&RXQWHUSRLVH0RGHO,PSOHPHQWDWLRQDQG1HZ*UDSKLFDO8VHU,QWHUIDFH

IRU/LJKWQLQJ7UDQVLHQW$QDO\VLVLQ2SHQ(7UDQ

0DWWKLHX%HUWLQDQG%UDQGRQ*UDLQJHU3K' 7KRPDV0F'HUPRWW3K'3(
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDODQG&RPSXWHU(QJLQHHULQJ 3DFLILF1RUWKZHVW1DWLRQDO/DERUDWRU\
8QLYHUVLW\RI3LWWVEXUJK6ZDQVRQ6FKRRORI(QJLQHHULQJ 5LFKODQG:$86$
3LWWVEXUJK3HQQV\OYDQLD86$ (PDLOWKRPDVPFGHUPRWW#SQQOJRY
(PDLOPDE#SLWWHGXEPJ#SLWWHGX


Abstract— A counterpoise ground model is added to EPRI’s
open source transient simulator. The approach to integrate this
model is based on nodal analysis of the counterpoise conductor
and electrical transient computations. A new graphical user
interface for OpenETran is added and described in this paper.
The user-interface regroups a tab window replacing the previous
Excel spreadsheet interface for OpenETran, and adds a line
visualization tool for more efficient line design in terms of shield
wires, grounds, insulation and line arresters.
Keywords—Power Distribution Protection, Power Transmission
Protection, Power system lightning effects, Grounding,
Counterpoise, GUI, Python, Flashover Rate
, ,1752'8&7,21
/LJKWQLQJ LV VWLOO D VLJQLILFDQW FDXVH RI RXWDJHV DQG
HTXLSPHQW GDPDJH RQ WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHPV
9%$ LQWHUIDFH SURJUDP KRVWHG LQ WKH ([FHO VSUHDGVKHHW
7KHUHVSRQVLEOH,(((ZRUNLQJJURXSFRQWLQXHVWRH[WHQGWKLV
SODWIRUP RQ D YROXQWHHU EDVLV E\ DGGLQJ IHDWXUHV WR PRGHO
VXUJH SURWHFWLRQ RI VHUYLFH WUDQVIRUPHU VHFRQGDULHV DQG
FXVWRPHU IDFLOLWLHV XQGHUJURXQG FDEOH DUUHVWHUV VFRXW
DUUHVWHUVDQGVXEVWDWLRQLQFRPLQJVXUJHV>@
+RZHYHU WKLV W\SH RI LQWHUIDFH SRVHV VHYHUDO UHOLDELOLW\
DQG HIILFLHQF\ SUREOHPV  +HQFH DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ LV SUHVHQWHG
E\ WKH UHFHQW UHOHDVH RI (35,¶V OLJKWQLQJ WUDQVLHQWV SURJUDP
XQGHU RSHQ VRXUFH WR GHOLYHU DQ DFFHSWHG DQG XVHUIULHQGO\
WRROIRUHYDOXDWLQJWKHFRVWVDQGEHQHILWVRIOLJKWQLQJDUUHVWHUV
VKLHOGLQJ JURXQGLQJ LQVXODWLRQ GHVLJQ DQG RWKHU SRVVLEOH
UHOLDELOLW\ LPSURYHPHQWV.  7KH QHDUWHUP EHQHILWV RI VXFK DQ
HQGHDYRULQFOXGH

• $ PRUH HIILFLHQW DQG XVHUIULHQGO\ WRRO IRU OLJKWQLQJ
SHUIRUPDQFH DQDO\VLV DV FRPSDUHG WR JHQHUDOSXUSRVH
,Q WKH V WKH (OHFWULF 3RZHU 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH (35, (07 SURJUDPV 7KLV VKRXOG HQDEOH EURDGHU XVH RI (07
GHYHORSHG WKH /LJKWQLQJ 3URWHFWLRQ 'HVLJQ :RUNVWDWLRQ PHWKRGVIRUOLJKWQLQJDQDO\VLVDWXWLOLWLHV
/3':VRIWZDUH/3':IRFXVHGRQGLVWULEXWLRQUDWKHUWKDQ
WUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQHV 7KH VLPXODWLRQ HQJLQH RI WKLV VRIWZDUH
FDOOHG 2SHQ(7UDQ KDV EHHQ PDGH DYDLODEOH VLQFH  ZLWK
DQ RSHQVRXUFH OLFHQVH VR LW PD\ EH LQWHJUDWHG LQ RWKHU
SURMHFWV QHHGLQJ WR SUHGLFW WKH OLJKWQLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI
WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ OLQHV >@ &RPSDUHG WR JHQHUDO

