PHYSICS

GENERAL ENGINEERING

International Systems of Units Metric Prefixes

(SI units) prefix multiplier
- is a system of measurement based on ___ base units. 1024
Quantity Unit 1021
length 1018
mass 1015
time 1012
Electric current 109
Thermodynamic temperature 106
Amount of sunstance 103
Luminous intensity 102
101
A. Meter 10-1
- is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value 10-2
10-3
of the speed of light in vacuum c to
10-6
be _____________________________ when expressed in the unit m 10-9
s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs. 10-12
10-15
B. Kilogram 10-18
- is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of 10-21
the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the 10-24
unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are
defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.
1. A cylinder with platinum-iridium alloy is used to define the kilogram.
C. Second What is the name of this cylinder?
a. Le Grand K
- is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of
b. pti alloy
the __________ frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine c. standard kilogram
transition frequency of the ______________ atom, to d. standard mass
be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1
2. What is the cgs unit of force?
D. Ampere a. Newton
- is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed b. erg
c. dyne
numerical value of the elementary charge e to
d. poise
be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A
s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs. Uncertain Digits
a. Only used when recording any measurements.
E. Kelvin b. Each measured number has only
- is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the ONE uncertain digit (the last digit written.)
c. Each measured number (with its ONE uncertain digit) reflects the
fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to
accuracy of the scale that was used in the measurement.
be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg Example: If the recorded measurement = 3.476g, the accuracy of the
m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms scale is to the nearest 0.01g (the hundredths place), and the uncertain
of h, c and ∆νCs. digit is the 6 (the thousandths place).
d. When adding or subtracting measured numbers, the answer should
F. Mole reflect the LEAST accurate scale used in the measurements.
- is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 Example: 3.145 + 2.1244
5.2694 (calculator answer)
140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical
5.269 final answer using the correct uncertain digit
value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit
mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, 3. In the measurement 29.4 cm, what number(s) is the uncertain digit?
symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified a. 9 and 4 are both uncertain.
elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, b. 4 is uncertain.
an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles. c. All numbers in this measurement are uncertain.
d. 2 and 9 are both uncertain.
G. Candela 4. Which measurement has higher uncertainty?
- is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by a. 123.4
taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of b. 120
monochromatic radiation of frequency ____________, Kcd, to be c. 123
_______when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, d. 123.45
or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in
terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
 PHYSICS
GENERAL ENGINEERING

