EELE 3332 – Electromagnetic II

Chapter 10

Electromagnetic Wave
Propagation
Islamic University of Gaza
Electrical Engineering Department
Dr. Talal Skaik

2012 1
 10.7 Power and the Poynting Vector
 Energy can be transported from one point (where a transmitter is located)
to another point (with a receiver) by means of EM waves.
 The rate of energy transportation can be obtined from
Maxwell's equations:
E
Using Maxwell equation:   H   E  
t
Dotting both sides with E:
E
E    H    E  E  
2

t
But from vector identities:    H  E   E     H   H     E 
E    H   H    E      H  E 
1 E 2
 H    E      H  E    E 2   ... (1)
2 t
2
 H
Using Maxwell equation :   E    , Dotting both sides with H:
t
 H   H 2
H    E   H    
 t  2 t
1 E 2
Substitute in equation (1): H     E      H  E    E  
2

2 t
 H 2 1 E 2
    E  H   E2  
2 t 2 t
1 E 2  H 2
    E  H    E  
2

2 t 2 t
Take volume integral of both sides:
 1 2 1 2
v    E  H  dv      E   H dv    E 2
dv
t v  2 2  v

Applying the divergence theorem to the left hand side:

  1 1 2
  E  H   dS     E 2
  H dv    E 2
dv
S
t  2
v
2  v 3
 Power and the Poynting Vector

 1 2 1 2
S              2
E H dS  E H dv E dv
t v  2 2  v

Total power Rate of decrease

Ohmic
leaving the in energy stored
power
volume in electric and
dissipated
magnetic fields

the PoyntingV ector (Watts/m 2 ) is defined as:

=E×H
It represents the instantaneous power density vector
associated with the EM field at a given point.
4
 Power and the Poynting Vector
Poynting theorem: states that the net power flowing out of a given
volume v is equal to the time rate of decrease in the energy stored
with v minus the ohmic losses.

Illustration Note that =E×H is

of power normal to both E and
balance for H and is therefore
EM fields. along the direction
of propagation ak

5
 Power and the Poynting Vector
Assume that
E(z , t )  E 0e  z cos t -  z  ax

e  z cos t -  z    a y
E0
then H(z , t ) 

E 02
and (z , t )= E  H = e 2 z cos t -  z  cos t -  z    az

E 02
( z , t )= e 2 z cos   cos  2t - 2  z     az
2
1
since cosAcosB=  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  
2

6
 Power and the Poynting Vector
The time-average Poynting vector ave ( z ) over the period T=2 / is:
T
1
ave ( z )  ( z, t )dt
T 0
It can also be found by:
1

ave ( z )  Re E s ×H*s
2

E 02 2 z
For ( z , t )  e cos   cos  2t - 2  z     az
2  

E 02
 ave ( z )  e 2 z cos  az
2
The total time-average power crossing a given surface S is given by:
Pave  ave  dS
S 7
 Power and the Poynting Vector
( x, y, z , t )  Poynting vector  time-varying vector   (watts/m 2 )
( x, y, z , t )  E×H
ave ( x, y, z )  time-average of Poynting vector
(time-invariant vector)  (watts/m 2 )
T
1
ave  ( x, y, z , t )dt
T 0

ave 
1
2

Re E s ×H*s 
E 02 2 z
ave ( z ) 
2
e cos  az  for E  E0e  z cos t -  z  ax 
Pave  total time-average power through a surface (scalar)  watts
Pave  ave  dS
S 8
 Example 10.7
In a nonmagnetic medium
E = 4 sin (2  107 t  0.8x) a z V/m
Find
(a)  r , 
(b) The time-average power carried by the wave
2
(c) The total power crossing 100 cm of plane 2x + y = 5

9
 Example 10.7 - Solution
(a) Since  =0 and    /c, the medium is not free space but
a lossless medium.
  0.8 ,   2  107 ,   o (nonmagnetic),    o r
Hence

      o o r  r
c
or
c 0.8  3  108  12
r   
 2  107 

 r  14.59
 o 120 
    120 .  10 2  98.7 
  o r r 12
10
 Example 10.7 - Solution
Eo 2
(b)   E  H  sin 2 (t   x) a x


T
1 Eo 2 16
ave  dt  ax  a  81 a mW/m 2

2 2 10 2
x x
T 0

(c) On plane 2x + y = 5 (see Example 3.5 or 8.5),

2a x  a y
an 
5
Hence the total power is
 2a x  a y 
Pave  ave .dS ave .Sa n   8110 a x  . 100 10  
3 4

 5 
162 105
  724.5 W
5 11
 10.8 Reflection of a plane wave
at normal incidence

When a plane wave from one medium meets a different medium, it

is partly reflected and partly transmitted.

