IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution

Research Article

ISSN 1751-8687
Research on switching operation transient Received on 1st March 2016
Revised on 1st May 2016
electromagnetic environment of Accepted on 12th May 2016
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0292
substations in a coal mine www.ietdl.org

Dewang Feng 1 ✉, Mi Lu 2, Jianrong Lan 3, Lei Sun 4

1
College of Computer and Information Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Texas A&M University, College of Engineering,
Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, US
3
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
4
College of Computer and Information Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
✉ E-mail: fdw87@163.com

Abstract: Research of switching operation transient electromagnetic field in substations is fundamental to the protection
of mine monitoring systems against electromagnetic interference. Three models, which are the equivalent circuit of
switching on/off inductive load, transient radiation of short dipole, and transmission line of long cable, are built for
numerical analysis. The results indicate that switching operation does not produce transient pulse when the breaking
angle is close to 90°. Electric fields are the primary form of transient pulse radiation, and the effect of the magnetic
field on the environment can be ignored. Long cables are naturally resistant to differential mode transient pulse
propagation, but the effect of common mode transient pulse cannot be ignored. Energy distribution of transient pulse
in different frequency ranges is calculated by using theParserval equation. Furthermore, the measurement frequencies
and the instruments used in the coal mine are determined, and on-site data is then obtained. Measurement results
show that switching operation may produce a series of transient pulses, causing the electric field to grow larger than
before. Specifically, conducted emissions have large impacts on the monitoring circuitry of the mine equipment,
causing the mine monitoring system to frequently record erroneous data and omit information.

1 Introduction factors of transient pulse. The models of transient radiation of

As a result of the development of sensors, electronics, computer and
information transfer technologies, several systems such as
monitoring, control and communication systems as well as other
electronic devices are more and more commonly used in coal
mines. However, these electronic devices such as shearers,
transformers, electric locomotives, electromagnetic starters,
conveyors, feeder switches, inverters, etc. produce a variety of
electromagnetic disturbances when they are operated. These
disturbances affect the normal operation of electronic products and
the electromagnetic environment in coal mines. In recent years,
there have been several studies conducted on switching operation
transient electric field in power substations [1–3]. The researchers
who conducted these studies analysed the problem of
electromagnetic interference and its suppression of EMC testing
systems [4]. They used numerical methods for simulation of the
electromagnetic transient problems in power systems [5–7], studied
the influence of electromagnetic radiation on the environment
[8–10], and presented some methods to estimate the measurement
uncertainties of conducted emission and radiated emission
measurements [11–15]. In recent times, people have begun to pay
greater attention to electromagnetic compatibility in coal mines.
Some scholars have developed a mathematical model to estimate
the effect of the operation of mining equipment on the quality of
electric power [16] and analysed the effects of power cables’
magnetic fields using finite element method simulation [17].
Another study focused on the radiated electromagnetic fields of
surge current in coal mines [18]. However, there is little relevant
literature which focuses on switching operation transient
electromagnetic field in substations in coal mines. This is an area
of research which is in urgent need of further study.
In this paper the equivalent circuit of switching on/off inductive
loads is built to analyse the generation mechanism and influencing
short dipole and transmission line of long cable are used to
simulate the characteristics of radiated and conducted emission of
transient pulse. In addition, energy distribution of transient pulse
in different frequency ranges is calculated by using the Parserval
equation. On this basis, the measurement frequencies and
instruments are determined, the measurement uncertainty is
calculated, the on-site measurements are completed in the coal
mine, and the method of anti-jamming electrical fast transient/burst
(EFT/B) is presented. These results are the foundation of coal
mines electromagnetic compatibility research.
2 Mechanism of switching operation transient
pulse
In coal mine substations, inductive loads are often cut off/on
remotely. The equivalent circuit of switching on/off remote
inductive load is shown in Fig. 1, where R0, L0 and C0 are the
distributed resistance, inductance and capacitance of the cable,
respectively, and R, L and C are the load resistance, inductance
and capacitance, respectively [19]. This model is used to analyse
the generation mechanism and influencing factors of transient pulse.
Assuming the circuit was in a steady state before the switch was
cut off (ignoring the role of R0, L0 and C0), the initial condition is
⎧ √


⎪
⎨ uc (0+ ) = uc (0− ) √
= 2U sin f


 
⎪ duc  2U vL (1)
⎩  = √











sin f − arctan
dt t=0+ C R2 + v2 L2 R
√







Generally, the condition for the inductive load is R , 2 (L/C).

