Design and Model of Flat Plate Solar Collector For Water Heating

DESIGN AND MODEL OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR WATER HEATING 2015
UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DESIGN AND MODEL FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR

WATER HEATING
Approved by committee
The under designed certify that the above candidate have condition of the
project paper in partial fulfillment of BSc in mechanical engineering.
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Chairman, dept. Head Signature Date
Committee
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Advisor/Super visor Signature Date
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Examiner Signature Date
UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE I

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is presented in this thesis entitled “DESIGN AND
MODEL FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR WATER HEATING” is original
work of our own, has not been presented for a degree of any other university and that all
sources of material used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged.
Name of the candidate
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ANDINET AYELE DATE
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ASHENAFI BOGALE DATE
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BELAY AWGICHEW DATE
Place: Gondar
Date of submission: _____________________________
This is to certify that the above declaration made by the candidate is correct to
the best of our knowledge.
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EPHREM YOHANNES (MSC. in Energy Technology.)
UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily, we would like to express great thanks to God to give us great endurance and we
have going to an especial thanks to Ephrem Yonnas (MSC. in Energy Technology.) advisor
who gave us the non-stop supporting from the beginning up to the end of the project work.
And also different individual have contributed their knowledge and beneficial ideas to the
project work, so we want to send our deepest thank for those people.
Also thanks to staffs of the department of Gondar Mechanical Engineering, helped us by

opening the internet lab class and other assistance. This possible by you GOD thank you
make our last blessed.
UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE III

ABSTRACT
The presence abundant amount of energy in northern Gondar makes us very interested in
designing the flat plate solar collector for water heating purpose. Therefore we are going to
design an effective flat plate solar collector that can have ability to heat water to the required
temperature. The materials those are required to suitable the flat plate have been selected
based on their emmitance, thermal conductivity, durability, availability and cost of material
which are very important during the designing step. This flat plate is expected to provide
optimum amount of hot water (42℃) to the number of students required in the dormitory.
After the flat plate is designed, it is testing of radiation or flux, total flux, ambient
temperature and thermal error of absorber and pipe of solar collector by ANYSIS. And we
have selected appropriate storage tank based on highly insulated material to protect loss of
heat from hot water. At the end, pump has been selected based on the design of solar
collector and storage tank location.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................III
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................V
LIST OF TABLE......................................................................................................................VIII
LIST OF FIGURE....................................................................................................................VIII
LIST OF SYMBOLE..................................................................................................................IX
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.......................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1
1.2 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................2
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT...........................................................................................3
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY...........................................................................3
1.5 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA................................................................5
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT.........................................................................................6
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT..............................................................................6
1.7.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE.......................................................................................6
1.7.2 SPESIFIC OBJECTIVE.........................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................7
2. LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................7
2.1 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK...............................................................................8
2.1.1 SUN ANGLE.........................................................................................................8
2.1.2 DECLINATOIN ANGLE......................................................................................9
2.1.3 BASIC SUN-EARTH ANGLES..........................................................................11
2.1.4 MONTHLY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE IN GONDAR
CITY FROM METROLOGICAL DATA....................................................................13
2.1.5 TERRESTRIAL INSOLATION ON TILTED SURFACES...............................13
2.2 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS.........................................................................14
2.2.1 CONDUCTION...................................................................................................15
2.2.2 CONVECTION....................................................................................................15
2.2.3 RADIATION........................................................................................................15
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2.2.4 REFLECTIVITY (ρ)............................................................................................16

2.2.5 TRANSMISSIVITY............................................................................................17
2.2.6 TRANSMITTANCE –ABSORPTION PRODUCT............................................19
CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................................20
3. METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................20
3.1 DESIGN OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR.................................................20
3.1.1 COLLECTOR SIZE.............................................................................................20
3.1.2 DESIGN OF TRANSPARENT COVER (COVER GLASS)..............................22
3.1.3 MATERIAL SELECTION OF COVER GLASS................................................22
3.1.4 MATERIAL SELECTION OF ABSORBER......................................................26
3.1.5MATERIAL SELECTION OF INSULATOR......................................................26
3.1.6 MATERIAL SELECTION OF CASING............................................................27
3.1.7 FLUID PASSAGE (PIPE) AND MATERIAL SELECTION.............................28
3.6 THRMAL ANALYSIS...............................................................................................29
3.6.1 HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENTAT THE TOP.......................................................29
3.6.2 HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT AT THE BOTTOM.............................................30
3.6.3 HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT ATTHE EDGE....................................................31
3.6.4 OVERALL HEAT LOSS COFFICIENT.............................................................32
3.6.5 COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY FACTOR (F’)......................................................32
3.6.6 THERMAL ANALISIS OF FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR AND USEFULL
HEAT GAINED BY THE FLUID................................................................................32
3.6 THERMAL STORAGE TANK..................................................................................37
3.6.1 SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE............................................................................38
3.6.2 HEAT LOSSES FROM STORAGE AND TRANSFER DUCT.........................39
3.7 MATERIAL SELECTION.........................................................................................40
3.7.1 THICKNESS OF WALL.....................................................................................40
3.7.2 STORAGE TANK LOCATION..........................................................................40
CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................41
4. ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS...........................................................................................41
4.1 BENEFIT TO COST AND RATE.............................................................................41
4.2 NET PRESENT VALUE............................................................................................42
4.3 PAYBACK PERIOD..................................................................................................43
4.4 SOLAR COLLECTOR FROM ELECTRICAL ASPECTS.......................................44
CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................................45
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5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.........................................................................................45

5.1 ABSORBER ANSYS ANALYSIS............................................................................46
5.2 PIPE AND HEADER ANSYS ANALYSIS..............................................................50
5.3 DRAWING ANALYSIS............................................................................................53
5.4 PART DRAWING......................................................................................................54
5.5 ASSEMBLY DRAWING...........................................................................................60
CHAPTER SIX.......................................................................................................................61
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...............................................................61
6.1 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................61
6.2 RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................62
7. REFERENCE.....................................................................................................................63
8. APPENDIX.........................................................................................................................64
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Thermal conductivity of solar collector component...............................................................28
Table 2: Thickness of solar collector component.................................................................................31
Table 3: price solar collector component.............................................................................................42
Table 4: Each year cash flow and present value of each cash follow...................................................43
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: organization of the study........................................................................................................4
Figure 2: Google earth caption..............................................................................................................5
Figure 3: Hour angle..............................................................................................................................9
Figure 4: Declination angle.................................................................................................................10
Figure 5: Various Sun-Earth Angles....................................................................................................11
Figure 6: monthly maximum and minimum temperature in Gondar city from metrological data........13
Figure 7: total radiation utilized in different ways [1].........................................................................16
Figure 8: angles of incidence reflection in two media.........................................................................17
Figure 9: components of flat plate solar collector................................................................................21
Figure 10: Assembly flat plate collector..............................................................................................21
Figure 11: clear glass...........................................................................................................................22
Figure 12: Typical solar energy collection system...............................................................................23
Figure 13: absorber..............................................................................................................................26
Figure 14: Urethane foam....................................................................................................................27
Figure 15: Casing................................................................................................................................28
Figure 16: Header and pipe..................................................................................................................28
Figure 17: Sheet and integrated tube dimension..................................................................................33
Figure 18: energy gained by the flat tube............................................................................................34
Figure 19: energy balance on fluid element.........................................................................................35
Figure 20: water storage and reservoir.................................................................................................38
Figure 21: Total heat flux of absorber when maximum.......................................................................47
Figure 22: Total heat flux of absorber when minimum........................................................................47
Figure 23: Directional heat flux on absorber at x-axis.........................................................................48
Figure 24: total heat flux on absorber at x-axis....................................................................................48
Figure 25: total heat flux on absorber at x-axis....................................................................................49
Figure 26: Directional heat flux on pipe and header at x-axis..............................................................50
Figure 27: Directional heat flux on pipe and header at x-axis..............................................................51
Figure 28: Total heat flux on pipe and header at x-axis.......................................................................51
Figure 29: total flux on pipe and header..............................................................................................52
Figure 30: Rear View..........................................................................................................................54
Figure 31: Front view..........................................................................................................................55
Figure 32: Top View...........................................................................................................................56
Figure 33: Bottom View......................................................................................................................57
Figure 34: Left side View....................................................................................................................58
Figure 35: Right side View..................................................................................................................59
Figure 36: ASSEMBLY OF FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR................................................................60
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LIST OF SYMBOLE
Symbol Name of symbols

δ declination angle
Θz the solar azimuth angle
γ Surface Azimuth Angle
Α the solar altitude angle
∅ latitude angle
ω hour angle
S shade factor, slope of the plane from horizontal, tilt angle
N the day of the year
H local horizontal terrestrial insolation
Ib local horizontal global and beam terrestrial insolation
Hd Solar diffuse contribution to the global insulation on a horizontal surface
Kx thermal conductivity of the material in the direction
Q rate of heat transfer
TS Surface temperature
Tf fluid temperature
hc convection heat transfer coefficient
I Radiation
τ Transmissivity
FR heat removal factor
h fi the local film heat transfer coefficient
Qo required heat energy
Qi Useful heat energy
Qs the total thermal energy capacity for a cycle operation between temperature
A collector area required
CP heat capacity of fresh water
Ta Ambient temperature
TP Plate temperature
ṁ mass flow rate
Q̇ the rate of water flow
V Velocity of the pump
Di Inner diameter of the pipe
Do Outer diameter of the pipe
N number of transparent cover plate one
εp thermal emissivilty of absorber plate surface one
εg thermal emissivity of the cover plate (for glass,
β collector slope (degree)
σ Stefan-Bolthman constant
hw convective heat transfer coefficient due to wind
Ac area of the collector
Ut top heat loss coefficient
Ub bottom heat loss coefficient
Ue edge heat loss coefficient
F’ Collector efficiency factor=
W distance between pipes center (pitch)
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UL the overall heat loss coefficient
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the solar energy industry great emphasis has been placed on the development of active solar energy
systems which involve the integration of several subsystems: Solar energy collectors, heat storage
containers heat exchangers, fluid transport and distribution system and control systems. The major
component unique to active systems is the solar collector. This device absorbs the incoming solar
radiation, converting it in to heat at the absorbing surface and transfers this heat to a fluid (usually air
or water) flowing through the collector. The warned fluid carries the heat either directly to the hot
water or space conditioning equipment or to a storage subsystem form which can be drawn for use at
night and on cloudy days. [1]
A precise and detailed analysis of a solar flat plate collector is quite complicated because of the many
factors involved. Efforts have been made to combine a number of the most important factors into a
single equation and thus formulate a mathematical model which will describe the thermal
performance of the collector in a computationally efficient manner.
Solar water heater device was designed and fabricated to carry operations for heating of water and
distillation. This composite unit performs more than one operation and converts solar energy into the
thermal energy to make the devices more versatile and efficient. The main components of the device
were flat plate collector, absorber, insulator, insulated tank, transparent cover, etc. System evaluation
was carried out for winter as well as summer seasons. At the time of testing, ambient temperature,
inlet temperature of collector, outlet temperature of collector, storage tank temperature, and insulation
on storage tank were observed. When solar radiation fell on collector, water was heated and circulated
in the system automatically by natural convection. Flat plate collector was designed along with
capacity of storage tank for solar water device. A typical flat-plate collector is a metal box with a
glass or plastic cover (called glazing) on top and a dark-colored absorber plate on the bottom. The
sides and bottom of the collector are usually insulated to minimize heat loss. [1]
Sunlight passes through the glazing and strikes the absorbed plate, which heats up, changing solar
energy into heat energy. The heat is transferred to liquid passing through peoples attached to the
absorber plate. Absorber plates are commonly painted with “selective coatings,” which absorb and
retain heat better than ordinary black paint.
Absorbers plates are usually made of metal-typically copper or aluminum-because the metal is a good
heat conductor. Copper is more expensive, but is a better conductor and less prone to corrosion than
aluminum. In locations with average available solar energy, flat plate collectors are sized
approximately one.
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The main use of this technology is in residential buildings where the demand for hot water has a large
impact on energy bills. This generally means a situation with a large family, or a situation in which
the hot water demand is excessive due to frequent laundry washing, commercial applications include
Laundromats, car washes, military laundry facilities and eating establishments. The technology can
also be used for space heating if the building is located off grid or if utility power is subject to
frequent outages. Solar water heating systems are most likely to be cost effective for facilities with
water heating systems that are expensive to operate, or with operations such as laundries or kitchens
that require large quantities of hot water. Unglazed liquid collectors are commonly used to heat water
for swimming pools. Because these collectors need not withstand high temperatures, they can use less
expensive materials such as plastic or rubber. [1] They also do not require freeze-proofing because
swimming pools are generally used only in warm weather or can be drained easily doing cold
weather. While solar collectors are most cost-effective in sunny, temperate areas, they can be cost
effective virtually anywhere in the country so should be considered. [2]
1.2 BACKGROUND
Humans have always used the radiation of the sun to gather their energy needs. In the energy needs of
today with increasing environmental concern, alternatives to the use of nonrenewable and polluting
fossil fuels have to be investigated. One such possibility is solar energy, which has become
increasingly popular in recent years. Solar energy is the radiation produced by nuclear fusion
reactions in the core of the sun. This radiation travels to Earth through space in the form of energy
called photons. Even though only 30% of the solar power actually reaches the Earth, every 20 minutes
the sun produces enough power to supply the Earth with its needs for an entire year. [1] The history of
using the sun for energy goes way back to the Ancient Greeks and Romans as their buildings were
constructed such that the rays of the sun provided light and heat for indoor spaces. The Greek
philosopher Socrates wrote, “In houses that look toward the south, the sun penetrates the entrance in
winter.” [2]
The collector collects the radiation that falls on it and converts it to other forms of energy (electricity,
heat). Whilst the storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar energy, as during
cloudy days the amount of energy produced by the collector will be quite small. The storage unit can
hold the energy produced during the periods of maximum radiation and release it when it is needed or
the productivity drops. In general, there are three types of collectors (flat -plate collectors, focusing
collectors, and passive collectors) and many forms of storage units. [4] Solar water heating used in the
world including china, India, US and Middle East.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The problem that has been seen in our campus towards the utilization of the solar energy available it
still significant but the presence of the abundant amount of solar energy has its own contribution to
the students in dormitory. Here in our project we are going to design a simple flat plate solar collector
for water heating purpose for Fasil campus students’ shower in dormitory. And during the last several
years, there has been an ever increasing in the cost of electric power and supply is not that much
enough for the demands. So we are solving our problem that shortage of electric power to design a
simple flat plate solar collector for water heating, which are saving our wealth.
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
There are several stages to achieve design and model a flat plat solar water heater. In the figure
below:-