Significant Figures Linear Expansion

a. Only use when you are multiplying or dividing measured numbers ∆L = Lo α∆T
(examples: volume, density).
b. Significant Figure (sig. fig.) 11. A copper bar is 80 cm long at 15o C. What is the increase in length
RULES: when it is heated to 35o C? (For copper α = 1.7 x 10-5/oC). It is ________
b1. Nonzero numbers are ALWAYS significant. e.g. m.
396 has ___ sig. figs, a. 0.00057
65432 has ___ sig. figs. b. 0.00027
b2. Zeros between nonzero digits are ALWAYS significant (“sandwiched c. 0.00037
zeros”) e.g. d. 0.00047
7609 has ___sig. figs,
5.0004 has ___sig. figs. ___________________________________
b3. Zeros that fall both at the end of the number AND after a decimal - thermal energy whose transfer to or from a substance results in a
point are ALWAYS significant. e.g. 0.00020 has ___ sig. figs., change of temperature
35.0 has ___ sig. figs. ∆Q = mc∆T
b4. Zeros that act as placeholders are NEVER significant. e.g.
0.02 has ___ sig. fig., ___________________________________
0.0026 has ___ sig. fig. - the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into
400 has ___ sig. fig., a vapor, without change of temperature.
400. has ___ sig. figs a. ___________________________________
c.In multiplication or division, the resulting answer must be reported with - The amount of heat required to change 1 g of a substance at the
the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the temperature of its melting point from the solid to the liquid state without
FEWEST significant figures. changing temperature.
for ice: 80cal/g; 144BTU/lb; 334J/g
5. How many significant figures are in the number 0.220? b. ___________________________________
a. None. Any number less than one is not significant. - It is defined as the heat required to change one mole of liquid at its
b. Two, only the non-zeros are significant. boiling point under standard atmospheric pressure.
c. Three, the leading zero is not significant, but the rest are. for water: 540cal/g; 970BTU/lb; 2260J/g
d. Four, every digit is significant.
12. How much heat is required to change 10 g of ice at 0 deg C to steam
6. How many significant figures should the product of 1.2 x 1.4592 at 100 deg C?
contain? a. 8.5 kcal
a. 6 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5 b. 7.2 kcal
c. 6.8 kcal
___________________________________ d. 9.1 kcal
- is usually stated that every particle attracts every other particle in the
universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their Vibratory Motion
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between a. Pendulum
their centers.
m1 m2 L
Fg = G 2 T = 2π√
r g
1 1 g
7. The distance between Earth and Moon (r) is 3.84 x 108 m. What is the f= = √
magnitude of gravitational force each exerts on the other? (Note: mass T 2π L
b. Simple Harmonic Motion
of earth = 5.97 x 1024 kg; mass of moon = 7.35 x 1022 kg)
m
a. 1.764 x 1020 N T = 2π√
b. 1.789 x 1020 N k
c. 1.809 x 1020 N 1 1 k
d. 1.986 x 1020 N f= = √
T 2π m
8. At the surface of the earth, g = 9.806 m/s2 . Assume the earth to be a c. Spring
sphere of radius 6,371 km, compute the mass of the earth. F = kx
a. 5.12 x 1023 kg 1
E = kx 2
b. 5.12 x 1024 kg 2
c. 5.96 x 1023 kg
d. 5.96 x 1024 kg 13. A pendulum of length 3 m is pulled aside and released. Find the
frequency of the pendulum on earth.
9. A spaceship orbits the moon at a height of 20 km. Assuming it to be a. 0.29 Hz
subject only to the gravitational pull of the moon, find the time it takes for b. 0.35 Hz
one orbit. (Note: radius of moon = 1.738 x 106 m; mass of moon = 7.35 x c. 2.9 Hz
1022 kg) d. 3.5 Hz
a. 110 min
b. 90 min For problems 14 to 15
c. 120 min An automobile with very bad shock absorbers behaves as though it were
d. 100 min simply mounted on a spring, as far as vertical oscillations are concerned.
When empty, the car's mass is 1000 kg, and the frequency of oscillation
10. The “triple point” of a substance is that point for which the is 2.00 Hz.
temperature and pressure are such that: 14. What is the spring constant?
a. only solid and liquid are in equilibrium a. 96.07kN/m
b. only solid and vapor are in equilibrium b. 108.92kN/m
c. only liquid and vapor are in equilibrium c. 138.64kN/m
d. solid, liquid, and vapor are all in equilibrium d. 157.91kN/m
 PHYSICS
GENERAL ENGINEERING

