy teh the trent enon interface. Thus, sere i spelled, weed ensieonment, which the lcs of aman compate ineraction ] PROSPECTS FOR PSYCHOLOGICALSCIENCE 215, ce ash neal cue ane ee ian erly hentia Corea estres: Terminal device toe fate ot meractan ‘Gemputtion ser imteracive cycle ‘Amountoldplayestarmsion ‘eda Tet Box ropes, Fu graphs, ‘Memory or the sytem or he user Number sctve agents ‘mount iiigence all inventsand purposes, then, the payeholagy of uman-copter incre tion ehepyehogy of iteration wih canal interface This in tmarkable situation, 1 sharply diainguiter the peycelogy of human Computer interaction from general bums fetrs, which must deal wi immensely more variable operating enviconment, ad ence a 2 much harder tak. The canonical neta the feature, ay hat igh Sieur dines orem interac, Recs d enough inc hugh perp jot arly. ksi chan steely ny agli hn aan Pos The nr tha thr pecilinion eens cage eeelag bmg om ttn reel of Heer 20 NEWELL AND CARD 5.4. Overcoming Difficulty of Application: Find Ripe Application Domains Filly, tus turn woah fur ant xtc fhe vison — hat the a etwren theory none hand, aa el applications on thee, i age ‘foam anger that ane nets Ke tying {When ular is ‘covered im proposed approximative models, we sould bul improved once (asoppmed to saying model are premature and throwing the whole des ou) Tha favorite rane of McCulloch (1968), "Dnt Bite my finger, lok where | iting: (Even aclatvely por approximation may be of signi noe te ily of pees oe elelatons nya xan sap i iment af these mses esuives tence by many people nailer ft circumstance, Studies that ave appli tested, proved, of extended the approsimative reels of she nok ne tus more 08 the igh rack (oberson, McCracken, Newelly ID, Allen & Sects, 1, Bemley i, 1883, Come, lum, Wheeler, Shatin, Grachaes, 18; Pole e Gar ter 1989: Roberson & Black 16, Rows e Moran, 1983; Borenstein, 1985: ‘Gon, 1985, Whiteside, Jones, Levy, Wie, 1585), "A second aoc i ok fr oud application domains. The important propery eck in applications is that hey ae ripe fr avancing selene "hot iry will once te deve of Mv Haan Processor tn theron teat afapiations, Applicaton sdnvaine ate tl exalted hop lable, And seiner esl from one nies domain to 3 new one is Salinity easier than bring sees he Hist ine ‘One ineresting dain tellignt tring nystems (Andon, Boye, Reins, 185, Slerman & Brown, 1982}. aresystems capable attain “student ina ape curently very naerow) subject ater. Le present the Sede ith materia to be Karnes wi excrete o be done, ieanalyaes the student priormance onthe execs pei guidance a hep or theexereie andi chose ew materiland exci are othe stents Sent state enn. BA ial intligence systemsihey tnst understand the subjece mater well nah to ole he tems thon ‘heya wo aay desde often fumbling attempts at linge pra ion a Rem uses at and naan modelo te eudents ‘hey mast ofr from he student’ behavior ot only what he knows and wha fhe will do, bt al poi wha instructional step wl ep and what will ‘Finder rier easing. They mst in ther rds be ater sphinited i emo, he subject and edatna evel ange ily broly, rom eles Sstarastom pblens Baron, 182) Lisp (Nero Redes, 185), "Yoewe oe way, elie utring systems oe om ater app cation ure, thengh pechapt interesting beeaae applying computer tee tion has ech contentaaor dads or