Gathering data or
Project Planning :
Information: Organizing data or
To prepare time
table for all project By observing Information:
scope. students problem in arrange the
dormitory block. collected data for the
To arrange all
necessary material All essential perfect purpose
for collecting material for the By preparing
purpose. project to be proposal for the
provided. problem
Evaluating the Identifying Identifying the

design : the design : Problem:
We find the solar Based on recognized To looking the
collector as best problem, we had problem site of the
solution for the selected suitable block. What kind of
problem. design which is solar problem occurs over
collector. three and what types
of measurement take
to solve that
problem?
Installation of flat
Preparing all plat
materials: Solar collector :
Check the design:
By considering the Based on the design
By testing modeling cheap material
of the prototype. we had fixed step by
available in areas of step all actual parts
potential application. of the solar
collector.
Solving student
dormitory problem
The students to get
hot water for
showering.
Figure 1: organization of the study

1.5 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA
We select our project place university of Gondar students ‘block dormitory.
University of Gondar faculty of technology Fasil campus was inaugurated on July 3, 2010 GC. On
October 2010 GC, Fasil campus was started class around 1100 students. After five years the campus
has been rapidly developed and there are 5000 students attending class by different department. And
also it is built 11 dormitories’ block and 5 class’s blocks. Our project area is going in dormitory to
provide hot water to the students for showering purpose. As we know Sothern Gondar (university of
Gondar) is one of accessible sun radiation place for full day. That is why, we had selected our project
site is in the campus.
Area location
 Longitude= 37.460 E
 Elevation about sea level =1966m
 Latitude = 12.6° N
Google earth caption
Figure 2: Google earth caption

1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this project is providing heat water to student dormitories blocks by using solar collector
from sun radiation. The aim of the project is designing of flat plate solar collector to heat water up to
450lit/day. We use different software which is CATIA, ANSYS and other essential thing to complete
the target of the scope.
Therefore we will fulfill the following design requirements to accomplish our goal. We design a solar
collector and select cheat, suitable material for available area which is simple to assemble. And then
we have to get heat water for in the dormitories blocks.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
We had an expected to easily design and manufacture testing modeling of the prototype and solving
student dormitory problem in our project before we start it. But there are so much restriction to do this
project like difficult to manufacture because, we have not time to do that so, we can only design and
modeling for that of our scope.
1.7.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The major objectives for our project is the present great attention to Design and modeling of a flat
plate solar collector of water heating for dormitory of buildings in Gondar university.
1.7.2 SPESIFIC OBJECTIVE
 To design and modeling a solar water heater.

 To evaluate theoretically the solar water heater model
 To conduct economic analysis

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
There is an increasing demand for a solar flat-plate solar collector. Therefore, an extensive research
has been done to model the flat plate solar collector’s operation and to predict the performance of
different type’s solar collector.
Mainly there are two general test methods have been followed in analyzing the flat-plat solar collector
performance: the stationery test and the dynamic solar collector model. Dynamic models were
initially based on a one-node model. This kind model attempts to include the effects of thermal
capacitance in a simple fashion. The one-node model was then upgraded to multi-node model was
introduced, considering the collector consists of multiple nodes each with a single temperature and
capacitance. The assumption of steady-state conditions (constant inlet temperature, fluid flow rate in
pipes, incident irradiance and ambient conditions) in the stationary methods makes the collector tests
much complicated and more expensive. Since normally solar collectors operate at transient conditions
(outdoor ambient), the steady state test conditions are not typical of normal operation.
Zuefa and Magiera were presented a mathematical model for heat transfer in a system involving a
solar collector and a heat exchanger. In the proposed model the solar collector and the heat exchanger
considered as a lumped parameter structure. The model validated experimentally under steady-state
conditions; assuming constant initial temperature, constant ambient temperature and a constant radiant
energy density.
Volker was published an experimental study conducted in a water flat plate solar collector with
laminar flow conditions to analyze the flow distribution through the collector. The flow distribution in
relation to the overall discharge through the actual collector was experimentally determined. The loss
coefficient for the pipe junctions in relation to the local Reynolds-number was investigated.

The thermal performance of flat-plate solar collector is strongly related to the flow distribution
through the absorber tubes was proposed by Beckmann in 2006. Some researchers studied the flow
distribution parameter effect on the collector and investigated experimentally theoretically the flow
and temperature distribution in a solar collector with an absorber consisting of horizontally inclined
fins. Experimentally, the flow distribution through the absorber evaluated by means of temperature
measurements on the backside of the absorber tubes.
Augustus and Kumar were developed mathematical model to predict the thermal performance of an
unglazed transpired collector, also known as perforated collector- a new development in the solar
collector technology. The model was based on the heat transfer expressions for the collector
components, and empirical relations for estimating the various heat transfer coefficients. The authors
analyzed the results of the model to predict the effects of key parameters on the performance of the
collector.
In 2009, Molero presented a 3-D numerical model for flat-plate solar collector considers the
multidimensional and transient character of the problem. The effect of the non-uniform flow on the
collector efficiency was quantified and the degree of deterioration of collector efficiency was defined.
Zima and Dziewa were presented a one dimensional mathematical model for simulating the transient
processes which occur in liquid flat-plate solar collectors which was better efficiency.
All explained in the above are when the design of solar collector started and who were tried to design
it before. And they were designed and model to improve the efficiency of output from solar collector.
As we mentioned the above, Molero was tried to design a good efficiency a flat plate solar collector
on his time as compared to another presenters.
So, our project is going to design and model a small scale solar collector based on Melero’s model but
we had selected the best material with respect to cost and better efficiency up to 60 present.

2.1 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
2.1.1 SUN ANGLE
As the earth rotates about the sun, it spins about an axis which points to the North Star and is inclined
approximately 23.450 to the orbital plane.
Therefore, the angle between the earth’s equatorial plane and the earth-sun line varies between ±
23.450 throughout the year. This angle is called the declination (δ ) . Declinations north of the equator
are positive (summer in the northern hemisphere); those south are negative. The declination can be
approximated by:-
δ =23.45 ° sin¿ ¿ (284+n)/365]
Where n is the day of the year.
The sun’s location in the sky relative to a point on the surface of the earth can be defined with two
angles, the solar altitude and the solar azimuth angle, the solar altitude at a point on the earth is the
angle between the line passing through the point tangent to the earth and passing below the sun. The
solar azimuth is the angle between the line under the sun and the local meridian painting to the
equator, or due south in the Northern hemisphere.
It is positive measured to the east and negative to the west (in both hemispheres). The solar Zenith
angle is defined as the angle between a solar ray and local vertical direction. The sun’s location in the
SKY is a function of the location on the earth, the time of year, and the time of day. The location on
the earth is specified by the latitude ∅ =0. North of the equator, latitudes are positive; south, negative.
The time of the year is specified by the solar declination ‘ δ ‘. The hour angle is defend as zero at local
solar noon and increases by 15° for each hour after solar noon in both hemispheres.
The hour angle `w` is the angle through which the earth must turn to bring the meridian of a
point directly in line with the sun’s rays

Figure 3: Hour angle
So that let take at 3 P.M (9:00 local time) the hour angle,
W =( ST −12 ) ×15=−45 °
At solar non hour angle `w` being zero and each hour equating 15 0 of longitude with morning
positive and afternoon negative.
2.1.2 DECLINATOIN ANGLE
The declination angle `δ ` is the angular distance of the sun’s rays north or south of the equator. In is
the angle between lines extending from the center of the sun to the center of the equator. It is the angle
between a line extending from center of the sun to the center of the earth; and the projection of this
line up on the earth’s equatorial plane.
The declination, in degrees, for any given day may be calculated from the approximate equation as
follow:
δ =23.45 ° sin¿ ¿ (284+n ¿ /365 ¿
Where n is the day of the year.