The proportion of the incident wave that is reflected or transmitted

depends on the parameters (ε,μ,σ) of the two media involved.

Normal incidence (plane wave is normal to the boundary) and

oblique incidence will be studied.

12
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence
Suppose a plane wave propagating along the +z direction is incident
normally on the boundary z=0 between medium 1 (z<0) characterised
by ε1,μ1,σ1 and medium 2 (z>0) characterised by ε2,μ2,σ2.

13
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence
Incident Wave
(E i ,H i ) is traveling along +a z in medium 1.
Assume the electric and megnetic filed (in phasor form) as follows:
Eis ( z )  Ei 0e  1z a x , then Ei 0 is magnitude of

Ei 0 the incident electric

H is ( z )  H i 0e  1z a y  e  1z a y field at z=0
1

14
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence
Reflected Wave
(E r ,H r ) is traveling along  a z in medium 1.
 1z
If E rs ( z )  Er 0e a x , then Er 0 is magnitude of

 a    
Er 0 the reflected electric
 1z  1z
H rs ( z )  H r 0e y e ay field at z=0
1

15
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence
Transmitted Wave
(E t ,Ht ) is traveling along +a z in medium 2.
 2 z
If Ets ( z )  Et 0e a x , then Ei 0 is magnitude of
Et 0 the transmitted electric
 2 z  2 z
Hts ( z )  H t 0e ay  e ay field at z=0
2

16
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence
Field in medium 1: E1  E i  E r , H1  H i  H r
Field in medium 2: E 2  E t , H 2  Ht

 Since the waves are transverse, E and H fields are entirely

tangential to the interface.
 Applying the boundary conditions at the interface z  0:
(E1t =E 2t and H1t =H 2t )
then :
E i (0)  E r 0 (0)  E t 0 (0)  Ei 0  Er 0  Et 0
1 Et 0
H i (0)  H r (0)  H t (0)   Ei 0  Er 0  
1 2
17
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence
From the last two equations:
2  1
Er 0  Ei 0
2  1
Er 0 2  1
 Reflection Coefficient =  , or Er 0  Ei 0
Ei 0 2  1
22
and Et 0  Ei 0
2  1
Et 0 22
 Transmission Coefficient  =  , or Et 0   Ei 0
Ei 0 2  1
Note that:
1. 1+  
2. Both  and  are dimensionless and may be complex.
( and  are real for lossless media, and complex for lossy media)
3. 0    1 (-1    1, 0    2) 18
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence
When medium 1 is a perfect dielectric (lossless , σ1=0), and
medium 2 is a perfect conductor (σ2=∞):


For conductor  = 450


η2= 0 → Γ=-1 → τ=0

The wave is totally reflected and there is no transmitted wave
(E2 = 0).
The totally reflected wave combines with the incident wave to
form a standing wave.
A standing wave "stands" and does not travel; it consists of two
travelling waves (Ei and Er) of equal amplitudes but in opposite
directions. 19
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence
The standing wave in medium 1 is:

E1s =Eis +E rs = Ei0 e   1z
+Er0 e  1z
a x

Er 0
But  = =  1,  1 =0, 1 =0,  1 =j 1
Ei 0

E1s   Ei0 e j 1z  e  j 1z a x
e jA  e  jA
or E1s  2 jEi 0 sin 1z a x (since sin A= )
2j

Thus E1 =Re E1s e jt ,  or E1 =2 Ei 0 sin 1z sin t a x
2 Ei 0
Similarly, it can be shown that: H1 = cos 1z cost a y
1
20
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence

Standing waves E  2Eio sin 1z sin t ax. The curves 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . ., are,
respectively, at times t  0, T/8, T/4, 3T/8, T/2, . . . ; l  2/1.