cane trewine tial intel ll, PROSPECTS FOR PSVCHOLOGIGALSCIENCE 27 {papules tale! the wre saa). he te al at ‘velo presi stent kaso very pain fo in the Mel Hn Proce stly ws ani! pag ne ete tat rogram, rather tha mn prychologn, qo make he eatin a Prediction, insures bctve alton laksa (Fat eset todeh wil ab be approximate needs arly esa) "Ts otligent toring night be he ate wich He Moe Hon Proce filly develop and weds gh donate ts al at Ihr eguitivepyloy athe inti nei. Once et eeary factors poi eane or opin. Fide lig toe interlace "chon rm the pont of view othe Mel an Provesor ea is Dine all the sual aeration pwns ei alt aional phenome earning Seond,cogitve ceace in elation ivery ai curren, theres much new sient draw pen Inder, Bosh have ben de ‘White ssngy nd xc nk ter within ones (Onderson, Boyle, Farell, & ener, 104, Vann 18) 6. CONCLUSION Gresham's Lat: Hard Since Dries Out Sft. Vs pine i our tsk lsu the main conan hat wil isin he ute tl ef pe Toga sien in human-computer interaction, Our sonra ete ha et to cheer for psycholgial science oars sec hr i ako Profesional reonn. We are uncer wih wheter oy hay san ‘rent proper pyholyis havens cpl whee hey intuit or wellweatedo entity te ames WeEWalivat fae tetas We sik pycholaial wns bere no Een eonributons yak bu ta, sl cee compare computer scene) testa infenc ce wel mari Te nly chee me oe vein see hd hee ‘There it Nothing 4 Unga! e2 4 Gad Ther ‘hiss wn oi is, ba tna the ey to heen the ckcne. We tee Dl Ply Han {Conte urctiont provi incr wat night ahi hie Psible in Arlerson's ACT" aheory ‘he on apna rant ke Ho etn he ntl sight tn high,2 NEWELLANDEARD, Good Studies of the Interface Vid Pho, Not Pvts. ‘here itn Tertaces, bu to provide taser cri, Moat pplication ote tetuc stl be made by applying ony my ding spesial experi {Ofcourse othe later are wef a8 ell) PaycolgialRecarch Best Aft Desig by Providing the Designer Tels for Thought, “Poyhtigial tories and expesinenes uch Fat inden of Altes or Normans ramework ofae-analy, ca shape te way ce Ser hinkaboura role, Analysen ey contains a ple ean inthe maya ie pars hfe sae, Providing a ho re cicive way of erin han ening nt the ierfce than a ‘The Race is Batwcen the Terese of Came Science and the Hare of It tin Design. loostiveenperimestal programe hs en the bass for most imerace teats bevanse it tests tecnigue Iva env onment rail sang ceshvogy, rape programming ste ‘fay to get there she ates wth he mvs. om ne ees ive “psoas gv nif peal, eich den provide payor nove syemate seni inestiatons. ial he enc, if cum Totes atirekuliclnt abstractions and theory to suggest new technology ‘Yeons and fo develop substantial leverage over Satie designs wh py develpinen, dena are the sino te tealn. Fora scence vo play @ ‘Sica role in tsholagy uae be the means by which importa pees Ute desig some ob, "Te revere sie the on that hi patti pres She oftecnoingy an ala be of bene to payblogia acence ly pr Siding sustained, concrete nex of problems to solve with visibly measrable {esuly, Weer shipboard chronometer or marine navigation or human interface fr couple yes thing drives baie scence eter ha ga pied problem “leattgmente We wv ra J Fn, Bas Jy Tas Man, ad ‘Abo A$ Ulta B.