Figure 4: Declination angle

2.1.3 BASIC SUN-EARTH ANGLES
Figure 5: Various Sun-Earth Angles
The solar azimuth angle ‘θz :is the solar angle in degrees along the horizon east or west of north or it
is a horizontal angle measured from north to the horizontal projection of the sun’s rays. This angle is
positive when measured west wise. The derived solar angles can be represented in terms of their basic
angles.
Zenith (θ z ¿, It is the angle between sum’s ray and perpendicular line to the horizontal plane.
Surface Azimuth Angle (γ): is the angle in the horizontal plane, between the line due south and
the projection of the normal to the surface (inclined plane) on the horizontal plane.
By convention, the angle will be taken negative, if the projection is east of south and positive if
west of south for northern hemisphere and vice-versa for southern hemisphere.
Angle of Incidence (θi): It is the angle between beam radiation on a surface and the normal to that
surface.
The solar altitude angle `α ` is a vertical angle between the projections of the sun’s rays on the
horizontal plane and the direction of sun’s rays (passing through point).
Incident angle `θ is the angle being measured between the beam of rays and normal to the plat

Whereδ =¿ declaration angle
∅=¿ Latitude angle=12.6°
W¿ Hour angle
S= shade factor, slope of the plane from horizontal, tilt angle
Tilt angle, s=12.6° + 3=150
n=60
δ =23.45 sin ¿ ¿(284+60)/365]¿−8.30
θz=cos−1 ¿ ¿
θz=cos−1 ¿ ¿
θ z=49.36°
sin γ =sec a cos δ sin w
γ =sin−1 ¿
γ =sin−1 ¿
γ =−68.160
cos θ=sin (−8.3 ) sin 15 cos 15−sin (−8.3 ) cos 12.6
sin 15 cos +cos (−8.3 ) cos 12.6 cos 15
cos θ=0.7050
θ=cos−1 ( 0.705 )=¿45°

2.1.4 MONTHLY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE IN GONDAR
CITY FROM METROLOGICAL DATA
Figure 6: monthly maximum and minimum temperature in Gondar city from metrological data
2.1.5 TERRESTRIAL INSOLATION ON TILTED SURFACES
Solar radiation received at the surface of the earth is studying this it is important to know the
following terms. Beam and diffuse solar radiation: That portion of the incident solar radiation which
comes directly from incident solar radiation which comes directly from the apparent solar disc,
without reflection from other objects, is called direct or beam radiation. These radiations are received
from the sun without change of direction. Diffuse radiation is that solar radiations are received from
the sun without change of direction. Diffuse radiation is that solar radiation received from the sun
after its direction has been changed by atmosphere.
The intensity of the diffuse radiation seen by an observer on a clear day is not isotropic, but varies as a
functional of latitude, time of the year, time of the day, atmospheric content and other factors.
Methods will be given to determine the instantaneous insolation available on tilted surfaces.

The commonly available information is;
ρr =0.38(For urban institutional environment)
Local horizontal global (pyrometer) and beam (pyrtheliometer) terrestrial insulation which is 1016/m2
for Gondar
Local horizontal terrestrial insulation which is 1148w/m 2 for Gondar [NASA latitude 12.6° ]
To calculate the diffusion and beam insolation we use the following formula. The diffused insolation
on the horizontal surface is
H=1148W/m2
I b=1016W/m2
H d =H−H b = H−I b sin
H d =1148W/m2-1016W/m2sin15° =885.04W/m2
H b=H- H d =1148W/m2-885.04W/m2=262.96W/m2
Where H h=Solar beam contribution to the global insulation on a horizontal surface.
H d = Solar diffuse contribution to the global insulation on a horizontal surface.
H= local horizontal terrestrial insolation.
Ib=local horizontal global and beam terrestrial insolation.
Therefore, the insolation on the tilted surface is:
Q s= I b cosθ+ H d cos 2 B/2+H ρ rsin2 B/¿=1016cos45+885.04cos215/2+1148*0.34*sin215/2
Where θ=¿the angle between the solar beam and the normal to the tilted surface
cos 2 B/2= the radiation configuration factor from the tilted surface to the sky
sin 2B/2=the radiation configuration factor from the tilted surface to the ground and surroundings
ρ r=effective diffuse ground reflectance of the diffuse plus beam installation on a horizontal surface
2.2 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS
To estimate the size, the efficiency and the cost of equipment necessary to transfer a specified amount
of heat in a given time, a heat transfer analysis must be made. Heat transfer occurs mainly by 3
mechanisms.

2.2.1 CONDUCTION
Conduction: - is the heat transfer through solid materials in the presence of a temp difference the
basic heat condition equations is:-
δT
q=−K x A Where q= rate of heat transfer
δx
K x= thermal conductivity of the material in the direction s
A= the area normal to the direction of that flaw
δT
= the temperature gradient in the direction of flaw
δx
2.2.2 CONVECTION
Convection: - is a process that transfers heat from one region to another by motion of a fluid. The
rate of heat transfer by convection qc. Between a surface and fluid can be calculated from the
following relation.
q c =hc A ( T s−T f )
Where qc= rate of heat transfer by convective (k.cal/hr)
A= base area of heat transfer by convection (m 2)
TS= Surface temperature (0C)
T f =fluid temperature (° C)
h c=convection heat transfer coefficient (kcal/hrm 2 0C)
2.2.3 RADIATION
Radiation: -is a process by which heat flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower
temperature when the bodies are separated in space or even a vacuum, exists between them.
The energy transmitted in this fashion is called radiant heat. Radiation is the mode of heat transfer by
which the sun transfers energy to the earth. The quantity of energy leaving a surface as radiant heat
depends on the absolute temperature and the nature of the surface. A perfect radiator, so called black
body emits radiant energy from its surface at a rate `q` given by:

q=AsT4
Where, A= the area of the body (m2)
T= absolute temperature (k)
S= Stefan –Boltzmann constant =56.7*10-9 w/m2k4
Real bodies don’t meet the specification of an ideal radiation and emit radiation at a lower rate than
do black bodies. The ratio of the radiation emission of real body to the radiation emission of a black
body at the same temperature is called the emittance.
q=e A s s T 4 Where: e=average emittance of surface
Reception of radiant energy: - radiation impinging on the surface on a body may partly absorb, partly
transmitted and partly reflected as shown below.
Figure 7: total radiation utilized in different ways [1]
2.2.4 REFLECTIVITY (ρ)
We shall consider the reflectivity of opaque surface (i.e. with τ =0) and translucent surface 0<τ <1.
Reflectivity of surface depends on temperature and the properties of the surface but also on
wavelength and directions of incident and reflected radiation.

Figure 8: angles of incidence reflection in two media
sin 2 ( θ2 −θ1 ) tan 2 ( θ 2−θ1 )

ρ=I P / I O =1/2[ 2 + ]
sin ( θ 2+θ 1) tan 2 ( θ 2+ θ1 )
Where: ρ =reflectivity
θ1=angle of incident
θ2=angle of refraction
The angle θ2∧θ 1are related to the indices of refraction by Snell’s law
n1
=sin θ2 /sinθ 1
n2
θ2=sin−1 ¿]
1
¿ sin −1 [ ( 1.562 ) sin 45 ° ]=27.6 ℃
Note: if one medium is air (i.e. a reflective index of nearly unity) [5, page 217]
By taking of incidence θ1=¿60 ° ¿ and angle of refraction,θ2=400
sin 2 ( 27.6−45 ) tan 2 ( 27.6−45 )

ρ=I P / I O =1/2[ 2 + ]=0.054
sin ( 27.6+ 45 ) tan 2 ( 27.6+45 )
Hence, the value of reflectance is: 0.054
2.2.5 TRANSMISSIVITY
Transmissivity like reflectivity and absorptive, is a function of the wavelength and the angles of
incidence of the incoming radiation. Other variable which effect the transmissivity are the refractive
index ‘n’ and the extinction coefficient ‘k’ of the medium but strictly spiking, both ‘n’ and ‘k’ are also
function of the wavelength .

Transmissivity in partial transparent material depends both up on the reflection and absorption of
radiation. The transmissivity ‘τ ’ allowing far both reflection and absorption is given by:
1−ρ
τ ρ ,n 1=
1+ ( 2 n−1 ) ρ
For this cause we use a single glass cover which is n=1
τ αIs the transmittance considering only absorption and ‘L’ is the actual path of the radiation through
the medium?
For ‘n’ covers;τ α =e−nkL
Where: ‘k’ is the extinction coefficient the value of ‘k’ for glass varies from about 0.1/cm (for
absolutely clear glass) to 0.32/cm (for poor quality glass). So that we should take k=0.006 /cm.
The value of ‘L ‘for glass covers; thickness of 3 or 4 mm are commonly used=0.4cm thickness
τ ρ=(1−ρ)/¿)
τ ρ=(1−0.054 )/(1+0.054)=0.897
Hence; the value of the transmittance is 0.76 for single cover by considering reflection alone. Note
that τ α is the transmittance considering only absorption and L is actual path of the radiation through
the medium.
For ‘n’ cover τ α =e−nkL
n=1 (number of glass cover)
L=0.4cm thick (single glass cover thickness)
τ α =e−nkL
τ α =e−0.4 × 0.006= 0.997
Now, calculate the transmissivity‘τ ’ by considering both reflection and absorption is given by:
τ =τ ρ τ α
0.997×0.8 = 0.894
The sum of reflectivity ( ρ ), transmissivity (τ ) and absorptive (α ) is equal to one
i.e. ρ+ τ+ α =1

α =1−(0.894+ 0.054)
α =0.049
2.2.6 TRANSMITTANCE –ABSORPTION PRODUCT
For solar collector analysis, it is necessary to evaluate the transmittance – absorption product ( τ α).
Hence summation yields:

∞
n τα
( τα )=τα ∑ [( 1 α ) ρd ] =
n=0 1−(1−α ) ρd
Note that: it is also possible to estimate ρd=1−τ r whereτ r=0.86 from the graph [5, page 220]
0.894 ×0.997 = 0.89

( τα)eff =
¿¿

CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY
First we study about the latitude, longitude, maximum minimum temperature and altitude of Gondar
area related with Earth-sun relation. And. We select for project suitable flat plate solar collector
components and we are studying about functions, characteristics and costs of all component of flat
plate solar collector. We designed collector size and did all analysis heat loss and others of heat and
fluid properties.
Secondly, by using CATIA, we drawn part of collector and assembly it. And also tested theoretical
performance of absorber and pipe by using ANSYS.
Thirdly, we did an economic analysis which is the project with respected to profit cost rate, net
present value and payback period. And how much save money from an electrical cost to solar water
heater.

3.1 DESIGN OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR
3.1.1 COLLECTOR SIZE
The size of collector depends on geographical location, climate condition of place, Connector
orientation and investment required in the solar system.
The main components of a solar collector are:
 Transparent cover( cover glass)
 Absorber plate
 Fluid passage(pipe)
 Insulation
 Casing

Figure 9: components of flat plate solar collector

Figure 10: Assembly flat plate collector
3.1.2 DESIGN OF TRANSPARENT COVER (COVER GLASS)
The functions of the cover glass are:
1. To transmit maximum solar energy to the absorber plate.
2. To minimize upward heat loss from the absorber plate to the environment
3. To shield the absorber plate from direct exposure to the weathering.
Before a designed cover glass, we had selected the material that fulfills the following requirements:
 Minimize upward heat loss from absorber to the environment,

 Transmit maximum solar radiation,
 Protecting the absorber plate from weather,
 Commercially available on the market and cost of the material,
 Strength,

 Durability,
 Non-degradability,
 Solar –energy and thermal energy transmittance.
3.1.3 MATERIAL SELECTION OF COVER GLASS
We selected material that depend of emittance range, for this case clear glass is the highest emittance
range which is emits 84% of the energy possible for an object at room temperature. Due to this
reason material is depend on the emittance of materials. Standard clear glass has an emittance of 0.84
over the long-wave infrared portion of the spectrum, meaning that it emits 84% of the energy possible
for an object at room temperature. It also means that for long-wave radiation striking the surface of
the glass, 84% is absorbed and only 16% is reflected. And the cost of the material is low and also it is
easily available. The transmittance τ of a glass cover for solar radiation depends on the angle of
incidence theta.
Figure 11: clear glass
Thickness=4mm
Thermal conductivity of glass=1W/mk.
Notes: for standard the thickness of clear glass is 4-19mm
Figure 12: Typical solar energy collection system

The requirement of hot water varies from person to person. However, it is estimated that the average
hot water per person per day in dormitory in fasil campus is30Lit.
 For showering 30Lit /person, day.