• (YDOXDWLRQ RI WKH LPSDFW RI SHQGLQJ FKDQJHV WR VXUJH
DUUHVWHUV¶ VWDQGDUGV QHZ YHUVLRQV RI ,(&  VSHFLI\
DUUHVWHU GXW\ LQ WHUPV RI FXUUHQW FKDUJH DQG HQHUJ\ LQ
YDU\LQJFLUFXPVWDQFHV7KLVHQDEOHVPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYH
HYDOXDWLRQ RI OLQH WULSRXW UDWHV YV OLQH DUUHVWHU
SXUSRVH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF WUDQVLHQW (07 SURJUDPV
2SHQ(7UDQ VWUHDPOLQHV WKH LQSXW RIIHUV EXLOWLQ IUHTXHQF\
GHSHQGHQW DQG QRQOLQHDU PRGHOV WKDW ZRXOG KDYH WR EH
LPSOHPHQWHG DV ³XVHU PRGHOV´ LQ PRVW RWKHU (07 SURJUDPV
2SHQ(7UDQ UXQV IDVWHU DV LW WDNHV DGYDQWDJH RI LQKHUHQW
EORFNGLDJRQDO V\VWHP PDWUL[ VWUXFWXUH DFFHOHUDWHV FULWLFDO
FXUUHQW LWHUDWLRQV FKDQJHV WLPH VWHS VL]H DQG KDV QR IL[HG
V\VWHP VL]H OLPLWV  2SHQ(7UDQ FDSDELOLWLHV DUH PRUH IXOO\
GHVFULEHGLQWKHPDQXDODYDLODEOHDW>@
5HJDUGLQJ OLJKWQLQJ DQDO\VLV WKLV VRIWZDUH LQFOXGHV WKH
DELOLW\ WR PRGHO PDQ\ SROHWRZHU VSDQV DQG DXWRPDWLFDOO\
GHWHUPLQHV WKH FULWLFDO FXUUHQW PDJQLWXGHV FDXVLQJ IODVKRYHU
IRU VWURNHV WR GLIIHUHQW SROHWRZHU ORFDWLRQV DQG FRQGXFWRUV
,Q DGGLWLRQ WLPHGHSHQGHQW DQG QRQOLQHDU PRGHOV IRU
LQVXODWRUVJURXQGVVXUJHDUUHVWHUV PXOWLFRQGXFWRURYHUKHDG
OLQHVDQGXQGHUJURXQGFDEOHVEDVHGRQWKH%HUJHURQ'RPPHO
FDSDELOLWLHVDQGIDLOXUHUDWHV

• 'HVLJQLQJ DQG EHQFKPDUNLQJ OLJKWQLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH
LPSURYHPHQWSURJUDPV*LYHQWKHVWRFKDVWLFYDULDWLRQVLQ
OLJKWQLQJ DFWLYLW\ DQG VHYHULW\ DFFXUDWH SUHGLFWLRQV DQG
FRVW HVWLPDWHV EHFRPH FULWLFDO 9HU\ ORZ VWURNH FXUUHQWV
FDXVLQJ D OLQH WULSRXW ZRXOG EH V\PSWRPDWLF RI D
VKLHOGLQJ IDLOXUH IODVKRYHU 9HU\ KLJK VWURNH FXUUHQWV
ZRXOG EH V\PSWRPDWLF RI D EDFNIODVKRYHU WKDW WKH OLQH
ZDV QRW GHVLJQHG WR ZLWKVWDQG ,QWHUPHGLDWH VWURNH
FXUUHQWV KRZHYHU PLJKW EH V\PSWRPDWLF RI D OLQH
JURXQGLQJSUREOHP

• 3URPRWH XSGDWHV WR WKH ,((( JXLGH IRU WUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQH
OLJKWQLQJSURWHFWLRQ>@7KHSUHVHQWYHUVLRQRIWKLVJXLGH
GRHV QRW DGGUHVV WUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQH DUUHVWHUV QRU GRHV LW
DGGUHVV(07PRGHOLQJIRUOLJKWQLQJDQDO\VLV
PHWKRGXVHGLQJHQHUDOSXUSRVH(07SURJUDPV>@FDQEH
PRGHOHGLQ2SHQ(7UDQ
 7R GDWH 2SHQ(7UDQ KDV EHHQ DGGHG WR SURJUDPV VXFK DV
,((( )ODVK >@ ZKLFK XVHV D 9LVXDO %DVLF IRU $SSOLFDWLRQV
7KLV ZRUN ZDV VSRQVRUHG E\ &($7, ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,QF 0RQWUHDO 4&
&DQDGD
‹,(((

$ORQJ ZLWK WKH SRLQWV OLVWHG DERYH WKLV SDSHU ZLOO
GHVFULEH WKH ZRUN SXW IRUWK WR LQFRUSRUDWH QHZ JURXQG
PRGHOLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV ZLWKLQ 2SHQ(7UDQ ± VSHFLILFDOO\ D
FRXQWHUSRLVHJURXQGIRUWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHWRZHUV
 ,, 23(1(75$1&2817(532,6(02'(/ 
‫ܥ‬௜
A. Theoretical Counterpoise Ground Model ‫ܩ‬௜ ൌ  
ߝߩ
7KHSUHVHQWJURXQGLQJPRGHOLQ2SHQ(7UDQLVOLPLWHGWR  :KHUH ȝ0 LV WKH YDFXXP¶V PDJQHWLF SHUPHDELOLW\ li WKH
URGV ZLWK VRLO LRQL]DWLRQ IROORZLQJ WKH PRGHO RULJLQDWHG E\ OHQJWKRIDVHJPHQWRIWKHFRXQWHUSRLVHaLVWKHUDGLXVRIWKH
.+:HFN>@7KLVPRGHOLVGHVFULEHGE\DQG FRXQWHUSRLVHFRQGXFWRUȡWKHUHVLVWLYLW\RIHDUWKhLVWKHGHSWK
DW ZKLFK WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH LV EXULHG ai LV WKH UDGLXV RI WKH