___________________________________
15. How much energy does it take to set this car into oscillation with an v ± vo
amplitude of 5.0 cm (assuming all damping can be neglected)? fo = fs
v ± vs
a. 110.23J 21. Car A moves at 72 km/h and car B moves at 90 km/h, approach each
b. 142.28J other. Car A honked with a frequency of 650 Hz. If the speed of the
c. 176.92J sound waves in air is 350 m/s, then what is the frequency of sound heard
d. 197.39J by the driver of car B from car A.
a. 669Hz
Speed of Sound b. 689Hz
a. in solid c. 714Hz
Y d. 739Hz
v=√
ρ 22. A car moving toward a stationary observer that emits 490 Hz sound
b. in liquid wave. The beat frequency heard is 10 Hz. If the speed of the sound
K waves in air is 340 m/s, what is the speed of the car?
v=√ a. 6.9m/s
ρ b. 10.4m/s
c. in gas c. 18.2m/s
d. 20.7m/s
γRT γkT
v=√ =√
mmolar mmolecular 23. What is the speed of light in diamond whose index of refraction is
2.42? It is _______ x 10^8 m/s
a. 7.26
16. Determine the speed of sound in concrete material with Young’s
b. 1.24
modulus of 3x1010 N/m2 and a density of 2400 kg per cubic meter.
a. 3355.53 m/s c. 2.98
b. 3535.53 m/s d. 2.63
c. 5353.53 m/s
24. The Sun is about 1.5 x 1011 m away. The time for light to travel this
d. 3553.53 m/s
distance is about:
a. 7 min
b. 2 min
17. Find the speed of sound in air at T = 20°C. The mean molar, mass c. 5 min
for air (a mixture of mostly nitrogen and oxygen) is M = 28.8 g/mol and d. 8 min
the ratio of heat capacities is 1.40.
a. 344 m/s ___________________________________
b. 340 m/s - a law stating that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and
c. 350 m/s refraction of a wave are constant when it passes between two given
d. 330 m/s media.
n1 sin θi = n2 sin θr
Open-end Air Column
v 2L ___________________________________
λ= =
f h - The light ray can actually bend so much that it never goes beyond the
Close-end Air Column boundary between the two media. This case of refraction is called total
v 4L
λ= = internal reflection.
f h 𝑛2
for problems 18 and 19 𝜃𝑐 = sin−1
𝑛1
The fundamental frequency of an open-end organ pipe is 392 Hz. The
third harmonic of a closed-end organ pipe has the same frequency. The 25. Light traveling through an optical fiber (n = 1.44) reaches the end of
speed of sound in air is 346 m/s. the fiber and exits into air.If the angle of incidence on the end of the fiber
is 30o,what is the angle of refraction outside the fiber?
18. Determine the length of the open-end pipe. a. 42deg c. 46deg
a. 11.13cm b. 44deg d. 48deg
b. 22.07cm
c. 44.13cm 26. The index of refraction of benzene is 1.80.The critical angle for total
d. 88.27cm internal reflection,at a benzene-air interface, is about
a. 20deg c. 34deg
19. Determine the length of the closed-end pipe. b. 14deg d. 90deg
a. 22.1cm
b. 44.4cm 27. Material a is a water and material b is a glass with index of refraction
c. 66.2cm 1.52. If the incident ray makes an angle of 60o with the normal, find the
d. 88.6cm direction of the reflected ray.
a. 49.3 deg
20. A 2.29-m long organ pipe acts as a closed-end resonator that b. 91.3 deg
produces several different harmonic frequencies in the audible range c. 60 deg
from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Assuming a speed of sound of 343 m/s, d. 34.7 deg
determine the 5th highest frequency that the pipe can produce.
a. 187Hz 28. An insect, trapped and preserved within the amber, appears to be
b. 276Hz 2.78 cm beneath the surface, when viewed directly from above. How far
c. 337Hz below the surface is the insect actually located?
d. 409Hz a. 4.29 cm
b. 3.19 cm
c. 1.54 cm
d. 1.16 cm
 PHYSICS
GENERAL ENGINEERING

35. An object is 30 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 10 cm.

___________________________________ The image is:
- the scientific study of sight and the behavior of light, or the properties of a. real and larger than the object
transmission and deflection of other forms of radiation. b. real and the same size than the object
Mirrors c. real and smaller than the object
a. ___________________________________ d. virtual and the same size than the object
1 1 1
= + 36. A lens has a convex surface of radius 17 cm and a concave surface
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖
b. Magnification of radius 38 cm and is made of glass of refractive index of 1.55.
ℎ𝑖 −𝑑𝑖 Calculate the focal length of the lens and classify the type of the lens
𝑀= = whether it’s diverging or converging.
ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑜
c. Radius of curvature a. 55.93 cm, converging
𝑅 = 2𝑓 b. 57.45 cm, converging
c. 55.93 cm, diverging
29. The image produced by a convex mirror of an erect object in front of d. 57.45 cm, diverging
the mirror is always:
a. virtual, erect and larger than the object 37. The focal length of two lenses are 10 ft and 20 ft. What is the focal
b. virtual, erect and smaller than the object length of the combined lenses when they are in contact?
c. real, erect and larger than the object a. 15 ft
d. real, erect and smaller than the object b. 30 ft
c. 12 ft
30. A concave mirror forms a real image that is twice the size of the d. 6.67 ft
object.If the object is 20 cm from the mirror,the radius of curvature of the
mirror must be about: Relativity
a.13 cm b.27 cm c.20 cm d.40 cm ___________________________________
- The laws of physics are the same for all observers in any inertial frame
31.A concave spherical mirror has a focal length of 12 cm.If an object is of reference relative to one another (principle of relativity).
placed 6 cm in front of it the image position is: - The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless
a.4 cm behind the mirror of their relative motion or of the motion of the light source.
b.4 cm in front of the mirror The theory has many surprising and counterintuitive consequences.
c.12 cm behind the mirror Some of these are:
d.12 cm in front of the mirror
 ___________________________________: Two events,
32.The image would be _______,if the concave mirror had a focal length simultaneous for one observer, may not be simultaneous for
of 6 cm and the object was 4 cm. another observer if the observers are in relative motion.
a. Erect and virtual  ___________________________________: Moving clocks are
b. Erect and real measured to tick more slowly than an observer's "stationary" clock.
c. Inverted and real  ___________________________________: Objects are measured
d. Inverted and virtual to be shortened in the direction that they are moving with respect to
the observer.
33.The moon is 3476 km in diameter. What radius of curvature should a  Maximum speed is finite: No physical object, message or field line
concave mirror have if it is to produce a lunar image 10 mm in diameter can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.
when the moon is 3.84 x 105 km away? o The effect of Gravity can only travel through space at the
a. 2.2 m speed of light, not faster or instantaneously.
b. 1.1 m
 ___________________________________: E = mc2, energy and
c. 2.2 cm mass are equivalent and transmutable.
d. 1.1 cm
 Relativistic mass, idea used by some researchers.[9]