 15 students staying in flat.
The total hot water requirement ṁ is:
ṁ= ( 30dayLit × 15 )= 450dayLit

If I is the intensity of solar radiation, in W/m 2, incident on the aperture plane of the solar collector
having a collector surface area of A, m2, then the amount of solar radiation received by the collector
is:
Pi=Q i =I × A
700 W 800W 900W 1350 W

When the solar radiation is ( m2
,
m2
,
m2
,
m2
.
)
The efficiency of the collector is:
¿ PO / Pi=Q o /Qi =Qo /¿) [5, page 57]
Where: η = efficiency of solar water heater=60%
Q o =¿Rrequired heat energy = PO
Q i=¿¿Useful heat energy = Pi
I=solar radiation
A = Collector area required
Heat required for heating water:
QO¿ ṁC p ( T p −T a )where: C P=heat capacity of fresh water = 4.18Kg/Kg.℃
[6, page 63]
Ta¿ ambeint temperature =22 ℃
T P=¿ ¿Plate temperature = 64 ℃
ṁ=¿ Mass flow rate¿ 450 Lit /day
450 kg
∗4.18 kj
QO 24 hr
¿ (64 ℃−22 ℃)
kg .℃

¿ 18.75 *175.56KJ
3291.75 KJ∗1 KW
QO= NOTE: 1KWh=3600KJ
3600 KJ
QO¿ 0.914375 KW = 914.375W1Lit = 1kg
Therefore, the collector area is:
A=Q0 /¿)
A=914.375W ¿(800W/m2*0.60)
A¿ 1.84 m 2 ≈ 2 m 2
Q i= Pi=I× A
800W/m 2 × 2 m2 =1600W
The rate of water flow is:
Q̇=V /t
450 Lit
Q̇=
( 3600∗24 ) sec
Q̇ = 0.0052m3/Sec
Velocity of the pump can be calculated:
Q̇= A p∗¿ V Where: A p=¿ areaof pipe ¿
r= radius of the pipe
Before we calculated velocity of pump, find out the diameter of pipe.
Therefore the diameter of pipe is:
4
√
d= A p ×
π
The volume flow rate is Q=0.0052m 3 /se (from the previous calculation)
The pipe diameter is evaluated from the rule which says that to maintain fluid velocity of between
1.86m/s and 0.6m/s.
So we can take V=0.75 m/s
The area of pipe can be determined as:
Q
A p=
V

0.0052m3 / se
=
0.75 m/se
A p = 6.933×10−3 m2
Therefore the diameter of the pipe is:
4
√
D= A p ×
π
4
√
= 0.006933 m 2 ×
π
D=26mm D =2δ+ Di
Di = D−2δ =0.02m
So that, the outer diameter of the pipe is26mm
Velocity of the pump can be calculated
Q
V =( )
π r2
0.0052 m3¿ se
= V=0.4m/se
π × 0.013 m
3.1.4 MATERIAL SELECTION OF ABSORBER
Material for the absorber plate should have high thermal conductivity, adequate tensile and
comprehensive strength and good corrosion resistance. It is the main element of a flat-plate collector
that absorber solar radiation.
It performs three functions:
 Absorb the maximum possible amount of solar irradiance.

 Conduct this heat into the working fluid at a minimum temperature difference.
 Lose a minimum amount of heat back to the surroundings.
Material selected for absorber is coated Copper (Sheet metal) that is painted with black color
& having thermal conductivity, k=386W/ (m. 0c). Emittance of absorber is one (1) because it is

painted by black color. And the cost of the material is low and also it is easily available. And the
thickness of sheet metal standard for solar collector is 0.2896 inch=7.3mm
Figure 13: absorber
3.1.5MATERIAL SELECTION OF INSULATOR
The insulation is used to reduce heat losses from the absorbing plate and pipes. The desired
characteristics of an insulating material are:
 low thermal conductivity,

 stability at high temperature (up to 200),
 self-supporting feature without tendency to settle,
 ease of application,
 no contribution in corrosion,
 low cost,
 Considering the thermal conductivities of insulator should be very low.
So we selected Urethane foam due to low thermal conductivity which is 0.021 w/mk.

Figure 14: Urethane foam
3.1.6 MATERIAL SELECTION OF CASING
Container or casing which surrounds the various components that reduce loss of heat from collector
and protects from dust and moisture.
We selected wood oak due to its abundance, low cost and easy to replacement. The thermal
conductivity of wood is about 0.17 W/m2k which is very low thermal conductivity.
For the solar collector the thickness of wood should be between 5.16cm to12.7cm.
Figure 15: Casing

3.1.7 FLUID PASSAGE (PIPE) AND MATERIAL SELECTION
For our case we selected two type of tube which are header and flow tube.
Material: -commercial galvanized steel is used for the pipeline due to its availability in market and
resistance to different environmental conditions.
Figure 16: Header and pipe
Number Part of solar collector Selected material Thermal conductivity

(W/m-k)
1 Transparent glass Clear (window) glass 1
2 Flow tube Galvanize steel 54
3 Absorber Sheet metal (copper) 386
4 Insulation Urethane foam 0.021
5 Casing wood oak 0.17
Table 1: thermal conductivity of solar collector component
3.6 THRMAL ANALYSIS
3.6.1 HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENTAT THE TOP
The heat loss from the top of the collector will be the resultant of the heat loss between the plate and
the cover and heat loss from the cover to ambient.
For determine the top loss coefficient.

1/ N
Ut=
C
( )
Tp
¿¿
[5, page 261]
f =( 1+0.089 h w −0.1166 h w ε P ) (1+ 0.07866 N)
C=520 ( 1−0.000051 S 2 )
100
e=0.43 (1− )
TP
Where: T p=¿absorberplatetemprature (k)¿=64+273=337K
T a=¿¿Ambienttemperature (k) =22℃ +273=295 K
N= number of transparent cover plate one (1)
ε p=thermal emissivilty of absorber plate surface one (1)
ε g=¿¿ Thermal emissivity of the cover plate (for glass, ¿ =0.84)
β = collector slope (degree)
σ =¿Stefan-Bolthman constant¿ 5.6 ×10−8 W /m2 K 4
h w=convective heat transfer coefficient due to wind (W/m 2 ℃ ¿ , given by
h w =2.8+3v (Watmuff the wind speed v in m/s) [5, page 174]
Note: Wind speed for Gondar, v =3.7m/s
h w =2.8+3∗v , v=3.7 m/s
h w=2.8+3*3.7
=13.9W/m 2℃
The value of e p between 0.038 and 0.06
f =( 1+0.089 h w −0.1166 h w ε P ) (1+ 0.07866 N)
f ={¿13.9)-(0.1166×13.9 × 0.038¿ (1+0.07866 ×1)}
2.237-(0.615*1.07866) =1.574
C=520 ( 1−0.000051 S 2 )

520(1-0.000051*152=514.033
100
e=0.43 (1− )
TP
100
0.43(1- ¿ =0.302
337
By substituting the above equation (U t )
U t =¿ 0.3197W /m 2 k
3.6.2 HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT AT THE BOTTOM
The energy loss through the back of the collector is the outcome of the conduction through the back
insulation and the convection and radiation heat transfer from the back of the collector to
surroundings.
According to Duffle and Beckman the magnitudes of the thermal resistance of convection and
radiation heat transfer are much smaller than that of conduction; therefore it can be assumed that all
the thermal resistance from the back is due to the insulation. [5, page 265]
Thermal insulation of 5 to 10 cm thickness is usually placed behind the absorber plate to prevent to
the heat loss from the rear surface. So that thermal insulation for our cause is 8cm.
The back heat lossU b is then given by:
Ub=K/L Where: k=conductivity of insulation= 0.021 w/m k
L=thickness of insulation=8cm
0.021 w /mk
Ub=
0.08 m
= 0.265 W/m2K
3.6.3 HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT ATTHE EDGE
The edge losses are estimated by assuming one dimension side way heat flow around the perimeter of
collector system. The edge should be referenced to the collector area (A C). The edge loss coefficient
area is the product of (UA) edge. [5, page266]
U e =( UA ) edge / A c Where: U edge =perimeter of edge

Aedge =area of edge
Ac =¿Area of the collector
Perimeter of the edge = 2(2+1) = 6m
Edge insulation thickness=8cm
Area of the collector=2m2
Area of edge=2m*0.2423m
=0.4846m2
Ae =484600mm2
Edge insulation thickness 40mm
Note: the space between transparent cover and flow tube is 81cm.
Thermal conductivity of insulation=0.021 w/m k
Collector thickness =276mm
Number Part of solar collector layer Thickness in mm

1 Transparent cover glass 4
2 Flow tube (pipe) 26
3 Absorber 27
4 Insulation 80
5 Casing 75
Table 2: Thickness of solar collector component
U e =( UA ) edge / A c
0.021 w
/0.04 m∗6 m∗0.25 m
= mk
2m2
0.00126 W /m 4K
2
=0.00063W/m2-K
2m

3.6.4 OVERALL HEAT LOSS COFFICIENT
UL=U t +U b + U e
Where: UL=overall heat loss coefficient based on collector area A c (W/m2-K)
U t =top heat loss coefficient (W/m2-K)
U b =bottom heat loss coefficient (W/m2-K)
U e =edge heat loss coefficient (W/m2-K)
Therefore the overall heat loss coefficient is:
UL=U t +U b + U e =0.5861 W/m2-K
The overall heat loss coefficient without edge loss coefficient
Uo=U t +U b
=0.3462 W/m2-K
3.6.5 COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY FACTOR (F’)
Physical interpretation of, for most of collector geometry: the denominator is the heat transfer
resistance from the fluid to the ambient air. This is equal to 1/ U Lthe numerator is the heat transfer
resistance from the absorber plate to the ambient air, equal to 1/ U O , F is this ratio of these two heat
transfer coefficients.
F’= U O /U L
=0.546
3.6.6 THERMAL ANALISIS OF FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR AND USEFULL HEAT

GAINED BY THE FLUID
If the average plate temperature or mean plate temperature T pmis known, then heat loss from the
collector can be calculated. T pmCanbe related to the inlet fluid temperature T fi by considering the
absorber plate and across the fluid tubes to the fluid.
Consider the sheet tube that the distance between tube is W, the tube diameter is D and the sheet thin
with thicknessδ . And the sheet metal copper is a good heat conductor, the temperature gradient
W −D
though the sheet is negligible. The fin of length is
2

Figure 17: Sheet and integrated tube dimension
Where: D=tube diameter=50mm,
Energy gain (Q¿¿ t) ¿ = Pi=1600W
U L = the overall heat loss coefficient =0.5861W /m 2 k
T p=¿Plate temperature=64 ℃¿
Ta¿ ambeint temperature =22 ℃
F’ =Collector efficiency factor=0.546
W=distance between pipes center (pitch)
h fi=local heat transfer coefficient in side tube can use1500 W/m 2 ℃ for forced
S= distance between two pipe
1/U L
W= by substitution all the above known values we can get the unknown values of
F ' ¿+¿ ¿
distance between two pipe center, which is’ W’ so by solving it
1/0.5861
W=
0.546 ¿+¿
W=0.141m
=141mm
width ofcollector
Number of pipe =
pich
1000 mm
=7
141mm