21
 Standing Waves Examples

Standing wave on a string

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/stwaverefl.htm
22
 Reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence
Medium 1 : perfect dielectric 1=0
Medium 2: perfect dielectric 2=0
η1 and η2 are real and so are Γ and τ.
There is a standing wave in medium 1 but there is also a
transmitted wave in medium 2. (incident wave is partly reflected
and partly transmitted).
However, the incident and reflected waves have amplitudes that
are not equal in magnitude.
Two cases:
case 1: when η2 > η1
case 2: when η2 < η1
23
 CASE 1
Medium 1 : perfect dielectric 1=0, Medium 2: perfect dielectric 2=0
 j 1z  j 1z
If 2  1 ,  
2  1
,   0,
E1s  E is  E rs  Eoi ( e  e )
2  1  j 1z 2 j 1z
 Eoi e (1   e )
   e   0
j0 o

 and  are real  E1s  Eoi 1   e 2 j1z

E1 is maximum when e 2 j1z  1  E1 max  Eoi 1   
 2 1 zmax  0, 2 , 4 ,6 ... n nl1
 zmax   n  0,1,2,3
or  1 zmax  0,  ,2 ,3 ,... 1 2
E1 is minimum when e 2 j1z  1  E1 min  Eoi 1   
 3 5
 2 1 zmin   ,3 ,5 ... or  1 zmin  , , ...
2 2 2
(2n  1) (2n  1)l1
zmin   n  0,1,2,3
2 1 4 24
 CASE 2
Medium 1 : perfect dielectric 1=0, Medium 2: perfect dielectric 2=0
 j 1 z  j 1 z
If 2  1 ,  
2  1
,   0,
E1s  E is  E rs  Eoi ( e  e )
2  1  j 1 z 2 j 1 z
j
 Eoi e (1   e )
 e   180 o

 and  are real  E1s  Eoi 1   e2 j 1z

E1 is maximum when e2 j 1z  1  E1 max  Eoi 1   
 3 5
 21 zmax   ,3 ,5 ... or  1 zmax  , , ...
2 2 2
(2n  1) (2n  1)l1
zmax   n  0,1,2,3
21 4

E1 is minimum when e2 j 1z  1  E1 min  Eoi 1   

 21 zmin  0, 2 , 4 , 6 ... n nl1
 zmin   n  0,1,2,3
or  1 zmin  0,  ,2 ,3 ,... 1 2 25
Standing waves due to reflection at an interface between two lossless
media; l  2/1. 26
 Standing Wave Ratio, SWR
• Measures the amount of reflections, the more reflections, the
larger the standing wave that is formed.
• The ratio of |E1|max to |E1|min

E1 max H1 max 1 
s  
E1 min H1 min 1 
s 1
or 
s 1

 Since 0 |≤ |Γ|≤1, it follows that 1 ≤s ≤∞.

* When Γ=0, s=1, no reflection, total transmission.
* When |Γ|=1, s=∞, no transmission, total reflection.
 s is dimensionless, expressed in decibels (dB) as: s dB=20log10 s
27
 Example 10.8
In freespace (z  0),a plane wave with
Hi =10 cos(108 t   z)a x mA/m
is incident normally on a lossless medium ( =2 o , =8o ) in region z  0.
Determine the reflected wave H r , Er and the transmitted wave H t , Et

Solution :
 108 1
1   
c 3 10 8
3
1  o  120
 2      o o r  r
 4
 2  .(4)  4 1 
c 3
 o r
2    2o
 o r
28
 Example 10.8 – solution continued
Given that H i =10 cos(108 t  1 z )a x we expect that
Ei =Eio cos(108 t  1 z )a Ei
where a Ei  a Hi  a ki  a x  a z  a y and Eio =1 H io =10o
Hence, Ei =  10o cos(108 t  1 z )a y mV/m

Ero    2   1 1
Now  = 2 1 = o o  , Ero  Eio
Eio 2  1 2o  o 3 3
10  8 1 
Thus Er   o cos 10 t + z  a y mV/m
3  3 
from which we easily obtain H r as
10  8 1 
H r   cos 10 t + z  a x mA/m
3  3 
29
 Example 10.8 – solution continued
Similarly,
Eto 4 4
  1   or Eto  Eio
Eio 3 3
Thus
Et  Eto cos 108 t +  2 z  a Et
where a Et  a Ei  a y .Hence,
40  8 4 
Et   o cos 10 t  z  a y mV/m
3  3 
from which we obtain
20  8 4 
Ht  cos 10 t  z  a x mA/m
3  3 