 ߩ‫ܧ‬଴
‫ܫ‬௕௥௞ ൌ ଶ   LRQL]HG ]RQH DURXQG WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH DQG İ WKH HOHFWULF
ʹߨܴ଺଴ SHUPLWWLYLW\RIHDUWK
 ,QGHYHORSLQJWKHXVHULQWHUIDFHIRUWKLVPRGHOZHXVHGD
ܴ଺଴
 ܴ௚௥௢௨௡ௗ ൌ
ඥͳ ൅ ‫ܫ‬௚௥௢௨௡ௗ Τ‫ܫ‬௕௥௞
R60 LV WKH ORZFXUUHQW JURXQG UHVLVWDQFH ρ LV WKH VRLO
UHVLVWLYLW\ E0 LV D VRLO EUHDNGRZQ JUDGLHQW Iground LV WKH
LWHUDWHG SHDN JURXQG FXUUHQW DQG Rground LV WKH LWHUDWHG KLJK
FXUUHQW JURXQG UHVLVWDQFH )UHTXHQF\GHSHQGHQW HIIHFWV FRXOG
EHDSSUR[LPDWHGZLWKOXPSHGLDQGCHOHPHQWVEXWWKLVLVQRW
SUHVHQWO\GRQHLQ2SHQ(7UDQ
 *URXQG URGV DSSO\ WR GLVWULEXWLRQ OLQHV EXW QRW DOZD\V WR
WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVZRUNLVWRDGGDQRWKHU
FRPPRQJURXQGLQJPHWKRGIRUWUDQVPLVVLRQWKHFRXQWHUSRLVH
  ODGGHUQHWZRUNUHGXFWLRQIRUPXODIURP>@WRVROYHIRUGiDQG
Ri WKDW ZRXOG PDWFK WKH XVHU¶V LQSXW ORZIUHTXHQF\
FRXQWHUSRLVH UHVLVWDQFH ZKLFK LV NQRZQ IURP PHDVXUHPHQW
$IWHU D UHYLHZ RI >@ DQG RWKHU UHIHUHQFHV ZH XVHG WKHVH Ri
YDOXHVLQVWHDGRIWKHPXFKKLJKHURQHVFDOFXODWHGIURP>@
(TXDWLRQ  JLYHV WKH FDSDFLWDQFH RI D VHJPHQW ZKHQ WKH
FRQGXFWRU LV EXULHG DW D GHSWK RI h 7KLV FDSDFLWDQFH LV D
IXQFWLRQRIWKHFDSDFLWDQFHRIWKDWVDPHVHJPHQWLQDQLQILQLWH
PHGLXPZKLFKLVGHILQHGDV

ʹߨߝ݈௜
‫ܥ‬௜ ൌ 
ܽ௜ ଶ
݈௜ ൅ ඥ݈௜ ൅ ܽଶ ܽ ଶ 
FRQGXFWRU $ FRXQWHUSRLVH LV D KRUL]RQWDO JURXQGLQJ FDEOH ൅ ݈݊ െ ටͳ െ ቀ ቁ
݈௜ ܽ ݈௜
ZLWK D OHQJWK UDQJLQJ IURP D IHZ PHWHUV WR D IHZ KXQGUHG 
PHWHUV7KHPDLQXVHRIDFRXQWHUSRLVH)LJLVWRUHGXFHWKH )LQDOO\WKHLRQL]HG]RQHUDGLXVFDQEHREWDLQHGXVLQJWKH
WUDQVPLVVLRQ WRZHU IRRWLQJ LPSHGDQFH ZKLFK FDQ EH YDOXHRIWKHOHDNHGFXUUHQWLQWRWKHHDUWKDWHDFKVHJPHQW
VLJQLILFDQWZKHQWKHJURXQGKDVDKLJKUHVLVWLYLW\E\DOORZLQJ 
WKH OLJKWQLQJ LPSXOVH FXUUHQW WR IORZ PRUH HDVLO\ LQWR WKH ȟ‫ܫ‬௜ ߩ
JURXQG ܽ௜ ൌ  
ʹߨ‫ܧ‬஼ ݈௜
It 
Tower Base Ground Plane  ,QǻIiLVWKHOHDNHGFXUUHQWLQWRWKHHDUWKDQGECLVWKH
FULWLFDO HOHFWULFDO ILHOG JUDGLHQW DW ZKLFK WKH VRLO VWDUWV WR
Nli
LRQL]H ,W LV W\SLFDOO\ N9P >@ 7KH LPSRUWDQW DVSHFW RI
h WKLV PRGHO LV WKDW VLQFH LW WDNHV WKH VRLO LRQL]DWLRQ LQWR
DFFRXQW LW LV KLJKO\ QRQOLQHDU ,QGHHG WKH VKXQW FDSDFLWDQFH
Soil Ionization Counterpoise DQGFRQGXFWDQFHLQDQGDUHIXQFWLRQVRIWKHLRQL]DWLRQ
 UDGLXV ZKLFK FKDQJHV FRQWLQXRXVO\ GXULQJ WKH LPSXOVH
)LJ9LVXDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDFRXQWHUSRLVHXQGHUOLJKWQLQJFRQGLWLRQV>@
Hence, the values of Ci and Gi will also vary during the
7KH SK\VLFDO PRGHO XVHG WR GHVFULEH WKH EHKDYLRU RI WKH analysis and the computer model will need to be updated at
FRXQWHUSRLVH XQGHU OLJKWQLQJ LPSXOVH FRQGLWLRQV LV D each time step during a simulation. 7KH UHVLVWDQFH Ri DQG
WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHGLVWULEXWHGPRGHO>@DVVHHQLQ)LJ LQGXFWDQFHLiKRZHYHUDUHFRQVWDQW7KH\DUHDOVRWKHVDPHIRU
HDFKVHJPHQW
V0=VG V1 V2 VN B. Implementation of the Nonlinear Model
Li Li Li
Ri ΔIi Ri ΔIi Ri ΔIi 7KH2SHQ(7UDQVRIWZDUHJLYHVWKHYDOXHRIITWKHFXUUHQW
IT LQMHFWHGLQWRWKHFRQGXFWRUDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHVLPXODWLRQ
Gi(ai) Gi(ai) Gi(ai)
7KHJRDOIRUWKHFRXQWHUSRLVHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLVWRVLPXODWHWKH
Ci(ai) Ci(ai) Ci(ai)
 HYROXWLRQ RI WKH JURXQG FXUUHQW E\ FDOFXODWLQJ WKH OHDNDJH
)LJ5HSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHFRXQWHUSRLVHFRQGXFWRU>@ FXUUHQWLQWRWKHHDUWKDWHDFKVHJPHQWRI)LJ7RSHUIRUPWKLV
 WDVNWKHYROWDJHVDWHDFKQRGHPXVWEHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJQRGDO
7KH FRPSRQHQWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH PRGHO DQDO\VLV WKHQWKHFXUUHQWV LQHDFKEUDQFK DUHFRPSXWHG XVLQJ
FDQEHFDOFXODWHGZLWKIURP>@ WKHLPSHGDQFHVRIHDFKHOHPHQW
 7KH ILUVW VWHS LQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LV WR FDOFXODWH WKH
ߤ଴ ݈௜ ʹ݈௜ FRQGXFWRU
V DGPLWWDQFH <EXV PDWUL[ LQ SUHSDUDWLRQ IRU
‫ܮ‬௜ ൎ ൬݈݊ െ ͳ൰ 
ʹߨ ܽ VROYLQJ)URP)LJWKLVZLOOEHV\PPHWULFWULGLDJRQDO
 
