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2
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Fluid Flow
Q= AV
Where:
Q=flow rate
A = area of the pipe/channel
V= velocity

Bernoulli’s Theorem

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Energy Head
E1=E2
V2 P
E= + + h
2g γw

a. Energy head at Pt.1 is equal to energy head at Pt.2 without

head loss consideration such as friction
𝑽𝟏𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ + h1 = + + h2
𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝒘

b. With head loss (H.L.) between two points:

𝑽𝟏𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ + h1 = + + h2 + H.L.
𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝒘

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c. With pump H.A. from Pt.1 to Pt. 2
e. Nozzle/Jet head loss (h1=h2)
𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
+ + h1 + HA= + + h2 + H.L. 𝑉 12 𝑃 1 𝑉 2 2 𝑃2
2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 + = + + H.L.
2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤
Where: H.A. = head or energy added
𝑄𝑊𝐸 𝑄𝑊𝐸 𝑉2
HP= 746 (output horsepower for pump) HP= where E=
746 2𝑔
1 HP= 746 watts
E=H.A.

D. With turbine H.E. from Pt.1 to Pt. 2

𝑉 12 𝑃 1 𝑉 2 2 𝑃2
+ + h1 = + + h2 + H.L + HE
2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 V1 and V2 = velocity in m/s
𝑄𝑊𝐸 g = acceleration due to gravity,9.81m/s2
HP= 746 (output horsepower for turbine) 𝑉12
= velocity head in m
E=H.E. 2𝑔
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 P1 and P2 = pressure in Pa
𝛾𝑤 = unit weight of fluid in kN/m3
𝑃1
= pressure head in m
𝛾𝑤
h1 and h2 = elevation head (sometimes Z1
and Z2) in m
HL= head loss in m
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Flow in Closed Conduits Frictional Head loss
1. Darcy- Weishback
𝑓𝐿𝑉2
a. Equation of continuity hf = (in terms of velocity)
2𝑔𝐷
ρ1A1V1 = ρ2A2V2 0.0826 𝑓𝐿𝑄2
hf = (in terms of discharge)
𝐷5
b. Reynold’s Number, Re Where: f= frictional factor
𝐷𝑉ρ
Re= (in terms of absolute viscosity) 2. Manning’s Formula
μ
𝐷𝑉 6.35 𝑛2𝐿𝑉2
Re= (in terms of kinematic viscosity) hf = 2 (in terms of velocity)
𝑣
𝐷3
10.29 𝑛2𝐿𝑄2
If Re< 2000 this is a laminar flow hf = 16 (in terms of discharge)
If Re>2000 this is a turbulent flow 𝐷3
Where n= manning’s number

μ = Absolute viscosity in Pa.s 3. Hazen Poseville

μ = ρv 32 μ 𝐿 𝑉
v = kinematic viscosity in m2/s hf= 2
ρ𝑔𝐷
1 stoke = 10-4 m2/s
4. Hazen Williams
c. Turbulent flow friction factor 10.64 𝐿 𝑄 1.85
0.079 hf = .
1 85
.
4 87
f= 𝐶 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 0.75 Where C= Hazen Williams coefficient
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a. Centerline velocity for laminar flow
Vc = 2V
Where: Vc= centerline velocity
V = average velocity

b. Velocity at a distance ro from the

center of laminar flow
Vro = Vc – k (ro)2
Where: ro= distance from the center e. Shear Stress at the wall
𝑓ρ𝑉2
τ𝑜=
c. Centerline velocity for turbulent flow 8
f. Shear velocity
Vc = V (1+ 1.33 𝑓 )
τ𝑜 𝑓
Where: Vc= centerline velocity V 𝜏= =V
ρ 8
f = friction factor

Where:
d. Velocity at a distance ro from the
𝜏𝑜=shear stress at wall of pipe, Pa
center of turbulent flow f= friction factor (unitless)
τ𝑜 𝑟 ρ = density
Vro = Vc – 5.75 log
ρ 𝑟 −𝑟𝑜 V= velocity
Where: 𝜏𝑜=shear stress at wall of pipe, Pa
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Total Head Loss
HL = hf + he
Where hf = major head loss (frictional)
he= minor head loss (local)