The one dimensional flaw of heat in the absorber plate in a direction at right angles to the direction of
fluid will be considered then it will be followed by a consideration of the heat flaw from the plate to
the fluid the one dimensional flaw of fluid inside the tub will be analyzed.
Figure 18: energy gained by the flat tube
Therefore, the use full gain of the collector is the energy collected above the tube region. The energy
gain for the tube region.
q tube=D[s-U L(Tp-Ta)]
Hence, his is the total energy gain of the collector tubes per unit light in the flaw direction.
Q U =q tube section
= D[S-U L(TP-Ta)]
This useful gain energy must be transfer to the fluid. The resistance to heat flaw to the fluid from the
tube may be consisted of:-
o The resistance due to the temperature gradient in the fluid at the tube wall
o The resistance due to the wall thickness of the tube, Hence ;
T P−T a
q u= 1
+ 1/C w
D ih fi
Where C W = the conductance of the tube wall
h fi= the local film heat transfer co-efficient
Since the tube and the sheet are integrated to bond resistance is negotiable.
The useful energy gain of the fluid can be expressed as fallow
q u=WF’[S-U l (T p-T a)]

1/UL
F’ =
W[ ( U11 . D)+( 1/Cw ) +( πD1 , hfi )]
Where F’= collector efficiency of factor
1/0.5861
F'= ¿
1 1
0.141 (
0.5861
+( )
π 0.021
∗1500)¿
= 0.546
Figure 19: energy balance on fluid element
For temperature distribution in the flaw direction, consider the energy balance on a fluid element
flawing though a pipe of length ∆ y which is receiving a uniform heat flux q u ,
So that
ṁC p((T f / y −ṁC p T f ¿¿) +∆ y*q u]=0
Dividing throughout∆ y and finding the limit as ∆ y approach to 0, and substituting in the above
equation q u .
ṁC p((dT f -)/dy)-WF’[S-U L(T p-T a)] =0
If F’ and U L are assumed to be constant and independent of y, then the solution of the deferential
equation for the temperature at any position (if subject to the condition that inlet fluid temperature is
T fi )is
'
(T f −T a −¿S/U L) / (T f −¿ T −S / U ¿ =exp ⁡( −U L W F y / ṁ C p )
a L
But the collector has length L in the flow direction then the out let fluid temperature T fo is found by
substituting L for Y in the above equation.
S −U L W F ' Ac
[( )
T fo =T a + ( S U L )−
UL
−T fi −T a exp ⁡(
] ṁ C p
)

Where: Ac = the area of collector
The total useful energy collection rateQ u may be expressed as
U o = ṁ C p (T fo −T fi)
˙ p T f ∨ y n of for T fo in the above equation

Substitution mC
Q u = Ac F R [S−U L ( T fi −T a ) ]
Where: F R = Heat removal factor
Now the heat removal factor FR is
F R =ṁC p / A c U L ¿)]
ṁ = mass flow rate =¿)
ṁ=¿ 0.0052Lit/sec
0.0052× 4.18
FR = [1−¿exp¿0.5861×2×0.546× 0.141/0.0052× 4.18)]
2 ×0.5861
=0.438
Now, T fo can be calculated as follow
S −U L W F ' Ac
T fo =T a + ( S U L )−
[( )
UL ]
−T fi −T a exp ⁡(
ṁ C p
)
That is taking UL =0.5861 W/m2-K
W=Tube center distance
=0.141m
Di =inner diameter of the tube 0.012m
D=outer diameter of the pipe =0.026m
Where: δ is the thickness of single absorber plate?
h fi = heat transfer coefficient

=1500W/m 2 ℃
S= HT (τα ) off =q s (τα ) off
The transmittance τ of a glass cover for solar radiation depends on the angle of incidence. For this
cause the angle of incidence is 45℃ .
So we can take
S=800W/m2×0.89 where: q s= radiation (I)
= 712W/m2
Ta =ambient temperature =22℃
T fi= inlet fluid temperature=25℃
Ac =2m2
ṁ=¿ 0.0052Lit/sec
Therefore;
T fo =22+ (712× 0.5861¿[(712/0.5861) (-25 -22)] exp (

−0.5861 ×0.141 ×0.546 × 2/4.18 ×0.005)
=47.36℃
Now the total energy collected rate can be calculated as follow
Q u= Ac FR[S −U L(T fi −T a T fi)]
2m 2 × 0.438 ¿ =1024.6W
Collector efficiency:
h¿ Q u / A c × I
1024.6W
= =64 %
2m ×800 W /m 2
2
3.6 THERMAL STORAGE TANK
Energy can be stored by the heating. Melting or vaporization of material and the energy becomes
available as heat when the process is reversed. Storage by causing a material to rise in temperature is
called sensible heat storage. Storage by phase change, the transition from solid to liquid or from liquid
to vapor is another mode of thermal storage, known as latent heat storage, in which no temperature
change is in valued. In our case storage is sensible heat storage

Figure 20: water storage and reservoir
3.6.1 SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE
The storage used in our case is sensible heat storage since the energy is stored by causing a material to
rise in temperature and no change in phase over the temperature domains encountered in the storage
process.
For a well-mixed tank energy balance of the storage unit over a finite temperature difference.
Q s =¿ (mc p)(T 1−T 2 )
Where Q s = the total thermal energy capacity for a cycle operation between temperature
m= mass of storage medium (water)
C p=specific heat =4.22KJ/Kg℉
Water storage size, the capacity is 0.06 -0.15 m3 per m 2 of the storage. But for this case, we need to
store a total amount of450 liters of water volume of the storage, V s = 0.45m3.
If we take 0.15 m3/m2 of storage for our case, we need 0.45m3/0.15 m2 of the area of the storage.
The mass of the storage medium is given as:
M=PVs
Where: V s = is the volume of storage

= 1000kg/m 30.45m 3
= 450 kg of water
The daily average temperature (T1-T2) shouldn’t exceed 60℉ and in this case from the daily
maximum temperature data for the representative days will be given as
T 1−T 2 =19.3 0C= 292.3° k
Therefore, the amount of the usable heat is
Q s = 1000kg0C X 4.22J/kgc ×19.30C
=9.9KWhr
3.6.2 HEAT LOSSES FROM STORAGE AND TRANSFER DUCT
The storage device should be well insulated to minimize heat loss. It’s necessary for the storage
device to be insulated so that losses during a 24-hr period do not exceed 2 percent of the storage
capacity. Because the energy saving benefit of insulation is so great, storage devices should, if
possible, have more information than the minimum specified.
The thermal resistance to the flow of heat from a storage device called the R value is an indication of
the effectiveness of insulation.
From the standards 2m 2 area of collector should be take 0.263 m 2/w and the storage temperature is
=60℃ .
Storage temperature swing between 60℃ and 38℃ the ambient temperature, will use the average
temperature (℃ ) of the storage devices surrounding on an average march day and its T a = 25℃
Therefore R value
R = 0.263×[60-25]
= 10.52(℃ m 2/w)
The total insulation around the tank should the tank should therefore have an R value of 10.52( ℃ m 2
/w)
Mineral wool due to its resistance to different environmental condition and low cost relative to other
make it widely used a an insulator material.
Heat is also lost as the fluid is moved in to or out of storage. These losses include:-
1. Losses between the storage unit and the heating load (discharging losses )
2. Losses between the storage unit and the heating load (discharging losses)
To minimize these losses:

1. The piping from the collectors to storage must be well insulated and have weather
protection.
2. The piping from storage to load must be as short as possible and well insulated.
3.7 MATERIAL SELECTION
Steel is used as a material for our tank since there are readily available for many sizes and pressures
useful in solar heating system.
The extension of the storage must be well insulated to retain heat. And they must be lined with an
inert substance.
3.7.1 THICKNESS OF WALL
Thickness of the tank wall can be determined from standard values and is given as:
For diameter or tank 1m, we have the minimum wall thickness including corrosion allowance T W
=5mm
3.7.2 STORAGE TANK LOCATION
Storage can be located either inside or outside the building structure but for this case it is located
outside the building structure mounted on the roof.
Since the weight of the storage influences its location, sized liquid storage are quite heavy, special
foundations are required to support them. Hence a heavy structural steel support is used in our case
and is seen on the general layout of the solar water heater. The height at which the storage tank to
place is determined from the well-known rule which says the bottom of the tank should be at least 1/3
meter higher than the top of solar collector in this case the height of the collector is height of building
plus height of collector from the last (top) floor of building.
H = (11+1) =12m
Now the total height of the tank from the ground is
1/3×12+11=15m from the ground

CHAPTER FOUR
4. ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS
4.1 BENEFIT TO COST AND RATE
Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) is a technique for evaluating a project or investment by

comparing the economic benefits with the economic costs of the activity for students.
Whenever the benefits and costs used in a benefit-cost analysis occur in the future, it is
important to discount these future values to account for their present value.
Benefit-cost analysis has several objectives.
 First, BCA can be used to evaluate the economic merit of a project.

 Second the results from a series of benefit-cost analyses can be used to compare competing
projects.
 BCA can be used to evaluate business decisions
When we invested 8000birr to the solar water heater for showering purpose at the beginning time
(t=0), but the benefits that 15 students pay 5birr per day for one year (t=1) and finally,
5×15 × 365=27375 birr and the interest rate is 10%
The present value of benefit is: [7]
27375 birr
Benefit =
(1+0.1)
= 24886.36birr
Present values of the cost are:
8000 birr
Cost= = 8000birr
1+0.1

Benefit cast ratio (BCR)
presentvaluebenefits
Benefit cost ratio =
presentvaluecost
24886.36 BIRR
BCR = =3
8000 BIRR
4.2 NET PRESENT VALUE
Net present value (NPV) is used to determine the value of an investment by the discount sum of all
cash flows received from the solar water heater.
C1 C2 C3 C4 Cr
NPV=−C o + + + + + …
1+r (1+r )2 (1+r )3 (1+ r) 4 (1+r )
t
Where:C o=intialinvestment
C=cash flow
R =discount rate
t =time
Number Component Price in birr

1 Glazing 560
2 Absorber 1220
3 Insulation 1310
4 Pipe and header 1370
5 Casing 1200
6 Storage 2340
7 Total 8000
Table 3: price solar collector component
When we an expected to invest 8000birr for the solar water heater, we estimate that the first year cash
flow will be 6000birr, the second year cash flow will be 4500birr, the third year cash flow will be
4000 birr and the fourth year cash flow will be 3000birr. The expected return of 20% is used to
discount rate.

The following table provides each year cash flow and present value of each cash follow
Year Cash flow in birr Present value

0 8000 8000
1 6000 4800
2 4500 2880
3 4000 2048
4 3000 1229
Table 4: Each year cash flow and present value of each cash follow
+ 6000 4500 4000 3000

NPV= -8000 + + +
1.25 (1. 25)2 (1 .25)3 (1. 25)4
= -8000+4800+2880+2048+1229
= 2957 birr
As shown in the above result we invest 8000 birr for solar water heater components initially, and it is
decreasing an initial cost through time, after we used this solar hot water heater the present value of
the cost will be 2957birr.
4.3 PAYBACK PERIOD
The length of time needed for an investment's net cash receipts to cover completely the initial outlay
expended in acquiring the investment. The formula to calculate payback period of a project depend on
whether the cash flow per period from the project is even or uneven. In case they are an even.
The formula to calculate payback period is:
IntitialInvestment
Payback period =
periodiccashflow
The payback period expected in years, we have invested 8000birr for a solar water heater and as we
designed the above only 15 students. So that 15 students take a hot shower once per a day and they
paid 5 birr all of them, after one solid year 15*5*365=2738birr
So that 2737birr is the periodic cash flow, then we can calculate payback period:
8000 birr
Payback period =
2738 birr

=2.9 year
An investment with a shorter payback period is considered to be better; 2 to 3 year is short payback
period. So that this solar water heater is profitable as compare to take a shower that paying 5 birr per
daily.
4.4 SOLAR COLLECTOR FROM ELECTRICAL ASPECTS
The life of a water heater system is between 15 and 20 years. During this period significant amount of
electricity can be saved, which in turn is saving of money. Let us consider 450 liters of daily hot water
required. And the cost of water heater system would be 8000birr.
So that the heat energy required
Q =4.18*450*42=79002KJ
1wh=3600J
Therefore, electrical units required per day is
79002
=21.95kWh
3600=¿ ¿
But efficiency of electric water heater is 90% and the actual electric energy supplied is
21.95
=24.4kWh
0.9=¿ ¿
Consider cost of an electrical energy unit (kWh) is 22thus total cost of electricity per day
22×24.4=536.4birr
Let us assume there are 300 sunny days in a year, thus yearly savings
=536.4×300=160020birr
Number of years in which the investment cost is earned/saved
8000
Investment/saving, =0.5year
160020
In this way, one can see that the payback period in within six month or half of year for a hot water
system.