‫ܥ‬௜ ൌ ‫ܥ‬௜ ሺܽ௜ ሻ ൅ ‫ܥ‬௜ ሺʹ݄ െ ܽ௜ ሻ  ܻܾ‫ ݏݑ‬ή ܸ ൌ ‫ܫ‬ 
 )URP WKH WUDSH]RLGDO LQWHJUDWLRQ IRUPXODV LQ >@ WKH  7KHFLUFXLWLQ)LJLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHUHVWRIWKHV\VWHP
DGPLWWDQFH FRQWULEXWLRQV DW HDFK VHJPHQW FDQ EH FRPSXWHG ,Q RUGHU WR PDNH WKLV UHSUHVHQW WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH PRGHO
ZLWKDQG GHSLFWHG LQ )LJ  DQG VROYHG LQ  ±  ZH XVH WKH
ʹ‫ܮ‬௜ FRPSHQVDWLRQ PHWKRG >@ $ ELDV FXUUHQW GHILQHG LQ 
ܻ௦௘௥௜௘௦ ൌ ͳൗ൬ܴ௜ ൅ ൰ 
ο‫ݐ‬ FLUFXODWHV WKURXJK WKH QRPLQDO FRXQWHUSRLVH UHVLVWDQFH R60
 7KLVDFFRXQWVIRUWKHFRXQWHUSRLVHQRQOLQHDULWLHVZLWKDODJRI
ʹ‫ܥ‬௜ Δt 7KLV ODJ LV QRW KDUPIXO LQ WKH JURXQG PRGHO EHFDXVH WKH
ܻ௦௛௨௡௧ ൌ ‫ܩ‬௜ ൅  
ο‫ݐ‬ FXUUHQWYDULDWLRQVDUHUHODWLYHO\VORZDQGVPRRWKFRPSDUHGWR
 WKH VXUJH DUUHVWHU PRGHOV ZKLFK 2SHQ(7UDQ VROYHV E\
 :LWK ΔtEHLQJWKHVLPXODWLRQWLPHVWHS7KHYDOXHVIRUWKH LWHUDWLRQZLWKLQHDFKWLPHVWHS
FDSDFLWDQFH DQG FRQGXFWDQFH DUH LQLWLDOO\ FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ ai 
HTXDO WR WKH FRQGXFWRU UDGLXV a IRU WKH ILUVW VLPXODWLRQ WLPH ‫ܫ‬௕௜௔௦ ൌ ܸீ Τܴ଺଴ െ ‫ ்ܫ‬ൌ ܸ଴ Τܴ଺଴ െ ‫ ்ܫ‬ 
VWHS2IIGLDJRQDOHOHPHQWVLQDUHDOOHTXDOWR-YseriesDQG
UHPDLQ FRQVWDQW WKURXJK WKH VLPXODWLRQ 7KH ILUVW GLDJRQDO 7KHWRZHULQGXFWRUFXUUHQWDQGKLVWRU\WHUPVLQ)LJDUH
HOHPHQWLVYseriesWKHODVWRQHLVYseries+Yshunt,DQGDOORWKHUVDUH FDOFXODWHGDVLQDQGEXWZLWK]HURUHVLVWDQFH8VLQJ
2Yseries+Yshunt 7KHVH GLDJRQDO HOHPHQWV FDQ FKDQJH GXULQJ .LUFKKRII¶V9ROWDJH/DZZHFDQHOLPLQDWHWKHVGQRGHXVLQJ
VLPXODWLRQDFFRUGLQJWR  WR DUULYH DW WKH VLPSOHU PRGHO WR WKH ULJKW LQ )LJ 
7KHULJKWKDQGVLGHRIFRQVLVWVRIWKHWRZHUFXUUHQWIT 2SHQ(7UDQ XVHV WKLV ULJKWKDQG PRGHO LQ )LJ  WR FDOFXODWH
LQMHFWHG DW QRGH  DORQJ ZLWK WUDSH]RLGDO LQWHJUDWLRQ KLVWRU\ WKHQH[WWLPHVWHS¶VFXUUHQWLQMHFWLRQITLQ)LJ
FXUUHQWV DW DOO QRGHV IURP WKH VHULHV Ri DQG Li FRPSRQHQWV ʹ‫் ܮ‬ൗ
்݄ ο‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ܫ‬௕௜௔௦ ܴ଺଴
IORZLQJ OHIW WR ULJKW DQG Ci FRPSRQHQWV QRGH WR JURXQG ‫ܫ‬௜௡௝ ൌ 
,QLWLDOO\WKHVHDUHDOO]HUR:KHQLV VROYHGDWDWLPHVWHS ʹ‫ܮ‬
ܴ଺଴ ൅ ்ൗο‫ݐ‬
WKHDFWXDOVHULHVDQGVKXQWFXUUHQWVDUHIRXQGIURP±
 )LQDOO\ LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR PHQWLRQ WKDW WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH
‫ܫ‬ோ௅௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ܻ௦௘௥௜௘௦ ൫ܸ௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ െ ܸ௜ାଵ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ൯ ൅ ݄ோ௅ ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ο‫ݐ‬ሻ  PRGHO LV DQ DGGRQ DQG KDV QRW UHSODFHG WKH RULJLQDO JURXQG
 URGPRGHOZKLFKLVGHVFULEHGLQWKH2SHQ(7UDQXVHUPDQXDO
ʹ‫ܥ‬௜  ,WLVVWLOOSRVVLEOHWRXVHWKHJURXQGURGPRGHOGHILQHGE\
‫ܫ‬஼௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ή ܸ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ݄஼௜ ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ο‫ݐ‬ሻ  DQG  E\ VLPSO\ QRW ILOOLQJ LQ WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH SDUDPHWHUV
ο‫ ݐ‬௜
 SDUWRIWKHQHZXVHULQWHUIDFHGHVFULEHGQH[W