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3322 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016
Fig. 1 Equivalent circuit of switching on/off inductive load

Hence, available
√

−dt  
2U e vL
uc (t) = √











sin f − arctan sin v1 t
v 1 C R2 + v 2 L 2 R
√


2U de−dt √


+ sin f sin v1 t + 2U e−dt sin f cos v1 t (2)
v1

where U is the supply voltage root-mean-square (RMS), ω is the

angular velocity, j is the breaking angle, δ = (R/2L), and
























2
v1 = (1/LC) − (R/2L) .
When simulations were run, RMS of the power supply voltage
was 660 V which is a commonly used value in coal mines, the
frequency was set to 50 Hz, and other original parameters were
j = 0°, R = 2Ω, L = 1H, and C = 600pF. As can be seen in
Fig. 2a, the pulse peak decreases gradually and eventually no
longer produces transient pulse with the breaking angle j
increasing from 0° to 90°. Fig. 2b illustrates that as resistance R
decreases, oscillation attenuates less. If R is 0, the circuit will
behave like an LC oscillator, and show no attenuation. Figs. 2c
and d show that inductance L and capacitance C have a large
impact on oscillation frequency and pulse peak, and the oscillation
frequency and pulse peak will increase with the decrease of the
inductance L and capacitance C.
Data from the on-site experiment shows that not every switching
operation can produce transient pulse, and the time-domain and
frequency-domain characteristics of each pulse are also different.
These results are consistent with the simulation results.

3 Transient pulse emission characteristics

3.1 Radiated emission

Switching operation may produce an arc between contact points, thus

forming a transient electromagnetic field. The radiated emission
characteristics can be equivalent to a short dipole because the
distance between the contact points is very short. The short dipole,
the length of which is l on the z-axis, is assumed to be carried with
double-exponential pulse current, usually with an expression of [20]


i(t ) = I0 1 − e−(t−r/c/t1 ) e−(t−r/c/t2 ) (3)

where I0 is the peak current, r is the distance from the centre of the
short dipole to the observation point, c is the spread speed of
the electromagnetic wave, t1 is the wavefront coefficient, t2 is the
wavelength coefficients, and t2 » t1.
On the basis of the Lorentz method of transmission (or delay) time
notation and electromagnetic theory, the transient electromagnetic
field generated by the short dipole in spherical coordinates can be Fig. 2 Effect factor of transient pulse
obtained as [21] a Disjunction angle j
 b Resistance R
I0 l 1 e−(t−r/c/t1 ) 1 − e−(t−r/c/t1 ) −(t−r/c/t2 ) c Inductance L
Hw = − + + e sin u d Capacitance C
4p ct2 r c t1 r r2
(4) 
I0 l 1 − e−(t−r/c/t1 ) t1 e−(t−r/c/t1 ) t2 −(t−r/c/t2 )
Hr = Hu = 0 (5) Er = + − 3 e cos u
2p1 cr2 r3 r
Ew = 0 (6) (7)