Lens General Relativity

a. ___________________________________ Some of the consequences of general relativity are:
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖  ___________________________________: Clocks run slower in
b. Magnification deeper gravitational wells.
ℎ𝑖 −𝑑𝑖
𝑀= =  ___________________________________: Orbits precess in a
ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑜 way unexpected in Newton's theory of gravity. (This has been
c. Radius of curvature observed in the orbit of Mercury and in binary pulsars).
𝑅 = 2𝑓  ___________________________________: Rays of light bend in
d. ___________________________________ the presence of a gravitational field
1 1 1
= (𝑛 − 1) ( − )  ___________________________________: Rotating masses
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2 "drag along" the spacetime around them.

34. The type of lens used to cure farsightedness is ______________

lens.
a. Concave
b. Convex
c. Biconcave
d. Plano – convex
 PHYSICS
GENERAL ENGINEERING

Metric expansion of space: the universe is expanding, and the far parts 44. How fast must galaxy A be moving if an absorption line found at
of it are moving away from us faster than the speed of light. wavelength 550nm (green) for a stationary galaxy is shifted to 450 nm
(blue) (a ”blue-shift”) for galaxy A?
___________________________________ a. 0.198c
1 b. 0.237c
𝛾= c. 0.312c
2
√1 − ( 𝑣 ) d. 0.456c
𝑐

___________________________________ ___________________________________
𝑢−𝑣 - it deals with the study of light and particles at atomic and smaller level
𝑢′ = 𝑢𝑣
1− 2
𝑐 45. Beta particles are electrons or positrons emitted from a nucleus
during beta decay. These particles travel at a speed of _________ of the
___________________________________ speed of light. a. 9/10
𝑣 b. 1/20
1+𝑐
𝑓𝑜 = √ c. 1/10
𝑣 𝑓𝑠
1−
𝑐
d. 3/5

𝑣 46. How long is the de Broglie wavelength of a 1200-kg car that travels
1−
𝜆𝑜 = √ 𝑐 with a velocity of 25 m/s? It is _______ x 10^-38 m.
𝑣 𝜆𝑠
1+ a. 2.21
𝑐
b. 2.65
c. 4.65
d. 4.56
38.What is the mass of an electron travelling at half the speed of light? It
is ________ x 10-30 kg
a. 1.05
b. 2.31 ___________________________________
c. 1.65 ℎ𝑐
d. 1.56 𝐸𝑝 = ℎ𝑓 =
𝜆
39. A meson when at rest decays 2 μs after it is created. If moving in the 47. The eye can detect as little as 1 x 10^-18 J of electromagnetic
laboratory at 0.99c, its lifetime according to laboratory clocks would be: energy.How many photons of orange light whose wavelength is 600 nm
a. 2 μs present in the energy? a.5 b. 4 c. 3 d. 1
b. 0.28 μs
c. 14 μs ___________________________________
d. 4.6 s 1 1 1
= 𝑍 2 𝑅∞ ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 𝑛1 𝑛2
40. A Klingon spacecraft has a speed of 0.75 c with respect to the earth. n2 = 1; Lyman series
The Klingons measure 37.0 hours for the time interval between two n2 = 2; Balmer series
events on the earth. What value for the time interval would they measure n2 = 3; Paschen series
if their ship had a speed of 0.94 c with respect to the Earth? n2 = 4; Brackett series
a. 12hrs n2 = 5; Pfund series
b. 32hrs n2 = 6; Humphreys series
c. 52hrs
d. 72hrs 48. An electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from the excited energy level
n = 4 to n = 2. What is the frequency of the emitted photon? It is
41. A spaceship travels toward the Earth at a speed of 0.97c. The _______ x 10^14 Hz.
occupants of the ship are standing with their torsos parallel to the a. 5.61 b. 6.15 c. 1.56 d. 6.51
direction of travel. According to Earth observers, they are about 0.50 m
tall and 0.50 m wide. What are the occupants' height and width ___________________________________
according to others on the spaceship? - states that the current through a conductor between two points is
a. h = w = 0.5m directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.
b. h = 2.1m; w = 0.5m 𝑉
c. h = 0.5m; w = 2.1m 𝐼=
𝑅
d. h = w = 2.1m Resistors in Series
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑛
42. A rocket of mass I .40 x I 05 kg has a relativistic momentum the 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑛
magnitude of which is 3.15 x 1013 kg-m/s. How fast as the rocket 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛
traveling?
a. 1.5 x 108 m/s Resistors in Parallel
b. 1.6 x 108 m/s 1 1 1 1
c. 1.7 x 108 m/s = + +⋯+
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛
d. 1.8 x 108 m/s
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = ⋯ = 𝑉𝑛
43. Two spaceships approach each other, each moving with the same
speed as measured by a stationary observer on the Earth. Their relative
speed is 0.70c, determine the velocities of each spaceship as measured 49. Find the current I through a resistor of resistance R = 2 Ω if the
by the stationary observer on Earth. voltage across the resistor is 6 V.
a. 0.21c a. 1/3A b. 3A c. 18A d. 24A
b. 0.41c
for problems 50 and 51
c. 0.61c
d. 0.81c Resistors R1 and R2 are in series and have resistances of 5 Ω and 10 Ω,
respectively. The voltage across resistor R1 is equal to 4 V.
50. Find the current passing through resistor R2.
a. 0.2A b. 0.4A c. 0.6A d. 0.8A
 PHYSICS
GENERAL ENGINEERING