ο‫ܫ‬௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܫ‬஼௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܩ‬௜ ܸ௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ 
 ,,, 7+(23(1(75$1*8,
:KHUH hRLi DQG hCi DUH WKH SUHYLRXV WUDSH]RLGDO KLVWRU\  7KHRULJLQDO([FHOLQWHUIDFHIRU2SHQ(7UDQLVGHVFULEHGLQ
FXUUHQWV >@ )RU WKH QH[W WLPH VWHS WKH OHDNHG VHJPHQW >@7KLVVSUHDGVKHHWLQWHUIDFHFRQWDLQVIRXULQSXWUHJLRQV
FXUUHQWV IURP  XSGDWH  ±  DQG  7KH KLVWRU\ 2SHQ(7UDQSURJUDPDQGLQSXWRXWSXWILOHSDWKVVLPXODWLRQ
FXUUHQWVDUHWKHQXSGDWHGIURP>@ SDUDPHWHUV  PDQGDWRU\ FRQGXFWRU SDUDPHWHUV DQG  WKH
 ILQDODUHDWRGHVFULEHHDFKFRPSRQHQWFRQQHFWHGWRWKHWRZHUV
ʹ‫ܮ‬௜  7KH QHZ XVHU LQWHUIDFH SURJUDPPHG LQ 3\WKRQ Y LV
݄ோ௅௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ܻ௦௘௥௜௘௦ ൤൬ െ ܴ௜ ൰ ‫ܫ‬ோ௅௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ܸ௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ െ ܸ௜ାଵ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ൨  VHSDUDWHGLQWZRZLQGRZVRQHUHSODFHVWKH([FHOVSUHDGVKHHW
ο‫ݐ‬
 LQWHUIDFH IRU 2SHQ(7UDQ )LJ  WKH RWKHU LV D OLQH
ʹ‫ܥ‬௜ YLVXDOL]DWLRQWRROWKDWDOORZVWKHXVHUWRVHHHDFKFRQGXFWRU¶V
݄஼௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ െ‫ܫ‬஼௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ െ ܸ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ 
ο‫ ݐ‬௜ H[SRVXUHDQGYXOQHUDELOLW\WROLJKWQLQJZLWKWKHSRVVLELOLW\RI
 FKHFNLQJ VKLHOG ZLUH SODFHPHQW DQG FDOFXODWLQJ WKH IODVKRYHU
 7KH ILUVW QRGH YROWDJH REWDLQHG IURP  QDPHO\ V0 UDWHYLDHOHFWURJHRPHWULFPRGHO)LJ>@
DSSUR[LPDWHV WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH YROWDJH VG LQ )LJ  7KH\
A. OpenETran window
ZRQ¶W PDWFK EHFDXVH RI QRQOLQHDULWLHV LQ WKH PRGHO :H DOVR
KDYHWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHWRZHUVXUJHLPSHGDQFHDSSUR[LPDWHG  )LJ  VKRZV WKH WDE ZLQGRZ IRU WKH QHZ 2SHQ(7UDQ
ZLWKLQGXFWDQFHLTLQ)LJ7KHWRZHUWRSYROWDJHLVWKHQVT LQWHUIDFH,QWKLV*8,WKHILUVWWDELVWKHSURMHFWWDELQZKLFK
,Q 2SHQ(7UDQ WKH WRZHU DQG JURXQG LPSHGDQFHV DUH WKH XVHU FDQ VDYHORDG D SURMHFW DQG VZLWFK EHWZHHQ D
FRPELQHGLQDVLQJOHHOHPHQWFRQQHFWHGWRDVKLHOGRUQHXWUDO VLPSOLILHG ZLWK RQO\ WKH PRVW FRPPRQ HOHPHQWV VKRZQ RU
IXOOLQWHUIDFH7KHWDEVKRZQLQ)LJUHJURXSVWKHVLPXODWLRQ
hT(t-Δt) Ibias Iinj SDUDPHWHUV 7KHUH DUH WZR SRVVLEOH W\SHV RI VLPXODWLRQ LQ
IT 2SHQ(7UDQ D RQHVKRW PRGH WKDW FUHDWHV SORWV RI WKH
V=0 VT
YROWDJH RU FXUUHQW ZDYHIRUPV DW SRLQWV VSHFLILHG E\ WKH XVHU
VT VG DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WLPH DQG D FULWLFDO FXUUHQW LWHUDWLRQ PRGH
2LT/Δt R60 2LT/Δt R60 7KLV PRGH IRUFHV 2SHQ(7UDQ WR FDOFXODWH WKH PLQLPXP
 OLJKWQLQJFXUUHQWYDOXHLHFULWLFDOFXUUHQWWKDWFDQFUHDWHDQ
)LJ&RXQWHUSRLVHFRQGXFWRUZLWKFRPSHQVDWLRQFXUUHQWVRXUFH LQVXODWLRQIODVKRYHUDWDFHUWDLQORFDWLRQRQWKHOLQH
DQGLQGXFWDQFHUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHWRZHUVXUJHLPSHGDQFH
 SKDVHFRQGXFWRULVSURWHFWHG,IDSKDVHFRQGXFWRULVH[SRVHG
WKH H[SRVXUH ZLGWK LV GHILQHG DV WKH KRUL]RQWDO OHQJWK RI WKH
H[SRVHGUHJLRQRIWKHDUF
7KHDUF
VUDGLXVrCDQGVWULNLQJGLVWDQFHWRJURXQGrGDUH
GHILQHGDVIXQFWLRQVRIWKHSURVSHFWLYHVWURNHFXUUHQW