(22) Ther ping ening adempilig, Fa 12 2 Engle ib, Nf: Pree Ha Mens Be Pra 8, Ansty eeni nl Se, MW, (8. esis mam a "Fs on Of noma Sm, I, 378 ioe A PROSPECTS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 99 1,8 (19a, Cag pobre York Fn H.'ks (tly Cope sl al sr mq Hila rs J (2) Te oer Re Rie BJ I), he St i 148), 10-1, ‘Arua Ree, (183) cg ng Si eC, Fal Ree, | 2) Cage wy, Wty Rt St Vea Wf (183). Homan re in gi Ks HM Sea eee ark, Perdige a en ‘ron ne tn Cpe Spo (C11 ot Routan Thana, (ls) (a) Panda oppo and bee (han, V3. Mew Yok Wey if (18), Tran atest ior: Avril vio Reae tel Moran thoy bse te Pb of CHL 5 Shou) New Vas ACK rn (4 Dingo snl A.D. Skea) "Sowa Ul, nt tig pa p97), New Va: A ari, 5 [189). Vina ava espe tonal ms fa Begs BG Tis ae) Aan alfa, (pp. 39-18). lle, Na Tete ab Mpc (Pe eft Amey Nooo GS Nltan Poke), Tp tein ill, NI Lawstare Eire (Gan. 8, Poel My Farell (0), Wind te gf A Daas 4, 3838 Loa TP env A. A.) prin digs a ngratd ompttina envon Drape, SW ie) Dipl manages and eas fr eran cain TnB.A Novena W. Dupes (tle). Unarmed i. Naw pp statin anton ii Race an hairiness Pon P At (1980) Tellman apc the mn ey mito movement, ral xt Pop #7, 1-3 Ct ve te), mh ia, Marnea NEWELL ANDCARD ee me Monn Ft in Compt Sis (CH W9 ( Goan (iy Tee ging data desig ofa ew esti: Pino Se ee na arn sot Stn CH Hp 24-21). Now Yor Cine) Lens, © 18), Dei “ees sh, Ps of he Gof ‘na. New Yoo ACM Ca Goins Toceanarat pening. He (a) Han Fee eer pou at pp 238270) Hilda, NI: tam iy tie igering pe erotic pss ino Ir np ajo 2-832. New Var AES eke ant) tata ea tdi New Yk, Wane Boks Hoth Htiatiancy Ds & Novum, DA (pos) iret npn ee HA. Norman 83 W. Drapes), rsespod: Na ao apa aon Hse, Maree Ew Avie jt, owen, S.A Newell A (8), sity applied wo fonsan-cempurer interaction. Poeings af the Conf on Ja rm eg Sef im ae sees rnc arnt Hamas ae Si aly, 272) ae ee Moncks [A (im). bik min A pho of wer a ne dng, Peg be Cnfrron aas Ree ap S ‘eee a) New one ACM PROSPECTS FOR PSVCHOLOGICALSCIENCE 1 Newell A Sn, HA (172), an fin ating Heol Cis NP ‘ia DA. (80. ey pa Sym fH} pe tl. Nee Ne ana.) Desig as hse aes specu 2h 4-2 Nawuan DA & Draper Sn), rp de: Ne re tio kama arate ie; NE Laven Ptr Mf aGaner, 8, (8) A compart mean a estes “ingyen ere hail Cf a Fane sr cp Nw a {dH 35) py 20-12), Now Vs ACAT ‘inane Hin es), Common psig or wide mts fo D ‘Nonna 84. Drape ny rnd pt die Rw opti {input ted ise, NL san Ace sie (ont) jah New York Mtoe i aber. or} (85 Planing sn iting eka. Pa etn nu par SH oy 3-8 How ‘chin cnn fat nn ow Mie Sui, 8, 1 oscbiomn Lady ev MD, Newell & Orc HC), ‘RS Aneaperin hese rerio ing rete ie ERE Conform Pro el aca aig 12) 00-90 nner Moran (98D Resting Wamngatestel ef nr tan am np Sn see AG Reve Ti Pn atin tan steams B80), Sir 9 Sine, (nary) Ress! 1 gf Hm opts nari, smth (8d), Mun iy, 2 Cte MA: MET Bn Seeman, DH Bn J. (Be) (02) Tat ine pans Noweaa NEWELLAND CARD. Sih Se JW UML rg iia fr myn ma er Sige, KUM {185 Novel), Reviews The Pda of Haman Camp Pw va Cnpang Resar 2a) 18 ‘oma iy Comins Ha ses) & Diya (dnt) Ont nse Rit, Py dns fo ha lpi: Fain AES ite Pmt Home Cana Cana Hs Cor Wore AH ELM) vteeem sl qt sie patil ar ba ‘raiaht.d Seite), Paton neat gsi 3) New oak Springer ‘Wan, AB 8 Aaa, J (25), Mako an sl nse ar late Opal Sr of i, 2, 322-308 whites, fone Sang PeS ia D193) User pete wih van “hg te Cnn Han Pn aes PS (CH Rp 18SeO1) New Vere ACM Tey The ne ae ean: User al pork “I aaa Ma tin S, THEI ord Rear his se pop Freee,