CHAPTER FIVE
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the result obtained from all theoretical works as well as MATLAB, ANSYSIS
reports. The result of declination angle (δ =23.45 ° sin¿ ¿ (284+n ¿ /365 ¿) in MATHLAB graph
showed that the degree and the day for seven day but the graph continue for one solid year which are
from January one to December thirty sinusoidal. So that there are different declination angle with
different seasonal changed. And also in the above graph showed that maximum declination angle
+23.45° and -23.45° is the minimum value within a year.
The primary function of the absorber plate is to absorb as much as possible of the radiation reaching
through the glazing, to lose as little heat as possible upward to the atmosphere and downward through
the back of the insulation, and to transfer the retained heat to the circulating fluid. The high
conductivity of the absorber resulted in the fast response of the working fluid’s temperature to the
change in the absorber’s temperature.
Also we had done, how the insulation temperature changes very slowly, that is due to the low heat
conductivity of the insulation material selected which is required to reduce the heat losses from the
system.
The purpose of the cover is to admit as much solar radiation as possible and to reduce the upward loss
of heat to the lowest attainable value. The glass cover material used has a very high transmissivity
with a small absorption coefficient.
For the design of collector area, we had calculated by using all parameters of collector size
calculation, A=Q 0 /¿). We had taken radiation (I) 800w/ m 2 for this design, it is the most suitable
radiation to found, what we want the area of collector.
So that, we calculated the appropriate collector area for the beginning of 15 students, 2m 2 size of
collector enough to hot up to 450liter showering water for optimum temperature which is 42 ℃ .
After we designed the collector, we had analysis the heat loss from the top, bottom and edge. Based
on this analysis we calculated all of loss, which are:
1/ N
Ut=
Top loss C
( )
Tp
¿¿
W
¿ 0.3197
m2 k
Bottom loss= Ub=K/L

= 0.265 W/m2K
( UA ) edge
Edge loss U e =
Ac
¿ 0.00063 W /m2 k
As showing the above result heat loss at the topside is the highest as compare to back and edge losses
because of top part of the collector has no insulation and the only way reduced to top loss, it should be
select the highest emittance material range for the glazing. In order to this cause we had selected the
best emittance glazing material which is clear glass up to 84% .
In the back and edge side there are an insulation material and it is the lowest thermal conductivity to
reduce loss of heat from absorber. Urethane foam is low thermal conductivity which is 0.021w/mk.
That is way we selected for insulation purpose for both bottom and edge side. As shown the result,
edge loss is smallest value, its fact that shown, our design and material selections are perfect for the
appropriate part of design components.
We are also testing the direct heat flux, total heat flux, ambient temperature and thermal error of
absorber and pipe with header by ANSYS.
5.1 ABSORBER ANSYS ANALYSIS
As shown in the following total heat flux, at the direction of front face of the absorber is red in color,
this show that, the radiation or flux passing to glazing and get to the absorber which is highly
concentrated heat flux but when the heat radiation is through inside absorber the concentrated of heat
flux is decreasing and the color of red changing to yellow as shown the result. And finally the
distribution of heat flux so small and the color also blue.

Figure 21: Total heat flux of absorber when maximum
Figure 22: Total heat flux of absorber when minimum

Figure 23: Directional heat flux on absorber at x-axis
Figure 24: total heat flux on absorber at x-axis

Figure 25: total heat flux on absorber at x-axis

5.2 PIPE AND HEADER ANSYS ANALYSIS
Figure 26: Directional heat flux on pipe and header at x-axis

Figure 27: Directional heat flux on pipe and header at x-axis
Figure 28: Total heat flux on pipe and header at x-axis

Figure 29: total flux on pipe and header
As shown in the above heat flux distribution on the pipe and header, the distribution of front face
which is highest heat flux is red and decreasing of distribution of heat radiation, the color of red will
been changing slowly then become blue. The blue color for all ANSYS results show that the
distribution of heat flux is very low but the red one is highest concentrated heat radiation.
5.3 DRAWING ANALYSIS

1) Top view
2) Front view 3) Side view
5.4 PART DRAWING

Figure 30: Rear View

Figure 31: Front view

Figure 32: Top View

Figure 33: Bottom View

Figure 34: Left side View

Figure 35: Right side View

5.5 ASSEMBLY DRAWING
Figure 36: ASSEMBLY OF FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR

CHAPTER SIX
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 CONCLUSION
We are going to conclude our designed is at the beginning of the design stage we have conducted
literature review on all the types of solar collectors and we have selected the flat plate solar collector
that has been given great emphasis in our designed. After we identify the problem, we have conducted
a study on the sun relation which has great effect on the design of the flat plat solar collector. The
materials that they are required for the flat plate solar collector have been selected based on their
thermal conductivity, availability and cost.
The flat plat has been designed to provide most favorable amount of hot water to the students in the
dormitory. After the solar plate collector design we have selected the storage thank based on the
amount of hot water utilization.
Finally, we have conclude that the design of flat plat solar collector for water heating will Provide the
450lit hot water at optimum temperature and this hot water will be stored Properly in an insulated
storage tank and reservoir.

6.2 RECOMMENDATION
The following areas of interest are looked to extend the project work on flat plate solar collector
 The initial cost of the power produced by the solar water heater is of course higher than the
cost of the electric power, but after one –to- two years the cost of the solar power is less than
the electric power.
So it is recommendable to use solar water heater to boil water because of:
 Low cumulative cost
 Low risk of accident when compared to the electricity
 To decrease the heat loss from side of the collector and bottom of thermal storage, must
increase the insulation thickness or using a material with lower thermal conductivity is
very helpful.
 The connection parts of the collector and thermal storage is should be sealed well and fix
some edge, corner and connection parts to minimize the heat loss to surrounding.
 The header and pipe should be paint by black color to increase the temperature in pipe
which is increasing hotness of water inside the pipe.
 The improvement of hot water distribution in the pipe can be studied for the performance
improvement of the solar collector.

7. REFERENCE
[1] IORDANOU, GRIGORIOS (2009) Flat-Plate Solar Collectors for Water Heating with
Improved Heat Transfer for Application in Climatic Conditions of the Mediterranean Region,
Durham theses, Durham University.
[2] Fabio Struckmann, Analyses of a Flat-plate Solar collecter, 2008 MVK160 Heat and Mass
Transport May 08, 2008, Lund, Sweden.
[3] California solar center, http://www.californiasolarcenter.org/history_pv.html
[4] Ken Butti, John Perlin A Golden Thread, Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
[5]JOHN A DUFFIE, WILLIAM A. BECKMAN: solar engineering thermal processes, 2 nd edition.

[6] Renewable energy technologies.
[7] Thermal conductivity of the material (table).
[8] Internet (Google map, http//NASA/monthly report on Gondar 2014)
[9] By J. W. Ramsey, J. T. Borzoni, and T. H. Holland, development of flat plate solar collectors
for the heating and cooling of buildings.

8. APPENDIX
Thermal conductivity –k- (w/m.K)

Temperature-0c
Material or substance 25 125 225
86
Sodium 135 (solid)
(liquid)
Softwoods (fir, pine ...) 0.12
Soil, clay 1.1
Soil, with organic matter 0.15 - 2
Soil, saturated 0.6 - 4

Steam, saturated 0.0184
Steam, low pressure 0.0188
Steel, Carbon 1% 43
Stainless Steel 16 17 19
Straw slab insulation, compressed 0.09
Styrofoam 0.033
Sulfur dioxide (gas) 0.0086
Sugars 0.087 - 0.22
Teflon 0.25
Timber 0.14
Tin Sn 67
Titanium 22
Tungsten 174
Uranium 27.6
Urethane foam 0.021
Vacuum 0

Vermiculite granules 0.065
Vinyl ester 0.25
Water 0.58
Water, vapor (steam) 0.016
Wheat flour 0.45
Wood across the grain, white pine 0.12
Wood across the grain, balsa 0.055
Wood across the grain, yellow pine, timber 0.147
Wood, oak 0.17
Wool, felt 0.07
Brass 109
Breeze block 0.10 - 0.20
Brick dense 1.31
Brick, insulating 0.15
Brickwork, common (Building Brick) 0.6 -1.0
Brickwork, dense 1.6

Bromine (gas) 0.004
Bronze 110
Butter (15% moisture content) 0.20
Cadmium 92
Calcium silicate 0.05
Carbon 1.7
Carbon dioxide (gas) 0.0146
Carbon monoxide 0.0232
Cellulose, cotton, wood pulp and regenerated 0.23
Cellulose acetate, molded, sheet 0.17 - 0.33
Cellulose nitrate, celluloid 0.12 - 0.21
Cement, Portland 0.29
Cement, mortar 1.73
Chalk 0. 09
Charcoal 0.2
Chlorinated poly-ether 0.13

Chlorine (gas) 0.0081
Chrome Nickel Steel (18% Cr, 8 % Ni) 16.3
Chromium 94
Clay, dry to moist 0.15 - 1.8
Clay, saturated 0.6 - 2.5
Coal 0.2
Cobalt 69
Cod (83% moisture content) 0.54
Concrete, lightweight 0.1 - 0.3
Concrete, medium 0.4 - 0.7
Concrete, dense 1.0 - 1.8
Concrete, stone 1.7
Constantan 22
Copper ( Sheet metal) 401 400 386
Corian (ceramic filled) 1.06
Cork board 0.043

Cork, re-granulated 0.044
Cork 0.07
Cotton 0.04
Cotton wool 0.029
Carbon Steel 54 51 47
Cotton Wool insulation 0.029
Diamond 1000
Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel) 0.06
Diatomite 0.12
Earth, dry 1.5
Cellulose nitrate, celluloid 0.12 - 0.21
Cement, Portland 0.29
Cement, mortar 1.73
Chalk 0. 09
Charcoal 0.2
Chlorinated poly-ether 0.13

Chlorine (gas) 0.0081
Chrome Nickel Steel (18% Cr, 8 % Ni) 16.3
Chromium 94
Clay, dry to moist 0.15 - 1.8
Clay, saturated 0.6 - 2.5
Coal 0.2
Cobalt 69
Cod (83% moisture content) 0.54
Concrete, lightweight 0.1 - 0.3
Concrete, medium 0.4 - 0.7
Concrete, dense 1.0 - 1.8
Concrete, stone 1.7
Constantan 22
Sheet metal (Copper) 401 400 386
Corian (ceramic filled) 1.06
Cork board 0.043

Cork, re-granulated 0.044
Cork 0.07
Cotton 0.04
Cotton wool 0.029
Carbon Steel 54 51 47
Cotton Wool insulation 0.029
Diamond 1000
Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel) 0.06
Diatomite 0.12
Earth, dry 1.5
Engine Oil 0.15
Ethane (gas) 0.018
Ether 0.14
Ethylene (gas) 0.017
Epoxy 0.35
Ethylene glycol 0.25