 ‫ݎ‬஼ ൌ ͳͲ‫ܫ‬଴Ǥ଺ହ  
)LJ2SHQ(7UDQ*8,±6LPXODWLRQ7DE 
ߚ‫ݎ‬஼
‫ ீݎ‬ൌ  
…‘• ߙ

+HUHILVWKHFXUUHQWJRLQJWKURXJKWKHFRQGXFWRUDQGĮLV
WKH JURXQG VORSH ZKLFK FDQ EH EHWZHHQ  DQG  GHJUHHV LQ
WKHVRIWZDUH7KHWHUPȕLVLIDFRQGXFWRULQWKHV\VWHPLV
KLJKHU WKDQ P RWKHUZLVH ȕ LV GHILQHG E\  ZLWK hmax
GHILQHGDVWKHKHLJKWRIWKHKLJKHVWFRQGXFWRULQWKHV\VWHP

ߚ ൌ ͲǤ͵͹ ൅ ͲǤͳ͹ ή ݈‫݃݋‬ଵ଴ ሺͶ͵ െ ݄௠௔௫ ሻ 
 7KHPDLQXVHRIWKHYLVXDOL]DWLRQWRROLVWRDVVHUWWKHOHYHO
 RI SURWHFWLRQ RI WKH OLQH E\ FDOFXODWLQJ WKH \HDUO\ IODVKRYHU
)LJ&RQGXFWRUYLVXDOL]DWLRQWRROZLWKHOHFWURJHRPHWULFPRGHO>@ UDWH 7R REWDLQ WKLV YDOXH WKH XVHU QHHGV WR JLYH WKH FULWLFDO
FXUUHQW IRU HDFK FRQGXFWRU SUHYLRXVO\ GHWHUPLQHG E\ D
 7KH RWKHU WDEV DUH DOO FRPSRQHQW WDEV VLPLODU WR WKH RQH FULWLFDO FXUUHQW LWHUDWLRQ VLPXODWLRQ LQ 2SHQ(7UDQ WKH
VKRZQ LQ )LJ  ,Q WKHVH WDEV WKH XVHU HQWHUV WKH QHFHVVDU\ FRQGXFWRUJHRPHWULFSRVLWLRQVWKH\HDUO\ IODVKGHQVLW\ ZKHUH
SDUDPHWHUV IRU HDFK FRPSRQHQW DQG FDQ DGGGHOHWH WKHP WKHOLQHZRXOGEHLQVWDOOHGDQGWKHWRWDOOHQJWKRIWKHOLQH
G\QDPLFDOO\ XVLQJ WKH DSSURSULDWH SXVK EXWWRQV 2QO\ WKH  7RFDOFXODWHWKH\HDUO\IODVKRYHUUDWHWKHSURJUDPFKRRVHV
FRQGXFWRU¶VGDWDLVPDQGDWRU\WKHOLQHPXVWKDYHDWOHDVWRQH DYDOXHIRUWKHOLJKWQLQJFXUUHQWIJRLQJWKURXJKWKHOLQH7KHQ
ZLUHEXWDOOWKHRWKHUFRPSRQHQWVDUHRSWLRQDO XVLQJWKLVYDOXHWKHH[SRVXUHZLGWKRIHDFKFRQGXFWRURQWKH
 OLQH LV FDOFXODWHG DV WKH VXP RI WKH ZLGWKV RI DOO H[SRVHG
VHFWLRQV RI WKH DUFV $Q DUF VHFWLRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG H[SRVHG LI
LW¶VQRWFRQWDLQHGE\DQRWKHUDUFQRUE\WKHVWULNLQJGLVWDQFHWR
JURXQGOLQH7KHIODVKRYHUUDWHIRUWKLVYDOXHRIILVGHILQHGDV


)LJ2SHQ(7UDQ*8,±&RPSRQHQW7DEIRU&RQGXFWRUV
 $IWHU HQWHULQJ DOO SDUDPHWHUV WKH XVHU FDQ VWDUW WKH
VLPXODWLRQ 7KH *8, WKHQ RSHQV D ILOH VHOHFWLRQ ZLQGRZ WR
VDYHWKHFXUUHQWSURMHFWDQGODXQFKHV2SHQ(7UDQ7KHRXWSXW
ILOHVDUHVDYHGLQWKHVDPHIROGHUDVWKHSURMHFWILOH
݂݈ܽ‫ ݄ݏ‬ൌ ݁‫ ݋݌ݔ‬ή ݈݁݊݃‫ ݄ݐ‬ή ‫ ݕݐ݅ݏ݊݁ܦ݄ݏ݈ܽܨ‬ή ‫݌‬ 