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Fig. 3 Transient electromagnetic field of short dipole radiation
a Electrical field Eθ
b Magnetic field HФ
(see (8))
where l is the length of the short dipole, and ɛ is the dielectric
constant.
When performing the simulation, we set θ = π/2, I0 = 100 A, and
l = 1 mm. As shown in Fig. 3a, the area near the dipole radiation
field is strong, and then rapidly decays with the increase of
distance r. The peak of the transient electrical field in 0.5 m is
approximately −369.70 V/m, decreases to −44.14 V/m in 1 m, and
then falls to only −4.88 V/m in 2 m. It can be seen in Fig. 3b that
the dipole radiation field is weak, and also rapidly decays with the
increase of distance r. The peak of the transient magnetic field in
0.5 m is approximately 25.26 mA/m, decreases to 7.11 mA/m in 1
m, and falls to 3.97 mA/m in 2 m.
Because space is limited and electrical equipment is relatively
concentrated in coal mines, it is very easy for the transient
radiation electric field to couple with the cable or the circuit
system. Thus the normal running of other electrical equipment can
easily be affected.
3.2 Conducted emission
Transient electromagnetic energy generated by switching operation
can be coupled to the cable and emitted outward. Therefore, the
propagation characteristics can be analysed using transmission line
model of transient pulse along the cable.
Due to the frequency variable parameters in the transmission line
model of mine cable, double-exponential transient pulse function
must be expanded in Fourier sine series. Therefore, the transient
pulse source in mine cable can be seen as the superposition of the
sinusoidal voltage source with different frequencies, and each
frequency corresponds to a transmission line. After the sinusoidal

I0 l e−(t−r/c/t1 ) 1 1 − e−(t−r/c/t1 ) t2 t1 e−(t−r/c/t1 ) −(t−r/c)/t2
Eu = − 2 + − 3+
4p1 c 2 t1 r c t2 r
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Fig. 4 Propagation characteristics of transient pulse in cable
a Ground and single wire
b Two-conductor
voltage response of each transmission line is calculated, the
transient voltage response in that mine cable can be obtained by
using the superposition principle.
In our simulation, the length of the cable is 1000 m, the resistance
of the transient disturbance source in the beginning of the
transmission line is 5 Ω, the load in the terminal of the
transmission line is matched, and the distance x is counted from
the beginning of the transmission line. As shown in Fig. 4a, the
transient voltage along the ground and single wire will be
reversed, the peak of forward voltage decreases with the increase
of distance x, the peak of backward voltage gradually increases
with the increase of distance x, and the peak of backward voltage
of load is −700 V. It can be seen in Fig. 4b that the peak of
forward voltage along two-conductor transmission line decreases
with the increase of distance x. However, the peak of backward
voltage is zero at the beginning, increases to −250 V when the
distance x is 10 m, and then gradually decreases to zero at the
terminal of load.
3.3 Pulse energy distribution
The function of 5/50 ns transient pulse voltage waveform can be
described as [22]
V (t) = AVp (1 − e−(t/t1 ) )e−(t/t2 ) (9)
where A is the correction coefficient of the standard waveform, Vp is
the peak value of the open circuit voltage, t1 is the wavefront
coefficient, and t2 is the wavelength coefficients. When
e sin u (8)
cr2 r r3
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016
Table 1 Energy distribution of transient pulse in different frequency diverse data formats. We therefore chose Rohde & Schwarz FSP7
spectrum analyser.
Frequency band Energy, mJ
4.1.2 Measurement locations: The most common
0–100 Hz 4.413 × 10–4
100–1000 Hz 0.004 cross-sectional shape of the substation in the coal mine was the
1–10 kHz 0.040 semi-circular arch shown in Fig. 5. The three measuring points at
10–100 kHz 0.397 a height of 1.5 m are, respectively, distributed in the centre
0.1–1 MHz 3.804 position of No. 1–No. 6 transformers, No. 1–No. 37 low-voltage
1–10 MHz 11.980
10–100 MHz 2.483 switchgears and No. 1–No. 14 high-voltage switchgears. Two sets
0.1–1 GHz 0.025 of data must be measured when switching operates. The antenna
1 GHz–∞ 2.812 × 10–5 location of each measuring point must be placed separately
according to the horizontal and vertical polarisation direction.