Feathers 0.034
Felt insulation 0.04
Fiberglass 0.04
Fiber insulating board 0.048
Fiber hardboard 0.2
Fire-clay brick 500oC 1.4
Fluorine (gas) 0.0254
Foam glass 0.045
Freon R-12 (gas) 0.007
Freon R-12 (liquid) 0.09
Gasoline 0.15
Galvanizing steel 54
Glass, Pearls, dry 0.18
Glass, Pearls, saturated 0.76
Glass, window 0.96
Glass, wool Insulation 0.04

Glycerol 0.28
Gold 310 312 310
galvanize steel 54 54
Gravel 0.7
Ground or soil, very moist area 1.4
Ground or soil, moist area 1.0
Ground or soil, dry area 0.5
Ground or soil, very dry area 0.33

ANSYS RESULTS
Properties
Volume 7.1466e-003 m³

Mass 56.1 kg
Scale Factor Value 1.
Statistics
Bodies 1
Active Bodies 1
Nodes 9691
Elements 4282
Mesh Metric None
Preferences
Import Solid Bodies Yes
Import Surface Bodies Yes
Import Line Bodies No
Parameter Processing Yes
Personal Parameter Key DS
CAD Attribute Transfer No
Named Selection Processing No
Material Properties Transfer No
CAD Associativity Yes

Import Coordinate Systems No
Reader Save Part File No
Import Using Instances Yes
Do Smart Update No
Attach File Via Temp File Yes
Temporary Directory C:\Users\TOHIBA\AppData\Local\Temp
Analysis Type 3-D
Mixed Import Resolution None
Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes
TABLE 3
Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts
Object Name Solid
State Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible Yes
Transparency 1
Definition
Suppressed No
Stiffness Behavior Flexible

Coordinate System Default Coordinate System
Reference Temperature By Environment
Material
Assignment Structural Steel
Nonlinear Effects Yes
Thermal Strain Effects Yes
Bounding Box
Length X 3.6e-002 m
Length Y 1.802 m
Length Z 1.28 m
Properties
Volume 7.1466e-003 m³
Mass 56.1 kg
Centroid X 9.3991e-008 m
Centroid Y 0.82732 m
Centroid Z 0.508 m
Moment of Inertia Ip1 19.646 kg·m²

Statistics
Nodes 9691
Elements 4282
Mesh Metric None
Coordinate Systems
TABLE 4
Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System
Global Coordinate
Object Name
System
State Fully Defined
Definition
Type Cartesian
Ansys System
0.
Number
Origin
Origin X 0. m
Origin Y 0. m
Origin Z 0. m
Directional Vectors

X Axis Data [1. 0. 0. ]
Y Axis Data [0. 1. 0. ]
Z Axis Data [0. 0. 1. ]
Mesh
TABLE 5
Model (A4) > Mesh
Object Name Mesh
State Solved
Defaults
Physics Preference Mechanical
Relevance 0
Sizing
Use Advanced Size Function Off
Relevance Center Coarse
Element Size Default
Initial Size Seed Active Assembly
Smoothing Medium
Transition Fast
Span Angle Center Coarse

Minimum Edge Length 9.3274e-003 m
Inflation
Use Automatic Tet Inflation None
Inflation Option Smooth Transition
Transition Ratio 0.272
Maximum Layers 5
Growth Rate 1.2
Inflation Algorithm Pre
View Advanced Options No
Advanced
Shape Checking Standard Mechanical
Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled
Straight Sided Elements No
Number of Retries Default (4)
Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced
Mesh Morphing Disabled
Pinch
Pinch Tolerance Please Define

Generate on Refresh No
Statistics
Nodes 9691
Elements 4282
Mesh Metric None
Transient Thermal (A5)
TABLE 6
Model (A4) > Analysis
Transient Thermal
Object Name
(A5)
State Solved
Definition
Physics Type Thermal
Analysis Type Transient
Solver Target ANSYS Mechanical
Options
Generate Input Only No
TABLE 7
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Initial Condition
Object Name Initial Temperature
State Fully Defined

Definition
Initial Temperature Uniform Temperature
Initial Temperature Value 22. °C
TABLE 8
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Analysis Settings
Object Name Analysis Settings
State Fully Defined
Step Controls
Number Of Steps 1.
Current Step
1.
Number
Step End Time 1. s
Auto Time
Program Controlled
Stepping
Initial Time Step 1.e-002 s
Minimum Time
1.e-003 s
Step
Maximum Time
0.1 s
Step
Time Integration On
Solver Controls
Solver Type Program Controlled

Nonlinear Controls
Heat Convergence Program Controlled
Temperature
Program Controlled
Convergence
Line Search Program Controlled
Nonlinear
Program Controlled
Formulation
Output Controls
Calculate Thermal
Yes
Flux
Calculate Results
All Time Points
At
Analysis Data Management
Solver Files C:\Users\TOHIBA\AppData\Local\Temp\WB_WINCTRL-

Directory MUSCAB4_3164_2\unsaved_project_files\dp0\SYS\MECH\
Future Analysis None
Scratch Solver
Files Directory
Save ANSYS db No
Delete Unneeded
Yes
Files
Nonlinear Solution No
Solver Units Active System

Solver Unit System Mks
TABLE 9
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Loads
Object Name Heat Flux
State Fully Defined
Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry 11 Faces
Definition
Type Heat Flux
Magnitude 800. W/m² (step applied)
Suppressed No
FIGURE 1
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Heat Flux

Solution (A6)
TABLE 10
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution
Solution
Object Name
(A6)
State Solved
Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Max Refinement Loops 1.
Refinement Depth 2.
TABLE 11
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information
Solution
Object Name
Information
State Solved

Solution Information
Solution Output Solver Output
Update Interval 2.5 s
Display Points All
TABLE 12
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information > Result Charts
Temperature - Global Temperature - Global

Object Name
Maximum Minimum
State Solved
Scope
Scoping Method Global Maximum Global Minimum
Definition
Type Temperature
Results
Minimum 22.011 °C 21.975 °C
Maximum 22.141 °C 21.998 °C
FIGURE 2
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information > Temperature -
Global Maximum

FIGURE 3
Global Minimum

TABLE 13
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results
Temperatur Thermal
Object Name Total Heat Flux Directional Heat Flux
e Error
State Solved
Scope
Geometry All Bodies
Definition
Temperatur
Type Total Heat Flux Directional Heat Flux Thermal Error
e
By Time
Display Time Last
Calculate Time
Yes
History
Identifier
Use Average Yes
Orientation X Axis
Coordinate System Global Coordinate System
Results
Minimum 21.977 °C 1.5425e-002 W/m² -1133.5 W/m² 1.6063e-008

Maximum 22.141 °C 1176.3 W/m² 1063.6 W/m² 5.8783e-003
Minimum Value Over Time
Minimum 21.975 °C 4.2391e-003 W/m² -1133.5 W/m² 1.6554e-009
Maximum 21.998 °C 4.5758e-002 W/m² -474.85 W/m² 1.9301e-008
Maximum Value Over Time
Minimum 22.011 °C 639.52 W/m² 548.27 W/m² 1.4448e-003
Maximum 22.141 °C 1176.3 W/m² 1063.6 W/m² 9.3558e-003
Information
Time 1. s
Load Step 1
Sub step 13
Iteration Number 13
FIGURE 4
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Temperature

TABLE 14
Minimum
Time [s] Maximum [°C]
[°C]
1.e-002 21.998 22.011
2.e-002 21.997 22.018
5.e-002 21.995 22.029
0.14 21.992 22.046
0.24 21.987 22.058
0.34 21.982 22.066
0.44 21.979 22.072
0.54 21.977 22.083

0.64 21.976 22.096
0.74 22.109
21.975
0.84 22.121
0.94 21.976 22.133
1. 21.977 22.141
FIGURE 5
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Total Heat Flux
TABLE 15
Time [s] Minimum [W/m²] Maximum [W/m²]
1.e-002 1.9258e-002 639.52

2.e-002 3.5948e-002 837.8
5.e-002 2.5574e-002 932.81
0.14 3.9866e-002 1016.3
0.24 4.5758e-002 1024.3
0.34 3.9856e-002 1007.9
0.44 3.8481e-002 1035.6
0.54 3.0449e-002 1077.2
0.64 2.1337e-002 1108.4
0.74 1.2029e-002 1132.5
0.84 4.2391e-003 1151.9
0.94 8.0379e-003 1167.8
1. 1.5425e-002 1176.3
FIGURE 6
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Directional Heat Flux

TABLE 16
1.e-002 -474.85 548.27
2.e-002 -616.18 791.74
5.e-002 -870.35 932.5
0.14 -1013. 944.13
0.24 -1021.2 981.58
0.34 -1007.2 1002.6
0.44 -1025.9 1014.2
0.54 -1036.2 1023.8

0.64 -1042.9 1036.8
0.74 -1047.9 1046.6
0.84 -1069. 1054.3
0.94 -1109.9 1060.4
1. -1133.5 1063.6
FIGURE 7
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Thermal Error
TABLE 17
Time [s] Minimum Maximum
1.e-002 3.2126e-009 1.4448e-003

2.e-002 1.9641e-009 3.5299e-003
5.e-002 1.6554e-009 5.9078e-003
0.14 9.368e-009 9.3558e-003
0.24 1.1976e-008 9.1709e-003
0.34 1.341e-008 7.982e-003
0.44 1.4895e-008 6.767e-003
0.54 1.6334e-008 5.8716e-003
0.64 1.7797e-008 6.0631e-003
0.74 1.9301e-008 6.0985e-003
0.84 1.8508e-008 6.0438e-003
0.94 1.696e-008 5.9439e-003
1. 1.6063e-008 5.8783e-003
Material Data
Structural Steel
TABLE 18
Structural Steel > Constants
Density 7850 kg m^-3
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1
Specific Heat 434 J kg^-1 C^-1

Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W m^-1 C^-1
Resistivity 1.7e-007 ohm m
TABLE 19
Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength
Compressive Ultimate Strength Pa
TABLE 20
Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength
Compressive Yield Strength Pa
2.5e+008
TABLE 21
Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength
Tensile Yield Strength Pa
2.5e+008
TABLE 22
Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength
Tensile Ultimate Strength Pa
4.6e+008
TABLE 23
Structural Steel > Alternating Stress
Alternating Stress Pa Cycles Mean Stress Pa
3.999e+009 10 0
2.827e+009 20 0

1.896e+009 50 0
1.413e+009 100 0
1.069e+009 200 0
4.41e+008 2000 0
2.62e+008 10000 0
2.14e+008 20000 0
1.38e+008 1.e+005 0
1.14e+008 2.e+005 0
8.62e+007 1.e+006 0
TABLE 24
Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters
Cyclic Strain
Strength Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength
Hardening
Coefficient Pa Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient Pa
Exponent
9.2e+008 -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1.e+009 0.2
TABLE 25
Structural Steel > Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability
10000
TABLE 26
Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity
Temperature
Young's Modulus Pa Poisson's Ratio
C

2.e+011 0.3
Geometry
TABLE 2
Model (A4) > Geometry
Object Name Geometry
State Fully Defined
Definition

C:\Users\TOHIBA\AppData\Local\Temp\WB_WINCTRL-
Source
MUSCAB4_3280_2\unsaved_project_files\dp0\SYS\DM\SYS.agdb
Type Design Modeler
Length Unit Millimeters
Element Control Program Controlled
Display Style Part Color
Bounding Box
Length X 0.98 m
Length Y 1.98 m
Length Z 7.e-003 m
Properties
Volume 1.3583e-002 m³
Mass 106.62 kg
Scale Factor
1.
Value
Statistics
Bodies 1
Active Bodies 1
Nodes 1272