 7KH WHUP expo LV GHILQHG DV WKH H[SRVXUH ZLGWK LQ NP
lengthLVWKHWRWDOOHQJWKRIWKHOLQHLQNPFlashDensityLVWKH
OLJKWQLQJIODVKGHQVLW\LQWKHDUHDRILQWHUHVWLQIODVKNP\HDU
DQG p LV WKH SUREDELOLW\ WKDW WKH ILUVW OLJKWQLQJ VWURNH KDV DQ
HTXDO RU KLJKHU FXUUHQW WKDQ I > @  7KH SUREDELOLW\ p LV
GHILQHGE\

ͳ
B. Line Visualization Tool
 )LJ  VKRZV WKH OLQH YLVXDOL]DWLRQ WRRO ,W LV SUHVHQWO\
OLPLWHG WR ILYHZLUH WUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQHV ZLWK WKUHH SKDVHV DQG
WZR VKLHOG ZLUHV ,Q WKLV ZLQGRZ WKH UHG DUFV UHSUHVHQW HDFK
ZLUH
V H[SRVXUH ]RQH PHDQLQJ WKDW LI OLJKWQLQJ ZHUH WR FURVV
WKDWDUFLWZRXOGKLWWKHFRQGXFWRU7KHWKLFNJUHHQOLQHEHORZ
WKH FRQGXFWRUV LV WKH JURXQG SODQH 7KH WKLQ JUHHQ OLQH
FURVVLQJ WKH DUFV UHSUHVHQWV WKH VWULNLQJ GLVWDQFH WR JURXQG
PHDQLQJ WKDW LI D OLJKWQLQJ VWURNH FURVVHV WKDW OLQH LW ZLOO KLW
WKHJURXQG6ORSLQJJURXQGDQGQHDUE\REMHFWVDUHRSWLRQV
7KHHOHFWURJHRPHWULFPRGHODVVXPHVWKDWDVWHSSHGOHDGHU
SURSDJDWHVVWUDLJKWGRZQZDUGIURPWKHFORXGDQG ZKLFKHYHU
OLQHRUDUFLVHQFRXQWHUHGILUVWGHWHUPLQHVWKHVWUXFNREMHFW,I
D UHG DUF OLHV HQWLUHO\ EHORZ JUHHQ DUFV DQG OLQHV WKHQ WKH
‫݌‬ൌ  
‫ ܫ‬ଶǤ଺
ͳ൅ቀ ቁ
͵ͳ

 7KLV SUREDELOLW\ LV VHW WR  LI WKH DFWXDO YDOXH RI I LQ WKH
SURJUDPORRSLVOHVVWKDQWKHFULWLFDOFXUUHQWRIWKHFRQGXFWRU
7KHVHGLIIHUHQWVWHSVDUHUHSHDWHGVHYHUDOWLPHVZLWKLQDORRS
XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW YDOXHV RI FXUUHQW UDQJLQJ IURP N$ WR
N$7KHILQDOIODVKRYHUUDWHLVWKHVXPRIDOOIODVKRYHUUDWH
YDOXHVFDOFXODWHGLQWKHORRS
,9 &$6(678',(6
 2SHQ(7UDQ KDV EHHQ H[HFXWHG RQ WZR GLIIHUHQW YDULDWLRQV
RI DQ ,((( )ODVK WHVW FDVH ± 1(3& >@ 7KLV V\VWHP
UHSUHVHQWVDN9OLQHZLWKDPVSDQWRZHUVPRGHOHG
 DQGFRQGXFWRUVSKDVHVDQGVKLHOGZLUHV,QWKLVWHVWFDVH 1RWH WKDW WKH YROWDJH SHDNV DW DURXQG μV LQ ERWK FDVHV
DN$OLJKWQLQJVXUJHVWULNHVWRZHURQRQHRIWKHVKLHOGLQJ GXHWRWKHHIIHFWVRILT7KHSHDNFRXQWHUSRLVHFXUUHQWLQ)LJ
ZLUHV 7KH FULWLFDO IODVKRYHU YROWDJH &)2 LV HVWLPDWHG DW
 N9 RQ HDFK SKDVH )LJ  VKRZV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH
WUDQVLHQWVLPXODWLRQRIWKHJURXQGFXUUHQWRQWKHVWUXFNWRZHU
IRUWZRGLIIHUHQWJURXQGLQJPHWKRGV
2QWKHILUVWYDULDWLRQDPORQJFRXQWHUSRLVHFRQGXFWRU
ZLWKDFPUDGLXVGLYLGHGLQWRVHJPHQWVDQGEXULHGDWP
EHQHDWK JURXQG LV XVHG 2Q WKH VHFRQG YDULDWLRQ WKH WRZHU
 LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKH SHDN JURXQG URG FXUUHQW EHFDXVH RI
GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH UHVLVWDQFH )URP WKH VT ZDYHIRUPV QRW
SORWWHGKHUHWKHDSSDUHQWJURXQGUHVLVWDQFHDWμVLVΩ
IRU WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH DQG Ω IRU WKH JURXQG URG 7KHVH
YDOXHVLQFOXGHWKHHIIHFWRI LTEXWWKDWLV QHJOLJLEOHDWμV
7KH JURXQG URG KDV D JUHDWHU UHGXFWLRQ LQ UHVLVWDQFH WKDQ WKH
FRXQWHUSRLVH EHFDXVH RI KHDYLHU VRLO LRQL]DWLRQ SUHGLFWHG LQ
RQO\KDVDPYHUWLFDOJURXQGURGEXWQRFRXQWHUSRLVH:LWK DQG(YHQVRWKHFRXQWHUSRLVHSHUIRUPVEHWWHU
ρ  ΩP WKH +] ORZFXUUHQW JURXQG UHVLVWDQFH LV 
Ω IRU WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH DQG Ω IRU WKH JURXQG URG 9 &21&/86,216
)LJVKRZVWKDWWKHSHDNLQVXODWLRQYROWDJHN9ZLWK
$ WKHRUHWLFDO PRGHO IRU WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH FRQGXFWRU
JURXQG URG H[FHHGV WKH &)2 EXW ZLWK FRXQWHUSRLVH WKH SHDN
LQVSLUHG IURP >@ ZDV DGGHG WR WKH 2SHQ(7UDQ WUDQVLHQW
N9 LV OHVV WKDQ WKH &)2 +HUH WKH FRXQWHUSRLVH
VLPXODWLRQ HQJLQH LQ RUGHU WR EHWWHU EHQFKPDUN OLJKWQLQJ
DSSHDUV WR EH HIIHFWLYH EXW KLJKHU VWURNH FXUUHQWV OLQH
SHUIRUPDQFH LQ PRGHUQ SRZHU V\VWHPV 5HVXOWV VKRZ D
DUUHVWHUVDQGLQVXODWRUXSJUDGHVFDQDOVREHVLPXODWHG
FRKHUHQWEHKDYLRURIWKHFRXQWHUSRLVHFRQGXFWRU