4.1.3 Measurement results: In Fig. 6, there is a spectrogram

performing the simulation, we set A = 1.270, Vp = 1000 V, t1 = 3.5 which is measured in the horizontally polarised direction from the
ns, and t2 = 55.6 ns [22]. No. 3 measuring point before and after the switching operation of
The following result can be obtained by using Laplace transform theexplosion-proof high-voltage vacuum electromagnetic starter
(type of QBG-315/6S) in No. 6 high voltage switch cabinets of
  (1/t1 ) the substation. The high-voltage vacuum electromagnetic starter
V (jv) = AV 









































(10)
p controls the No. 8 pump, of which the rated voltage, current and
(v2 + (1/t22 ))(v2 + ((1/t1 ) + (1/t2 ))2 ) power are 6 KV, 400 A and 1,250 KW, respectively. As shown
inFig. 6a, the electric field strength shows no difference before
According to the Parseval equation, the pulse energy absorbed by and after the switching operation under 5 MHz, and shows an
resistance per unit in the frequency bands from ω1 to ω2 can be average difference of 40 dB from 8 to 20 MHz bands.Fig. 6b
obtained as shows that there was an average difference of 60 dB from 20 to
200 MHz bands.Fig. 6c shows that it is less than 3 dB for most of
   the frequency points from 200 to 500 MHz bands, and it is more
A2 Vp2 t22
 t1 ttv than 14 dB for only a few frequency points. Although the
W= arctan t2 v2 − arctan 1 2 2
2p(2t1 + t2 ) t + t2 t1 + t2 maximum difference of the electric field strength reaches 60 dB
1 

 t1 t1 t2 v 1 before and after the switching operation, the actual value does not
−arctan t2 v1 + arctan (11) exceed 100 dBμV/m (i.e. 0.1 V/m).This can have a large impact
t1 + t2 t1 + t2
on the monitoring circuit of mine equipment, causing the
monitoring systems to frequently record erroneous data and omit
Table 1 shows the distribution of the pulse energy in different information.
frequency bands. From the results we calculated, the single pulse
energy concentrated in the frequency band from 100 kHz to 100
MHz takes up 98%, and then 64% of the energy distributed in the 4.2 Transient conduction pulse characteristics
frequency band from 1 to 10 MHz. This indicates that the
4.2.1 Measuring instruments: The electric field probe utilises
frequency band from 1 to 10 MHz is the most important transient
HAMEG HZ530-E, and the magnetic field probe utilises HAMEG
pulse disturbance band.
HZ530-H. The measurement frequency range is from 100 kHz to
The results of Table 1 can be used to provide a theoretical basis for
1 GHz.
the selection of measurement antenna and probe of the on-site
In terms of the production conditions, we selected an Agilent DSO
experiments in coal mines.
6052A oscilloscope as the measurement instrument in the coal mine.
A built-in power supply module holding two hours after charging is
sufficient to guarantee the continuous operation of the oscilloscope
4 Measurement and analysis for 1.5 h. Furthermore, real-time information of transient pulses
can be captured with a storage depth of 8 MB, a sampling rate of
4.1 Transient radiation spectral characteristics 4Gsa/s and a bandwidth of 500 MHz. Meanwhile, the information
with BMP/PNG image format can be saved completely, and the
4.1.1 Measuring instruments: According to the transient pulse ASCII/CSV data files can conveniently be processed by EXCEL/
energy distribution in different frequency bands shown inTable 1, we MATLAB.
selected the measurement frequency of the transient electric field
ranged from 9 kHz to 500 MHz. In order to measure the transient 4.2.2 Measurement locations: The oscilloscope was used to
magnetic field we utilised four kinds of antenna including: Rohde measure the conducted emission at the switching operation, and
& Schwarz HE300HF 9 kHz–20 MHz, HE300 20–200 MHz and the spectrum analyser was used to measure the radiated emission
200–500 MHz as well as Rohde & Schwarz HZ-10 5Hz–10 MHz simultaneously. Thus, the radiated emission and the conducted
loop antenna. emission could be compared in the same transient pulse sources
It was necessary that the measuring instruments must be condition. For the switch cabinet, the measuring point was located
battery-powered and light-weight because of the special at the position of 0.5 meters in the inlet or outlet port. Due to the
environment within the coal mine. Real-time data can be saved as limited space of the coal mine substations, the connecting cables

Fig. 5 Measuring points location of the substation in the coal mine

IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2016, Vol. 10, Iss. 13, pp. 3322–3329
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016 3325