30
 Example 10.9

Given a uniform plane wave in air as

Ei =40 cos( t   z )a x + 30 sin( t   z )a y V/m

(a) Find H i
(b) If the wave encounters a perfectly conducting plate normal
to the z axis at z = 0, find the reflected wave Er and H r .
(c) What are the total E and H fields for z  0 ?
(d) Calculate the time-average Poynting vectors
for z  0 and z  0.

31
 Example 10.9 -solution
Solution
(a) This is similar to the problem in Example 10.3.
We may treat the wave as consisting of two waves Ei1 and Ei 2 where
Ei =40 cos( t   z )a x , Ei 2 = 30 sin( t   z )a y
At atmospheric pressure, air has  r = 1.0006  1.
Thus air may be regarded as free space.

Let H i  H i1  H i 2
H i1  H i1o cos( t   z )a H1
Ei1o 40 1
H i1o   
o 120 3
a H1  a k  a E  a z  a x  a y
1
Hence H i1 = cos( t   z )a y
3 32
 Example 10.9 -solution
Similarly,
H i 2 =H i 2 o sin( t   z )a H 2
where
Ei 2 o 30 1
H i 2o   
o 120 4
a H 2  a k  a E  a z  a y  a x
Hence
1
Hi 2 =  sin( t   z )a x
4
and
1 1
H i  H i1  H i 2   sin( t   z )a x + cos( t   z )a y mA/m
4 3
This problem can also be solved using Method 2 of Example 10.3.
33
 Example 10.9 -solution
(b) Since medium 2 is perfectly conducting,
2
 1  2 << 1
 2
that is   1 ,  = 0
showing that the incident E and H fields are totally reflected.
Ero =Eio =  Eio
Hence, Er =  40 cos( t   z )a x  30 sin(t   z )a y V/m
1 1
Hr = cos(t   z )a y  sin(t   z)a x A/m
3 4
(c) The total fields in air
E1  Ei  Er and H1  Hi  H r
can be shown to be standing wave.
The total fields in the conductor are E2  Et  0 , H 2  H t 34 0.
 Example 10.9 -solution

(d) For z  0,
2
| E1s | 1
1ave  ak  [ E 2ioa z  E 2 roa z ]
21 2o

 402  302  a z   402  302  a z  =0

1
=
240  

For z  0,
| E2 s |2 E 2to
2 ave  ak  az  0
22 22
because the whole incident power is reflected.
35
 Oblique incidence
• Wave arrives at an angle.
• Assume lossless media.
• Uniform plane wave in general form
E (r, t )  Eo cos(k  r  t )  Re[ Eo e j (k r t ) ]

r  xaˆ x  yaˆ y  zaˆ z position vector

k  k x aˆ x  k y aˆ y  k z aˆ z wave number or propagation vector
k 2  k x2  k y2  k z2   2 

• For lossless unbounded media, k = 

36
 Oblique incidence
x
Medium 1 : 1 , 1 Medium 2 : 2, 2

kr kt
r t z
i y an

kix ki z=0

kiz
θi is angle of incidence.
The plane defined by propagation vector k and a unit normal
vector an to the boundary is called plane of incidence. 37
 Oblique incidence
E i  Eio cos(kix x  kiy y  kiz z  t )
E r  Ero cos(krx x  kry y  krz z  t )
E t  Eto cos(ktx x  kty y  ktz z  t )

where ki  kr  1   11
ki =β1
kiz kt   2    2  2
i
kix kix  1 cos i
kiz  1 sin i

38
 Parallel Polarization
It's defined as E is || to incidence plane (E-field lies in the xz-plane)

39
 Parallel Polarization
 j 1  x sin i  z cosi 
E is  Eio (cos i a x  sin i a z ) e
Eio  j 1  x sin i  z cosi 
His  e ay
1
 j 1  x sin  r  z cos r 
E rs  Ero (cos  r a x  sin  r a z ) e
Ero
H rs   e j 1  x sin r  z cosr  a y
1