$ QHZ *8, KDV EHHQ DGGHG LQ RUGHU WR LQFUHDVH XVHU
Counterpoise Ground Rod HIILFLHQF\ ZKLOH XVLQJ2SHQ(7UDQ7KLV*8,UHJURXSVDQHZ
0
WDE ZLQGRZ VLPLODU LQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ WR WKH SUHYLRXV ([FHO
VSUHDGVKHHW LQWHUIDFH DQG D OLQH YLVXDOL]DWLRQ WRRO KDV EHHQ
LQWURGXFHGWRDOORZWKHXVHUWREHWWHUGHVLJQOLQHVKLHOGLQJWR
-20 UHGXFHIODVKRYHUUDWHV7KHVRIWZDUHZLOOEHSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH
IRU WKH HQJLQHHULQJ FRPPXQLW\ XQGHU WKH RSHQ VRXUFH *18
Ground Current [kA]

*HQHUDO3XEOLF/LFHQVH
-40
$&.12:/('*0(17
7KLV ZRUN ZDV VSRQVRUHG E\ WKH PHPEHUV RI &($7,
-60 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO¶V *URXQGLQJ DQG /LJKWQLQJ ,QWHUHVW *URXS
*/,* WKURXJK */,*  ± 0HWKRGRORJ\ IRU /LJKWQLQJ
3HUIRUPDQFH,PSURYHPHQW
-80 5()(5(1&(6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time [us] >@ 7(0F'HUPRWW7$6KRUW)*9HOH]DQG-60F'DQLHO2SHQ
 6RXUFH/LJKWQLQJ3URWHFWLRQDQG(OHFWURPDJQHWLF7UDQVLHQWV6RIWZDUH
El
)LJ kC ® TOP Th O P ®
*URXQGFXUUHQWVIRUN$VWURNHWRWKH1(3&WRZHUZLWK
LQIEEE / PES General Meeting9DQFRXYHU
FRXQWHUSRLVHDQGJURXQGURG
>@ (35,  OpenETran $YDLODEOH
KWWSVVRXUFHIRUJHQHWSURMHFWVHSULRSHQHWUDQ
>@ + : 'RPPHO 1RQOLQHDU DQG 7LPH9DU\LQJ (OHPHQWV LQ 'LJLWDO
Counterpoise Ground Rod
1500 6LPXODWLRQ RI (OHFWURPDJQHWLF 7UDQVLHQWV IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, YRO3$6SS
>@ + : 'RPPHO 'LJLWDO &RPSXWHU 6ROXWLRQ RI (OHFWURPDJQHWLF
7UDQVLHQWV LQ 6LQJOHDQG 0XOWLSKDVH 1HWZRUNV IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, YRO3$6SS
Phase A Insulator Voltage [kV]

1000 >@ ,(((  IEEE Flash $YDLODEOH

KWWSVVRXUFHIRUJHQHWSURMHFWVLHHHIODVK
>@ ,((( ,((( *XLGH IRU ,PSURYLQJ WKH /LJKWQLQJ 3HUIRUPDQFH RI
7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQHVIEEE Std 1243-1997, SS
>@ + -LQOLDQJ * <DQTLQJ = 5RQJ = -XQ / ;LGRQJ = %R, et al.
(IIHFWLYH OHQJWK RI FRXQWHUSRLVH ZLUH XQGHU OLJKWQLQJ FXUUHQW IEEE
500
Transactions on Power Delivery, YROSS
>@ 0 .DJDQ DQG ; :DQJ  Infinite circuits are easy. How about
long ones?$YDLODEOHKWWSVDU[LYRUJDEV
>@ $ $PHWDQL ' 6R\DPD < ,VKLEDVKL 1 1DJDRND DQG 6 2NDEH
0RGHOLQJ RI D EXULHG FRQGXFWRU IRU DQ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF WUDQVLHQW
0 VLPXODWLRQ IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic
0 2 4 6 8 10 Engineering, YROSS
Time [us]  >@ ,(((,(((*XLGHIRU,PSURYLQJWKH/LJKWQLQJ3HUIRUPDQFHRI(OHFWULF
3RZHU 2YHUKHDG 'LVWULEXWLRQ /LQHV IEEE Std 1410-2010 (Revision of
)LJ 3KDVH$LQVXODWRUYROWDJHVIRUN$VWURNHWRWKH1(3& IEEE Std 1410-2004), SS
WRZHUZLWKFRXQWHUSRLVHDQGJURXQGURG&)2LVN9