Elements 162
Mesh Metric None
Preferences
Import Solid
Yes
Bodies
Import Surface
Yes
Bodies
Import Line Bodies No
Parameter
Yes
Processing
Personal
DS
Parameter Key
CAD Attribute
No
Transfer
Named Selection
No
Processing
Material Properties
No
Transfer
CAD Associativity Yes
Import Coordinate
No
Systems
Reader Save Part

No
File
Import Using
Yes
Instances

Do Smart Update No
Attach File Via

Yes
Temp File
Temporary
C:\Users\TOHIBA\AppData\Local\Temp
Directory
Analysis Type 3-D
Mixed Import
None
Resolution
Enclosure and
Symmetry Yes
Processing
TABLE 3
Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts
Object Name Solid
State Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible Yes
Transparency 1
Definition
Suppressed No
Stiffness Behavior Flexible
Coordinate System Default Coordinate System

Reference Temperature By Environment
Material
Assignment Structural Steel
Nonlinear Effects Yes
Thermal Strain Effects Yes
Bounding Box
Length X 0.98 m
Length Y 1.98 m
Length Z 7.e-003 m
Properties
Volume 1.3583e-002 m³
Mass 106.62 kg
Centroid X 0.49 m
Centroid Y 0.99 m
Centroid Z 3.5e-003 m

Statistics
Nodes 1272
Elements 162
Mesh Metric None
Coordinate Systems
TABLE 4
Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System
Global Coordinate
Object Name
System
State Fully Defined
Definition
Type Cartesian
Ansys System
0.
Number
Origin
Origin X 0. m
Origin Y 0. m
Origin Z 0. m
Directional Vectors
X Axis Data [1. 0. 0. ]

Y Axis Data [0. 1. 0. ]
Z Axis Data [0. 0. 1. ]
Mesh
TABLE 5
Model (A4) > Mesh
Object Name Mesh
State Solved
Defaults
Physics Preference Mechanical
Relevance 0
Sizing
Use Advanced Size Function Off
Relevance Center Coarse
Element Size Default
Initial Size Seed Active Assembly
Smoothing Medium
Transition Fast
Span Angle Center Coarse
Minimum Edge Length 7.e-003 m

Inflation
Use Automatic Tet Inflation None
Inflation Option Smooth Transition
Transition Ratio 0.272
Maximum Layers 5
Growth Rate 1.2
Inflation Algorithm Pre
View Advanced Options No
Advanced
Shape Checking Standard Mechanical
Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled
Straight Sided Elements No
Number of Retries Default (4)
Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced
Mesh Morphing Disabled
Pinch
Pinch Tolerance Please Define
Generate on Refresh No

Statistics
Nodes 1272
Elements 162
Mesh Metric None
Transient Thermal (A5)
TABLE 6
Model (A4) > Analysis
Transient Thermal
Object Name
(A5)
State Solved
Definition
Physics Type Thermal
Analysis Type Transient
Solver Target ANSYS Mechanical
Options
Generate Input Only No
TABLE 7
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Initial Condition
Object Name Initial Temperature
State Fully Defined
Definition

Initial Temperature Uniform Temperature
Initial Temperature Value 22. °C
TABLE 8
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Analysis Settings
Object Name Analysis Settings
State Fully Defined
Step Controls
Number Of Steps 1.
Current Step
1.
Number
Step End Time 1. s
Auto Time
Program Controlled
Stepping
Initial Time Step 1.e-002 s
Minimum Time
1.e-003 s
Step
Maximum Time
0.1 s
Step
Time Integration On
Solver Controls
Solver Type Program Controlled
Nonlinear Controls

Heat Convergence Program Controlled
Temperature
Program Controlled
Convergence
Line Search Program Controlled
Nonlinear
Program Controlled
Formulation
Output Controls
Calculate Thermal
Yes
Flux
Calculate Results
All Time Points
At
Analysis Data Management
Solver Files C:\Users\TOHIBA\AppData\Local\Temp\WB_WINCTRL-

Directory MUSCAB4_3280_2\unsaved_project_files\dp0\SYS\MECH\
Future Analysis None
Scratch Solver
Files Directory
Save ANSYS db No
Delete Unneeded
Yes
Files
Nonlinear Solution No
Solver Units Active System
Solver Unit System mks

TABLE 9
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Loads
Object Name Heat Flux
State Fully Defined
Scope
Geometry 1 Face
Definition
Type Heat Flux
Magnitude 800. W/m² (step applied)
Suppressed No
FIGURE 1
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Heat Flux

Solution (A6)
TABLE 10
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution
Solution
Object Name
(A6)
State Solved
Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Max Refinement Loops 1.
Refinement Depth 2.
TABLE 11
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information
Solution
Object Name
Information
State Solved

Solution Information
Solution Output Solver Output
Update Interval 2.5 s
Display Points All
TABLE 12
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information > Result Charts
Temperature - Global Temperature - Global

Object Name
Maximum Minimum
State Solved
Scope
Scoping Method Global Maximum Global Minimum
Definition
Type Temperature
Results
Minimum 22.003 °C 21.999 °C
Maximum 22.064 °C 22.019 °C
FIGURE 2
Global Maximum

FIGURE 3
Global Minimum

TABLE 13
Model (A4) > Transient Thermal (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results
Total Heat Temperatur Thermal

Object Name Directional Heat Flux
Flux e Error
State Solved
Scope
Geometry All Bodies
Definition
Type Total Heat Flux Directional Heat Flux Temperature Thermal Error
By Time
Display Time Last
Calculate Time
Yes
History
Use Average Yes
Identifier
Orientation X Axis
Coordinate System Global Coordinate System
Results
Minimum 10.013 W/m² -4.6219e-002 W/m² 22.019 °C 5.4498e-011
Maximum 789.98 W/m² 8.6784e-002 W/m² 22.064 °C 4.6249e-009

Minimum Value Over Time
Minimum 10.013 W/m² -0.15521 W/m² 21.999 °C 4.5536e-011
Maximum 152.51 W/m² -1.9189e-002 W/m² 22.019 °C 5.1416e-010
Maximum Value Over Time
Minimum 88.634 W/m² 2.6464e-002 W/m² 22.003 °C 9.314e-010
Maximum 789.98 W/m² 0.18938 W/m² 22.064 °C 4.1152e-008
Information
Time 1. s
Load Step 1
Sub step 13
Iteration Number 13
FIGURE 4

TABLE 14
1.e-002 16.584 88.634
2.e-002 32.564 163.47
5.e-002 74.948 312.04
0.1213
151.88 488.11
1
0.2213
152.51 607.09
1
0.3213
114.01 673.47
1
0.4213
81.85 714.43
1

0.5213
57.717 741.02
1
0.6213
40.391 759.21
1
0.7213
28.11 771.81
1
0.8213
19.512 780.48
1
0.9213
13.537 786.44
1
1. 10.013 789.98
FIGURE 5
TABLE 15

1.e-002 -0.12948 0.12331
2.e-002 -0.15521 0.15965
5.e-002 -0.13537 0.18938
0.1213
-8.694e-002 9.8241e-002
1
0.2213
-1.9189e-002 4.1212e-002
1
0.3213
-2.607e-002 2.6464e-002
1
0.4213
-2.5668e-002 4.7304e-002
1
0.5213
-2.8013e-002 3.572e-002
1
0.6213
-2.5961e-002 4.0928e-002
1
0.7213
-3.1528e-002 5.3851e-002
1
0.8213
-3.2804e-002 4.6731e-002
1
0.9213
-4.0698e-002 8.1404e-002
1
1. -4.6219e-002 8.6784e-002
FIGURE 6

TABLE 16
Time [s] Minimum [°C] Maximum [°C]
1.e-002 22. 22.003
2.e-002 22.005
21.999
5.e-002 22.011
0.1213
22.001 22.019
1
0.2213
22.028
1
22.002
0.3213
22.035
1
0.4213
22.004 22.04
1

0.5213
22.005 22.045
1
0.6213
22.008 22.049
1
0.7213
22.01 22.053
1
0.8213
22.013 22.057
1
0.9213
22.016 22.061
1
1. 22.019 22.064
FIGURE 7
TABLE 17

Time [s] Minimum Maximum
1.e-002 5.1416e-010 2.9227e-008
2.e-002 3.2445e-010 4.1152e-008
5.e-002 3.0517e-010 2.0313e-008
0.1213
8.3592e-011 5.4673e-009
1
0.2213
4.5536e-011 9.314e-010
1
0.3213
1.3736e-010 2.1988e-009
1
0.4213
8.4144e-011 1.7819e-009
1
0.5213
6.8794e-011 2.642e-009
1
0.6213
6.2774e-011 2.5962e-009
1
0.7213
7.8655e-011 4.015e-009
1
0.8213
4.7074e-011 3.7206e-009
1
0.9213
9.2761e-011 4.616e-009
1
1. 5.4498e-011 4.6249e-009
Material Data Structural Steel

TABLE 18
Structural Steel > Constants
Density 7850 kg m^-3
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1
Specific Heat 434 J kg^-1 C^-1
Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W m^-1 C^-1
Resistivity 1.7e-007 ohm m
TABLE 19
Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength
Compressive Ultimate Strength Pa
TABLE 20
Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength
Compressive Yield Strength Pa
2.5e+008
TABLE 21
Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength
Tensile Yield Strength Pa
2.5e+008
TABLE 22
Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength
Tensile Ultimate Strength Pa
4.6e+008

TABLE 23
Structural Steel > Alternating Stress
Alternating Stress Pa Cycles Mean Stress Pa
3.999e+009 10 0
2.827e+009 20 0
1.896e+009 50 0
1.413e+009 100 0
1.069e+009 200 0
4.41e+008 2000 0
2.62e+008 10000 0
2.14e+008 20000 0
1.38e+008 1.e+005 0
1.14e+008 2.e+005 0
8.62e+007 1.e+006 0
TABLE 24
Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters
Cyclic Strain
Strength Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength
Hardening
Coefficient Pa Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient Pa
Exponent
9.2e+008 -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1.e+009 0.2
TABLE 25
Structural Steel > Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability

10000
TABLE 26
Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity

Design and Model of Flat Plate Solar Collector For Water Heating

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DESIGN AND MODEL OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR WATER HEATING 2015

DESIGN AND MODEL FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR

-------------------------- -------------------- -----------------------

Chairman, dept. Head Signature Date

------------------------ --------------------- ----------------------

Advisor/Super visor Signature Date

---------------------- --------------------- ----------------------

Examiner Signature Date

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE I

Name of the candidate

ANDINET AYELE DATE

ASHENAFI BOGALE DATE

BELAY AWGICHEW DATE

Date of submission: _____________________________

EPHREM YOHANNES (MSC. in Energy Technology.)

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE II

Also thanks to staffs of the department of Gondar Mechanical Engineering, helped us by

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE III

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE IV

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE V

2.2.4 REFLECTIVITY (ρ)............................................................................................16

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE VI

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.........................................................................................45

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE VII

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE VIII

Symbol Name of symbols

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE IX

UL the overall heat loss coefficient

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE X

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 1

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 2

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 3

Evaluating the Identifying Identifying the

Figure 1: organization of the study

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 4

We select our project place university of Gondar students ‘block dormitory.

Google earth caption

Figure 2: Google earth caption

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 5

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.7.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

1.7.2 SPESIFIC OBJECTIVE

 To design and modeling a solar water heater.

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 6

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 7

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 8

2.1.1 SUN ANGLE

δ =23.45 ° sin¿ ¿ (284+n)/365]

Where n is the day of the year.

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 9

2.1.2 DECLINATOIN ANGLE

δ =23.45 ° sin¿ ¿ (284+n ¿ /365 ¿

Where n is the day of the year.

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 10

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR PAGE 11

Q s= I b cosθ+ H d cos 2 B/2+H ρ rsin2 B/¿=1016cos45+885.04cos215/2+11480.34sin215/2