Fig. 6 Radiated spectrum of transient pulse
a 9 kHz–20 MHz
b 20–200 MHz
c 200–500 MHz
between devices were very short. Consequently, the measuring
points were located at the inlet or outlet port for the connecting
cables. However, a measuring point every 2 metres had to be
added to those cables entering or exiting the substation because of
their length. During the measurement of the conducted emission,
the near-field probe was perpendicular to the cable, at the same
height as the cable, and the distance between them was 0.5 m [23].
4.2.3 Measurement results: Under inflammable and explosive
conditions, direct measurement methods which involve opening up
the explosion-proof shell of electrical installations could not be
utilised. Consequently, the transformation model between direct
contact measured value and non-contact measured value was built
through modelling experiments, and the non-contact measuring
method of transient conducted disturbance in the coal mine was
presented [24]. The real-time conducted emission data of transient
pulse within the cable at the scene was obtained by this method.
Fig. 7 shows the time-domain waveform of conducted emission of
transient pulse, and the measurement point was located at the
outlet port of the explosion-proof high-voltage vacuum
electromagnetic starter (type of QBG-315/6S). Each pulse in the
EFT/B was of double polarity and vibration attenuation. The
forward voltage peak was 6.67 times that of the rated voltage, but
the backward voltage peak reached 16.67 times that of the rating.
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Fig. 7 Conducted emission of transient pulse
This suggests that the transient pulse generated by switching
operation in the coal mine is primarily propagated through
coupling to the cable.
4.3 Measurement uncertainty
In general, measurement uncertainty may be related to systematic
and random effects, which can be classified into two types,
depending on how they are calculated. Type A evaluation of the
standard uncertainty is obtained by means of a statistical analysis
of a series of observations, while Type B evaluation of the
standard uncertainty is obtained by means of judgment using all
relevant information on the possible variability of the measured
quantity, such as operational procedure, previous measurement
data, experience or general knowledge, manufacturer’s
specifications, and data provided in calibration certificates [25, 26].
Measurement uncertainty includes many components which can
only be measured by either Type A or B evaluation of standard
uncertainty, respectively.
For the radiated emission measurement uncertainty, the most
challenging element in the measuring chain is the measuring
antenna. In order to determine antenna uncertainty, the reference is
made to the antenna factor (AF) and voltage standing-wave ratio
(VSWR) specifications. The AF is represented by the ratio
between the electric field values and the antenna output voltage
values, and in decibel units is expressed as [27]
AF = E − V , dB/m (12)
where E is the measured electric field in dBμV/m, and V is the
antenna output voltage in dBμV. The AF measured values
provided by the manufacturer are shown in Fig. 8 [28]. The
antenna should only be switched to active mode if the sensitivity
of the receiving system (antenna with receiver) in passive mode is
not sufficient to detect the signal. However, the noise figure of the
internal amplifier is 5.3 dB at 2 GHz [28]. The active mode AF
related interpolation uncertainty is nearly ±0.1 dB [15]. For
high-frequency passive mode antennas, a slightly larger
uncertainty is ±0.25 dB [29] or ±0.3 dB [30]. In general, the
VSWR at the antenna input is a function of frequency (larger at
frequency band extremes) and antenna height above the ground.
The VSWR provided by the manufacturer is <2.5 type. [28].
Therefore, the combined standard uncertainty of the antenna is
1.08 dB (assuming a confidence level of 95%).
Table 2 presents an uncertainty budget, a Type B evaluation of the
spectrum analyser for the case of radiated emission measurements.
Namely, the given data are obtained from calibration reports,
manufacturer’s specifications, and instrumentation manuals [31,
32], according to the ISO-GUM [25]. Therefore, the combined
standard uncertainty of the spectrum analyser is 1.24 dB (assuming
a confidence level of 95%).
The HZ530 frequency response curves from 0.1 to 1,000 MHz are
shown in Fig. 9, the typical maximum receiver noise floor is 1–5 dB,
and the additional uncertainty is ±0.5 dB [23]. Therefore, the
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2016, Vol. 10, Iss. 13, pp. 3322–3329
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016
 Fig. 9 HZ530 near field probe frequency response
a Electric field probe
b Magnetic field probe