40
 Parallel Polarization
 j  2  x sin t  z cost 
Ets  Eto (cos t a x  sin t a z )e
Eto  j  2  x sin t  z cost 
Hts  e ay
2

41
 Parallel Polarization
Tangential components of E and H should be should be continuous
at the boundary z=0,

Eio (cos i )e  j 1x sini  Ero (cos  r )e  j 1x sin r  Eto (cos t )e  j 2 x sint
Eio  j 1 x sin i Ero  j 1 x sin i Eto
e  e  e  j 2 x sin t
1 1 2
The exponential terms must be equal for the previous equations
to be valid:  1 sin i  1 sin  r   2 sin t
or i   r (Incidence angle = reflection angle)

1 sin t 11 n1
    (snell's law)
 2 sin i 2 2 n2
42
 Parallel Polarization
Hence,

Eio cos i  Ero cos  r  Eto cos t (x-components of E)

Eio Ero Eto
  (y-component of H)
1 1 2
Ero 2 cos t  1 cos i
Reflection coefficient ||   , Ero  || Eio
Eio 2 cos t  1 cos i
Eto 22 cos i
Transmission coefficient  ||   , Eto   || Eio
Eio 2 cos t  1 cos i
cos i
where  ||  (1  || )
cos t

43
 Parallel Polarization - Brewster angle, B
• defined as the incidence angle at which the reflection
coefficient is 0 (all transmission).
Byt setting i   B : 
2 cos  t  1 cos  B||
||  0
2 cos t  1 cos  B||
 2 cos  t  1 cos  B||
or
22 1  sin 2 t   12 1  sin 2  B|| 
sin  t 11
Since  , and i   B||
sin i 2 2
1  (12 /  2 1 )
 sin 2  B|| 
1  (1 /  2 ) 2
44
 Perpendicular Polarization
In this case, the E field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence
(the xz-plane)

45
 Perpendicular Polarization
 j 1  x sin i  z cosi 
E is  Eio e ay
Eio
His  ( cos i a x  sin i a z ) e  j 1  x sin i  z cosi 
1
 j 1  x sin  r  z cos r 
E rs  Ero e ay
Ero  j 1  x sin  r  z cos r 
H rs  (cos  r a x  sin  r a z ) e
1

46
 Perpendicular Polarization
 j  2  x sin t  z cost 
Ets  Eto e ay
Eto  j  2  x sin t  z cost 
Hts  ( cos t a x  sin t a z )e
2

(cos t a x  sin t a z )

47
 Perpendicular Polarization
Tangential components of E and H should be should be continuous
at the boundary z=0, and by setting  i = r : 
Eio  Ero  Eto (y-component of E)
 Eio Ero  Eto
   cos i  cos  t (x-component of H)
 1 1  2
Ero 2 cos i  1 cos  t
Reflection coefficient     , Ero    Eio
Eio 2 cos i  1 cos t
Eto 22 cos i
Transmission coefficient     , Eto    Eio
Eio 2 cos i  1 cos t
where 1     

48
 Perpendicular Polarization - Brewster angle
• For no reflection (total transmission):
Byt setting i   B  : 
2 cos  B   1 cos  t
  0
2 cos  B   1 cos  t
 2 cos  B   1 cos  t
or
22 1  sin 2  B    12 1  sin 2 t 
sin t 11
Since  , and i   B 
sin i 2 2
1  ( 2 1 / 12 )
 sin  B 2

1  ( 1 / 2 ) 2

49
 Summary
Property Normal Perpendicular Parallel
Incidence

Reflection  2  1 2 cos i 1 cos t  2 cos t 1 cos i

   || 
coefficient  2  1  2 cos i  1 cos t  2 cos t  1 cos i

Transmission 22 2 2 cos i 2 2 cos i

    || 
coefficient 2  1 2 cos i  1 cos t  2 cos t  1 cos i
cos  i
Relation  1      1    ||  1  || 
cos  t

50
 Example 10.10
An EM wave travels in free space with the
electric field component

Es = 100e j(0.866y+0.5z) a x V/m

Determine
(a)  and l
(b) The magnetic field component
(c) The time average power in the wave