51. Find the voltage across R2

a. 2V b. 4V c. 6V d. 8V

for problems 52 to 53
Resistors R1 and R2 are in parallel and have resistances of 8 Ω and 4 Ω,
respectively. The current passing through R1 is 0.2 A.
52. Find the current passing through R2.
a. 0.2A b. 0.4A c. 0.6A d. 0.8A

53. Find the voltage across R2.

a. 0.8V b. 1.6V c. 2.4V d. 3.2V

54. The current passing through a resistor in a circuit is 0.01 A when the
voltage across the same resistor is 5 V. What current passes through
this resistor when the voltage across it is 7.5 V?
a. 5mA c. 15mA
b. 10mA d. 20mA

for problems 55 to 56
A transformer has 500 turns of the primary winding and 10 turns of the
secondary winding.
55. Determine the secondary voltage if the secondary circuit is open and
the primary voltage is 120 V.
a. 1.2V b. 2.4V c. 6000V d. 3000V

56. Determine the current in the primary and secondary winding, given
that the secondary winding is connected to a resistance load 15 Ω?
a. primary = 160mA; secondary = 3.2mA
b. primary = 3.2mA; secondary = 160mA
c. primary = secondary = 160mA
d. primary = secondary = 3.2mA

__________________________________
- describes the power radiated from a black body in terms of
its temperature. Specifically, it states that the total energy radiated per
unit surface area of a black body across all wavelengths per
unit time (also known as the black-body radiant emittance) is
directly proportional to the fourth power of the black
body's thermodynamic temperature T:

𝑄 = 𝜎𝑇 4 𝐴

57. If a star’s surface temperature is 30,000 K, how much power does a

square meter of its surface radiate?
a. 4.6 x 1010 W/m2
b. 4.6x1011 W/m2
c. 4.6x1012 W/m2
d. 4.6x1013 W/m2

Area Expansion
∆𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜 𝛼𝐴 ∆𝑇
𝛼𝐴 = 2𝛼𝐿

58. The coefficient of linear expansion of iron is 1.0 × 10−5 per C◦ . The
surface area of an iron cube, with an edge length of 5.0 cm, will increase
by what amount if it is heated from 10◦ C to 60◦ C?
a. 0.0125 cm2 c. 0.075 cm2
b. 0.025 cm2 d. 0.15 cm2

Volume Expansion
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛼𝑉 ∆𝑇
𝛼𝑉 = 3𝛼𝐿

59. The coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 11 × 10−6 per C◦ . A

steel ball has a volume of exactly 100 cm3 at 0◦ C. When heated to 100◦
C, its volume becomes:
a. 100.33 cm3 c. 100.0033 cm3
b. 100.0011 cm3 d. 100.000011 cm3

60. 0.20-kg object attached to a spring whose spring constant is 500N/m

executes simple harmonic motion. If its maximum speed is 5.0m/s, the
amplitude of its oscillation is:
a. 0.0020 m c. 0.20 m
b. 0.10 m d. 25 m