Table 3 Uncertainties associated with DSO 6052A oscilloscope

Input quantity Value

time base accuracy 15 ppm (±0.0015%)

DC vertical gain ±2.0% full scale
accuracy
DC vertical offset ≤200 mV/div: ±0.1 div ±2.0 mV ±0.5% offset value;
accuracy
>200 mV/div: ±0.1 div ±2.0 mV ±1.5% offset value
single cursor ±{DC vertical gain accuracy + DC vertical offset
accuracy accuracy + 0.2% full scale (∼1/2 LSB)}
delta-t accuracy same channel: ±0.0015% reading ±0.1% screen
Fig. 8 Antenna factor width ±20 ps
channel-to-channel: ±0.0015% reading ±0.1%
a Active and passive mode of HE300HF screen width ±40 ps
b Passive mode of HE300 external triggering For ±1 V range setting: DC to 100 MHz, 100 mV;
c Active mode of HE300 sensitivity
>100 MHz to bandwidth of oscilloscope: 200 mV
For ±8 V range setting: DC to 100 MHz, 250 mV;
Table 2 Uncertainties ofthe spectrum analyzer (R&S FSP7) >100 MHz to bandwidth of oscilloscope: 500 mV
XY phase error @ 1 MHz: <0.5°
Input quantity Value

Maximum uncertainty of level measurement at 128 MHz, <0.2 dB

−30 dBm (σ = 0.07 dB)
(RF attenuation10 dB, RBW 10 kHz, ref. level –20 dBm) combined standard uncertainty of the near field probe is 0.5 dB
Frequency response
<50 kHz <+0.5/−1.0 dB
(assuming a confidence level of 95%).
50 kHz to 3 GHz < 0.5 dB Table 3 presents some uncertainties associated with the
(σ = 0.17 dB) oscilloscope for the case of conducted emission measurements
Display nonlinearity LOG/LIN (S/N >16 dB) [33–35]. Authors in [36] introduced the measurement results
RBW ≤ 100 kHz0 dB to –70 dB <0.2 dB
(σ = 0.07 dB)
uncertainty evaluation process on pulse signal amplitude,
–70 dB to –90 dB <0.5 dB frequency and width by using a DSO 6052A oscilloscope. When
(σ = 0.17 dB) the measurement result of pulse amplitude is 693 mV, the
RBW ≥300 kHz 0 dB to –50 dB <0.2 dB combined standard uncertainty is 11 mV and the expanded
(σ = 0.07 dB)
–50 dB to –70 dB <0.5 dB
uncertainty is 22 mV (k = 2). When the measurement result of
(σ = 0.17 dB) pulse frequency is 1 kHz, the combined standard uncertainty is
Bandwidth switching uncertainty (ref. to RBW = 10 kHz) 1.5 Hz and the expanded uncertainty is 3 Hz (k = 2). When the
10 Hz to 100 kHz <0.1 dB measurement result of pulse width is 1.98 μs, the combined
(σ = 0.03 dB)
300 kHz to 10 MHz <0.2 dB
standard uncertainty is 0.007 μs and the expanded uncertainty is
(σ = 0.07 dB) 0.02 μs (k = 2) [36]. Hence, the combined standard uncertainty of
1 Hz to 3 kHz, FFT <0.2 dB the oscilloscope is 0.84 dB (assuming a confidence level of 95%).
(σ = 0.03 dB) Starting from the manufacturer’s specifications and the given
Maximum linearity uncertainty 0.2 dB
Total measurement uncertainty (0 GHz to 3 GHz) 0.5 dB
calibration data, all the elements involved in the measurement
chain must be considered in order to estimate the related

IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2016, Vol. 10, Iss. 13, pp. 3322–3329
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016 3327
Table 4 Uncertainties associated with the radiated
measurement
Input quantity
receiver reading
receiver corrections: (sine wave voltage, pulse amplitude
response, pulse repetition rate response, noise floor
proximity)
mismatch: antenna-receiver
attenuation: antenna-receiver
site corrections: (site imperfections, separation distance at
3 m)
antenna (HE300)
spectrum analyzer (R&S FSP7)
Table 5 Uncertainties associated with the conducted
measurement
Input quantity
receiver reading
receiver corrections: (sine wave voltage, pulse amplitude
response, pulse repetition rate response)
mismatch: probe-receiver
attenuation: probe-receiver
site corrections: (site imperfections, separation distance at
0.5 m)
probe (HZ530)
oscilloscope (DSO 6052A)
Fig. 10 Modified EMI filter
uncertainties [25]. Tables 4 and 5 summarise all the uncertainty
components considered for the radiated emission and conducted
emission measurements [37]. In Table 5, the mismatch and
attenuation values of the probe-receiver are in terms of
antenna-receiver values. Therefore, the expanded uncertainties
derived from combined standard uncertainties of the radiated
emission and conducted emission measurement are 5.55, and 4.86
dB, respectively.
4.4 Method of anti-jamming of the substations EFT/B
From the simulation results and on-site measuring data, the EFT/B is
an important source of disturbance in coal mine substations.
However, an evaluation of about 200 pieces of electric equipment
has shown that nearly 50% of them fail to pass EFT/B tests
according to IEC61000-4-4 Ed.2 [38]. Therefore, the anti-jamming
method should be effective so that substations can eventually
manage to pass EFT/B immunity and explosion-proof tests
simultaneously. In [39, 40], the combination of the transient
discharge and low-pass filter has improved the immunity of the
monitoring system, and the EMI filter with a new type of ferrite
core can effectively suppress EFT/B noise. The modified EMI
filter is shown in Fig. 10, where Vst1, Vst2 and Vst3 are the silicon
transient voltage suppressors (TVS). The TVS response time was
<1 ns and would provide a low impedance discharge channel for
the EFT/B [39]. The impedance of LC with a NiZn ferrite core
(core type: TN100B-RH-12-23-5.2, from TDG Corp., two turns)
increased with the increasing frequency [40] and was suitable for
dissipating the high frequency energy of EFT/B noise. Hence, the
3328
emission modified EMI filter can provide adequate insertion loss to suppress
the EFT/B of substations in a coal mine.
Value, dB
0.10 5 Conclusions
1.36
(i) The results indicate that, with the calculation of equivalent
0.67
circuit model by switching inductive load on/off, switching
0.10 operation does not produce a transient pulse when the breaking
1.64 angle is close to 90°. RLC circuit parameters will affect the speed,
frequency and peak value of oscillation decay pulse. Actual
1.08
1.24
measurements show that switching operation will generate a
transient burst, in which the single pulse vibration attenuation
characteristics are in line with simulation results.
(ii) The results, which are calculated by the short-dipole radiation
emission model of transient pulse, show that the electric field is the primary
form of radiation emission of switching operation transient pulse.
The impact of the magnetic field on the environment can be
Value, dB
ignored. Furthermore, the transient electric field rapidly decays
0.10
with the increase of distance. There is a large difference in field
1.33 strength before and after switching operation. This suggests that
switching operation has a large impact on the monitoring circuitry
0.67 of the mine equipment, causing the mine monitoring system to
0.10
1.65
frequently record erroneous data and omit information.
(iii) Analysis with the help of transmission line model of transient
0.50 pulse propagation characteristics in long cables show that the long
0.84 cable has a natural inhibition on differential mode transient pulse,
while the effect of the common-mode transient pulse cannot be
ignored. Accordingly, anti-jamming measures in coal mines should
be focused on the common mode disturbances.
(iv) According to the Parseval equation, energy distribution of
transient pulse at different frequencies is calculatedto determine
what the measurement frequencies and the instruments should be
used in coal mines. Experimental results show that the measurement
method presented in this paper is suitable for the actual production
environment and can therefore be applied in studies on
electromagnetic compatibility in coal mines. Research of switching
operation transient electromagnetic field in substations is
fundamental to the protection of mine monitoring systems against
electromagnetic interference.
6 References
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