51
 Example 10.10 -solution
(a) Comparing the given E with
jk.r j(k x x  k y y  k z z )
Es = Eo e =Eo e ax
it is clear that
k x  0 , k x  0.866 , k z  0.5
k  k x 2  k y 2  k z 2  (0.866) 2  (0.5) 2  1
But in free space,
 2
k =    o o  
c l
Hence,   kc  3  108 rad/s
2
l  2  6.283 m
k
52
 Example 10.10 -solution
ak  E s
(b) the corresponding magnetic field is given by H s 

0.866a y  0.5a z
ak   0.866a y  0.5a z
0.866  0.5
2 2

0.866a y  0.5a z j j( 0.866 y 0.5 z )

Hs   100a x e

H s  (0.132a y  0.23a z ) e j(0.866 y 0.5 z ) A/m
(c) The time average power is
100 
2 2

= Re  Es  H s  
1 Eo
avg *
ak  (0.866a y +0.5a z )
2 2 2 120 
=11.49a y + 6.631a z W/m2
53
 Example 10.11
A uniform plane wave in air with
E = 8 cos (t  4 x  3z ) a y V/m
is incident on a dielectric slab (z  0) with r  1 ,  r  2.5 ,  =0.
Find
(a) The polarization of the wave
(b) The angle of incidence
(c) The reflected E field
(d) The transmitted H field

54
 Example 10.11 - solution
(a) From the incident E field, it is evident that the propagation vector is

k i  4a x  3a z  ki  5   o o 
c
Hence,  =5c=15 108 rad/s

A unit vector normal to the interface (z = 0) is a z .

The plane containing k and a z is y = constant, which is the xz-plane,
the plane of incidence. Since Ei is normal to this plane, we have
perpendicular polarization (similar to Figure 10.17).

55
 Example 10.11 - solution
k ix 4
(b) from the figure, tani    i  53.13o
k iz 3
Alternatively, we can obtain  i from the fact that i
is the angle between k and a n , that is,
cosi  ak .an
 4a  3a z  3
 x  z
.a 
 5  5
or i  53.13o

56
 Example 10.11 - solution
(c) Let Er  Ero cos(t  k r .r )a y
which is similar to form to the given Ei . The unit vector a y is chosen in
view of the fact that the tangential component of E must be continuous
at the interface. From the Figure:
k r  k rx a x  k rz a z
k rx  k rsin r , k rz  k r cos r
But  r = i and k r =ki = 5
because both k r and ki are in
the same medium. Hence
k r  4a x  3a z

57
 Example 10.11 - solution
To find Er 0 , we need t . From Snell's law
n1 c 11 sin 53.13o
sint  sin i  sin i 
n2 c  2 2 2.5
or t  30.39o
Ero 2 cos i  1 cos t
  
Eio 2 cos i  1 cos t
0 r 2 377
where 1  0  377 , 2    238.4
 o r 2 2.5
Ero 238.4 cos 53.13o  377 cos 30.39o
    0.389
Eio 238.4 cos 53.13  377 cos 30.39
o o

Hence, Ero    Eio  0.389(8)  3.112

Er  3.112 cos(15 108 t  4 x  3 z )a y V/m
58
 Example 10.11 - solution
(d) Similarly, let the transmitted electric field be
Et  Eto cos(t  k t .r )a y
 15 108
where kt   2   2 2   r 2 r 2  1 2.5  7.906
c 3 108

From the Figure ,

ktx  kt sint =4
ktz  kt cost  6.819
k t  4a x  6.819a z
Notice that kix = krx = ktx
Eto 22 cos i
  
Eio 2 cos i  1 cos t
2  238.4 cos 53.13o
  0.611
238.4 cos 53.13  377 cos 30.39
o o
59
 Example 10.11 - solution
The same result could be obtained from the relation  =1+ . Hence,
Eto    Eio  0.611 8  4.888
Et  4.88cos(15 108 t  4 x  6.819 z )a y
From E t , H t is easily obtained as
a kt  E t 4a x  6.819a z
Ht    4.888a y cos(t  k r .r )
2 7.906(238.4)
H t  (17.69a x  10.37a z ) cos(15  108 t  4 x  6.819 z ) mA/m

60