Abstract—The present energy scarcity is
one of the foremost problems in South
Sudan. The youngest country is in
immense need of sustainable and reliable
electrical power in order to boost
economic development. The inhabitants
depend mainly on bio carbon products
and only 5.1 percent of the total
population have access to electrical
power. The purpose of this paper is to
investigate the available potential of hydel
power in South Sudan. South Sudan has
potential of 2927MW of hydropower to the
total estimated demand of 631MW in
2019. The current installed capacity
according to SSEC is 131.4MW. Out of
this, 42MW is being used in the oil field at
Paloch and 21MW is installed in Juba by a
private company for their own needs. The
current production is completely based on
fossil fuel. Although according to South
Sudan Electricity Corporation 161MW of
hydro power will be generated by the end
of 2026. However, the development is
facing hurdles i.e. Lack of infrastructure,
legislation, civil riot, Funds, Proper
planning and monitoring, Lack of hydro
data. The hydropower causes less
pollution and need to be considered as
primary source of energy due to its
environment friendly nature.
Index Terms—Electricity Crisis,
Hydroelectric power Generation, Green
House Gases
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy play a vital role in the
development and growth of a country. At
present, South Sudan has many
challenges in the development of the
energy sector. In 2016, South Sudan
energy requirement was 2.89 million Tons
of Oil Equivalent (TOEs) in 2012. It
showed a consistent growth rate of 13%
yearly. In 2020, The energy requirement
will reach 8.95 million TOEs with this
growth rate. According to United Nations
Department of Economic and Social
Affairs Population Division The total
population of the country in the year 2019
is 14,730,548 out of this only 5.1% has
electricity access. The supply is limited to
a few towns, mainly the citizens who are
in capital Juba, Wau and Malakal are
connected to national grid. These cities
experience prolonged load shedding and
infrequent service and rest of the country
have no electricity access at all.
The generation is lagging the demand by
500MW [3]. Populace of 14.7 million need
to be connected with an electric power
grid that needs 500MW of electric power.
Thus, the demand is at peak and
increasing with growth rate of population
at 4.08%. In 2032, the estimated shortfall
will reach to 700MW [4]. The lack of
electricity generation is also affecting the
industrial sector eventually the country
depends on imports due to
underproduction [1]. South Sudan is
spending 20% of its entire budget on
thermal energy to produce electricity [5].
According to the report of the International
Energy Agency, the demand for electric
power in South Sudan will be 1400MW by
2040 [6]. It shows a three-time increase in
demand for electric power. However,
keeping in view previous added power
generation to the grid the hydel electricity
generation is not growing as the electricity
demand does.
The proportion of electric power
generated from conventional energy
resource in 2019 are shown in Figure 1.
The figure shows that almost all the
energy is generated from fossil fuel and
still very far to meet the energy demand of
the country. In order to meet the demand,
the exploration and adoption of new
State own company South Sudan
reliable and affordable energy sources is
Electricity Corporation (SSEC) is
a need of the day. South Sudan has
responsible for power generation and
enormous potential of renewable energy
distribution is working in collaboration with
resources. The current power shortfall can
many companies to shrink the power gap
be mitigated by exploration of these
of 500MW. Sino Hydro is a Chinese company
resources.
investing in Hydel Power. East Africa Power
Pool (EAPP) and Northern Corridor Integration
Projects (NCIP), are power exchange programs
that are established for regional power trade.
South Sudan should avail every opportunity to
strengthen the promotion and development of
92.90%
93% hydropower policy while the country develops
its present hydro resources.
. The rest of paper has been organized as
follows: Section 2 describes the Electrical
7% Power Generation in Pakistan, Section 3 is
about small hydropower in Pakistan,
Renewable resources Fossil Fuel Section 4 is about barrier to Small Hydro
Power Plant while section 5 shows the
impact of hydropower on the environment.
Renewable energy is necessary for
Finally, the paper is concluded in section 6.
boosting economical growth as well as
sustainable environmental need. The total population of South Sudan in 2013
was 11.3 million people (Table 1). Total
Hydro energy is being used since early production of electricity in 2015 was 28
ages for electricity generation. its ktoe, with 92.8 per cent from fossil fuels
contribution to generate electric power is and 7.1 per cent from hydro sources. Final
19% in world. Many countries have electricity consumption in 2015 was 16 ktoe
potential of large scale and small-scale (Table 2) (AFREC, 2015). Figures 2 and 3
hydro power plant. China is leading by show the energy production and
generating 19GW of electric power. consumption statistics
Different sites are suitable for both large
and small hydro power plants in South
Sudan. The country has potential to
generate 3GW of electric power from
hydro resources.
. [12]. Until now, Pakistan is being able to
produce only 74078MW of hydroelectric
power. The generation of hydroelectric
power in the different region of Pakistan is
shown in Figure 2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(KPK) has been able to produce a large
proportion of hydroelectric power.