BANSAL COACHING CENTRE (B.C.

C)
S.C.O-11, HOUSEFED COLONY, OPPOSITE VERKA MILK PLANT, BATHINDA
+91-9888666363, +91-9463706351
“An ISO 9001-2015 Certified Institute”

ORGANISATION OF DATA
INTRODUCTIONTRODUCTION
Organization of the data refers to the arrangement of figures in such a form that comparison of the
mass of similar data may be facilitated and further analysis may be possible.
An important method of organization of data is to distribute these into different classes on the basis
of their characteristics. This process is called classification of data. In other words, Classification of
data implies conversion of raw data into statistical series.

CLASSIFICATION
Classification is the process of arranging data into sequences and groups according to their common
characteristics of separating them in to different but related parts.

OBJECTIVES OF CLASSIFICATION
1) Simplification and Briefness
2) Utility
3) Distinctiveness
4) Comparability
5) Scientific Arrangement
6) Attractive and Effective

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLASSIFICATION

1) Comprehensiveness – Classification of the raw data should be so comprehensive that each
and every item of the data gets into some group or class. No item should be left out.
2) Clarity - Classification of the raw data into classes should be absolutely clear and simple. That
is, there should be no confusion about the placement of any item in a group.
3) Homogeneity – All items in a group or class must be homogeneous or similar to each other.
4) Suitability – The composition of the classes must suit the objective of enquiry. For example,
in order to determine the income and expenditure of the students in a school, their
classification on the basis of weight or marital status would make no sense. The data must be
classified on the basis of the different levels of income and expenditure.
5) Stability – A particular kind of investigation should be based on the same set of classification.
This base should not change with each investigation.
6) Elastic – Classification should be elastic. There should be scope for change in the
classification matching with the change in the purpose or objective of our study.

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Raw data can be classified as:
1. Chronological classification: In such a classification, data are classified either in ascending or
in descending order with reference to time such as years, quarters, months weeks etc.
2. Geographical/Spatial classification: The data are classified with reference to geographical
location/place such as countries, states, cities, districts, block etc.
3. Qualitative classification: Data are classified with reference to descriptive characteristics like
sex, caste, religion, literacy etc.

Page 1 of 4 By: Er. Love Kumar Bansal (MD, BCC), JEE- IIT Expert
 BANSAL COACHING CENTRE (B.C.C)
S.C.O-11, HOUSEFED COLONY, OPPOSITE VERKA MILK PLANT, BATHINDA
+91-9888666363, +91-9463706351
“An ISO 9001-2015 Certified Institute”

4. Quantitative classification: Data are classified on the basis of some measurable

characteristics such as height, age, weight, income, marks of students.
5. Conditional classification: When data are classified with respect to condition, the type of
classification is called conditional classification.

VARIABLE
A characteristic which is capable of being measured and changes its value overtime is called a
variable. It is of two types.
1) Discrete
2) Continuous

Discrete Variable: Discrete variables are those variables that increase in jumps or in complete
numbers and are not fractional. Ex.-number of student in a class could be 2, 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc. It
does not take any fractional value between them.

Continuous Variable: Continuous variables are those variables that can take any value i.e. integral
value or fractional value in a specified interval. Example: Wages of workers in a factory.

RAW DATA
A mass of data in its original form is called raw data. It is an unorganized mass of various items.

TYPES OF STATISTICAL SERIES

1) Individual Series/Series without Frequency – They are those series in which the items are
listed singly. Example if the marks obtained by 30 students of class 11 th are listed singly, the
series would be called Individual Series. This series may be presented in two ways.

a) According to Serial Numbers – One way of presenting an individual series is that all the
items are arranged in order of their roll numbers. Example marks obtained by the
students may be arranged in order of their roll numbers.

b) Ascending or Descending order of Data – The other way of presenting an individual

series is a simple ascending or descending order. In the ascending order, the smallest
value

2) Frequency Series or Series with Frequency – This series is further divided into two types.

a) Frequency Array or Discrete Series – It is that series in which data are presented in a way
that exact measurements of items are clearly shown.

b) Frequency Distribution – A frequency distribution is a comprehensive way to classify raw

data of a quantitative variable. It shows how different values of a variable are distributed
in different classes along with their corresponding class frequencies.
In other words, It is that series in which items cannot be exactly measured. The items
assume a range of values and are placed within the range or limits.

Page 2 of 4 By: Er. Love Kumar Bansal (MD, BCC), JEE- IIT Expert
 BANSAL COACHING CENTRE (B.C.C)
S.C.O-11, HOUSEFED COLONY, OPPOSITE VERKA MILK PLANT, BATHINDA
+91-9888666363, +91-9463706351
“An ISO 9001-2015 Certified Institute”

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

1) Frequency – It is the number of times an item occurs (or repeats itself) in the series.

2) Class Frequency – The number of times an item repeats itself corresponding to a range of
value (or class interval). OR It means the number of values in a particular class.

3) Tally Bars – Every time an item occurs, a tally bar, (|) is marked against that item.
Corresponding to a particular class interval, each tall bar signifies ‘one’ occurrence of that
item.

4) Class mid-point/mid value – The class mid-point or class mark is the middle value of a class.
It lies halfway between the lower class limit and the upper class limit of a class and can be
ascertained in the following manner.
𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
2

5) Class width – It is the difference between the upper class limit and lower class limit
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 – 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

6) Class Limits – The extreme values of a class are limits. Every class interval has two limits –
lower limit and upper limit. The lowest value is called lower limit and highest value is called
upper class limit.

TYPES OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

1) Exclusive Series – In the exclusive method, the classes are formed in such a way that the
upper class limit of one class equals the lower class limit of the next class. In this, every class
interval excludes items corresponding to its upper limit. Example: 0-10, 10-20.

2) Inclusive Series – This series includes all items up to its upper limit. The inclusive method
does not exclude the upper class limit in a class interval. It includes the upper class in a class.
Thus both class limits are part of the class intervals. Example: 0-9, 10-19.

3) Open End Series – It is that series in which lower limit of the first class interval and (or) the
upper limit of last class interval is missing. Example: Below 5, 20 and above.

4) Cumulative Frequency Series – It is that series in which the frequencies are continuously
added corresponding to each class interval in the series. There are two ways of presenting
Cumulative Frequency Series:
a) Cumulative frequencies may be expressed on the basis of upper limits of the class
intervals. Example – less than 10, less than 15, less than 20.
b) Cumulative frequencies may be expressed on the basis of lower class limits of the class
intervals. Example – more than 5, more than 10, more than 15.

5) Frequency Series containing Mid-values – These are those series in which we have only mid-
values of the class intervals and the corresponding frequencies.

Page 3 of 4 By: Er. Love Kumar Bansal (MD, BCC), JEE- IIT Expert
 BANSAL COACHING CENTRE (B.C.C)
S.C.O-11, HOUSEFED COLONY, OPPOSITE VERKA MILK PLANT, BATHINDA
+91-9888666363, +91-9463706351
“An ISO 9001-2015 Certified Institute”

Such series may be converted into simple frequency series using the following method:
a) First, mutual difference between mid-values (𝑖) is determined.
1
b) Second, the difference so obtained is reduced to half (2 𝑖) which when deducted
from the mid-value gives lower limit of the class interval and when added to the mid-
value gives the corresponding upper limit.
Thus,
1
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡: 𝑙1 = 𝑚 − 𝑖
2
1
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡: 𝑙2 = 𝑚 + 𝑖
2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒;
𝑖 = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠;
𝑙1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑙2 = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

Page 4 of 4 By: Er. Love Kumar Bansal (MD, BCC), JEE- IIT Expert