General Minor Head Loss

𝑉2
he= ke
2𝑔
Where ke = minor head loss coefficient

he through the nozzle

𝑉22 −𝑉12
he=
2𝑔
Where ke = minor head loss coefficient

Series Pipes:
Q1=Q2=Q3=Q4
hf1+ hf2 + hf3 + hf4 = hftotal

Parallel Pipes:
Q1+Q2+Q3=Qtotal
hf1= hf2 = hf3 = hf4
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1. Water travels through a hose at 0.8 meters per second. If the cross-sectional area
of the exit nozzle is one-fifth that of the hose, at what speed does water exit the
hose?
2. Oil with specific weight of 9000N/m3 is flowing at a rate of
0.40m3/s shown in the system below. If the total head loss
3.2𝑉2
between point 1 and point 2 is 2𝑔 in pipe with 50cm diameter
and the pressure at point 2 is 45kPa and the elevation is 18m.
a. determine the head that must be supplied by the
pump.
b. determine the power in kW that must be supplied by
the pump.
c. if the efficiency is 78%, determine the power that
must be supplied by the pump in kW.
3. The 600m diameter pipe shown conducts in a reservoir A to a
pressure turbine which discharges through another 600mm dia
pipe into tale race B. the loss of the head from A to 1 is 5 times
the velocity head in the pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is
0.2 times the velocity head in the pipe. If the discharge is
700L/sec.
a. compute the total head loss
b. compute the energy given by the water to the turbine
c. what horsepower is being given up by the water to
the turbine?
Sol’n:
1. Flow rate is constant: 3. a. Find for velocity Q= AV
2
π 0.6
Q1= Q 2 0.7 m3/s
= V 4
A1V1=A2V2 V= 2.48m/s (also equal to VA and VB)
A2 = 1/5 A1
A1(0.80)= (1/5 A1 )V2 5𝑉2 0.2 𝑉2 5.2 𝑉2
V2= 4.0 m/s HL= + =
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
2
5.2 (2.48)
𝑉 12 𝑃1 𝑉 22
𝑃
HL= = 1.63m
2(9.81)
2. a. + + h1 + HA= + 2 + h2 + H.L
2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 2𝑔𝛾𝑤
45 3.2𝑉2 𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
0 + 0 + 10 + HA = 0 + 9 + 18+ 2𝑔 b. + + h1 = 2𝑔 + 𝛾 + h2 + H.L + HE
𝜋∗0.502 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 𝑤
Where v=QA = 0.40 ( ) 2.482 2.482
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2𝑔
+ 0+ 60= 2𝑔 + 0 +0+ 1.63+ HE
V=2.037m/s
45 3.2(2.037)2 HE= 58.37m
0 + 0 + 10 + HA = 0 + 9
+ 18+ 2𝑔
HA= 13.68m 𝑄𝑊(𝐻𝐸) 0.7𝑚3/𝑠 9810 (58.37𝑚)
c. HP= =
746 746
b. P= QWE = 0.40(9000)(13.68m) HP = 537.7hp
P = 49.25kW

49.25
c. 0.78=𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
output power = 63.14kW

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4. The velocity of oil flowing thru a 30mm diameter pipe is equal to 2m/s. oil
has a kinematic viscosity of 5x10-5 m2/s. if the pipe has the length of 120m,
a. compute the Reynold’s number and determine the flow.
b. compute the friction factor.
c. Compute the head loss of the pipe.
5. The flow rate in a 300mm diameter pipe is 0.226 m3/s. the flow is known to
be turbulent and the centerline velocity is 3.66 m/s. the density of liquid
flowing is 850kg/m3.
a. determine the friction factor.
b. determine the headloss per meter length of pipe.
c. determine the shearing stress at the wall.
6. Oil having a sp.gr. Of 0.80 has a kinematic viscosity of 2x10-5 m2/s flows in a
100mm dia pipe at a rate of 0.001m3/s.
a. compute the Reynold’s number.
b. compute the velocity at the center.
c. compute the velocity at a distance 20mm from the center.
7. A 1m diameter pipe 1400m long has a discharge of 600L/sec.
a. compute the head loss using f=0.018
b. compute the head loss using n=0.015
c. compute the head loss using C=100
 𝜋∗0.102
6. a. v=Q/A = 0.001 / ( 4 ) = 0.1273m/s
Sol’n: 0.1 ∗0.1273
𝐷𝑉
𝐷𝑉 0.03 ∗2 Re= = = 636.5<2000
4.a. Re= 𝑣 = = 1200 <2000 𝑣 2𝑥10−5
5𝑥10−5 Flow is laminar therefore use laminar flow formulas
Flow is laminar.

64 64 b. Vc= 2V= 2(0.1273m/s) = 0.2546m/s

b. f= 𝑅𝑒
= 1200
= 0.053
c. Vend = Vc – Kr2
𝑓𝐿𝑉2 0.053 120 2 2
0= 0.2546 – K (0.05)2
c. hf = = k=101.84
2𝑔𝐷 2𝑔 (0.03)
hf= 43.22m V0.20 = Vc – Kr12
V0.20 = 0.2546 – 101.84 (0.02)2
𝜋∗0.302 V0.20 = 0.214m/s
5. a. v=Q/A = 0.226 / ( 4 )=
3.20m/s
Use turbulent flow for centerline velocity: 0.0826 𝑓𝐿𝑄2
7. a. hf = (Darcy Weishback)
Vc = V (1+ 1.33 𝑓 ) 𝐷5
0.0826 (0.018)(1400𝑚)(0.6)2
3.66 = 3.20 (1+ 1.33 𝑓) hf= = 0.749m
(1)5
f= 0.01168 10.29 𝑛2𝐿𝑄2
b. hf = 16 (Manning’s)
𝐷3
𝑓𝐿𝑉2 0.01168 (1𝑚) 3.2 2
10.29 0.015 21400(0.6)2
b. hf = = hf = 16 = 1.16m
2𝑔𝐷 2𝑔 (0.3) 13
hf = 0.02m
10.64 𝐿 𝑄 1.85
c. hf = . . (Hazen Williams)
𝑓ρ𝑉 2
0.01168 (850)(3.2) 2
𝐶1 85 𝐷 4 87 1.85
c. τ𝑜= = = 12.70N/m2 10.64 1400 .6
8 8 hf = . . = 1.16m
1001 85 1 4 87
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