Analysis of a energy storage system integrated with renewable energy plants and heat pump for residential application

Abstract:
The use of small storage in low voltage (LV) systems can spread because costs are decreasing and because it is more sustainable
to optimize the energy produced locally from renewable sources. In the new eco-buildings approach the use of heat pump for
heating and cooling appears more and more appropriate. The recent Italian Technical Standard CEI 0-21 describes features and
installation schemes for the connection of electrical storage in the point of connection of the LV electrical systems for active and
passive users. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the energy and the economic performances of an Electrical Storage System
(ESS based on lithium batteries) integrated by small renewable energy plants in a single family house. The energy performances
are evaluated to increase the self-consumption from local renewable energy sources through different ESS sizes in different climate
zones. The methodology investigates different configurations of the system in terms of capacity of storage and nominal power of PV
plants in order to analyze the annual self consumption and costs for air condition through heat pumps and other household
appliances. Further, it has been calculated the energy exchange with the grid. The study takes in to account connection scheme of
energy storage systems and PV plants as shown in the Italian Standard. The study is based on an empirical approach to achieve a
global evaluation of the system. Different Simulink models have been integrated to realize a dynamic simulation of the entire
system. A Matlab program launches the simulation different times with different configuration of battery capacity and PV plant. The
results shows that the total self-consumption can increase of about 50% in the best energy performance case with biggest ESS size
in the study
Current and voltage behaviour during a fault in a HV/MV system: Methods and measurements

Abstract:
When a single line to ground fault happens on the MV side of a HV/MV system, only a small portion of the fault current is injected
into the ground by the ground-grid of the faulty substation. In fact the fault current is distributed between grounding electrodes and
MV cables sheaths. In systems with isolated neutral or with resonant earthing this may be sufficient to provide safety from electric
shock. Experimental measurements were performed on a real MV distribution network: a real single line to ground fault was made
and fault currents were measured in the faulty substation and in four neighbouring substations. In this paper the problem of fault
current distribution is introduced, the test system is described and the measurements results are presented.
A two-step procedure for the energy management in smart microgrids accounting for economical and power quality issues
Abstract:
The present contribution proposes an adaptive two-step Energy Management System (EMS) for the optimal operation of the Savona
Campus Smart Polygeneration Microgrid (SPM). The first step aims at performing an economical optimization, as it provides the
active power set-point for the programmable units that minimizes the overall production cost. The second step is related to power
quality issues (power factor correction or voltage support), as it produces in output the reactive power reference signal for all the
devices under converter. Moreover, due to the presence of uncertainties in the electric and thermal load request and in the
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) power production, an update forecasting logic is proposed that, applied at each time step of the
optimization process, refines the forecast accuracy. The experimental validation performed on the SPM shows the efficacy of the
proposed EMS in satisfying both the economic and the power quality objectives.
Influence of LV neutral grounding on global Earthing Systems
Abstract:
International Standards define a Global Earthing System as an earthing net created interconnecting local Earthing Systems
(generally through the shield of MV cables and/or bare buried conductors). In Italy the Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas
requires Distributors to guarantee the electrical continuity of LV neutral conductor. This requirement has led to the standard practice
of realizing “reinforcement groundings” along the LV neutral conductor path and at users' delivery cabinet. Moreover, in urban high
load scenarios (prime candidates to be part of a Global Earthing System), it is common that LV distribution scheme creates, through
neutral conductors, an effective connection between grounding systems of MV/LV substations, modifying Global Earthing System
consistency. Aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect, in terms of electrical safety, of the above mentioned LV neutral distribution
scheme when an MV-side fault to ground occurs. At this purpose simulations are carried out on a realistic urban test case and
suitable evaluation indexes are proposed
Local electricity market involving end-user distributed storage system

In a smart city environment, the collaboration between its users must be favorite. In particular, in energy sector, this collaboration
can allow an economic utility to the users that take part to the management of energy. Previously an energy management model
has been presented: it is characterized by the presence of a supervision entity named CEP, in a defined area called VED. In this
paper, the authors focus on the importance of energy storage systems and present a management model that can allow to obtain an
additional utility to the user who have an energy storage system and offer the possibility to use these storage systems when an
energy surplus/deficit happens in VED. Some numerical results are discussed.

Development of protection scheme for off-grid topology

Abstract:
In the field of energy, there are themes such as decentralized electricity production, the use of renewable energy sources, such as
photovoltaic and wind power plants for self-sufficient energy supply of buildings or objects in the so-called Off-Grid island
autonomous systems. Traditional distribution networks are facing new opportunities and challenges, considering the protection
scheme and control technology. This paper proposes a new approach to use Adaptive protection scheme to limiting of at failure
states and abnormal operation states, such as short-circuits and overloads in an autonomous single phase Off-Grid systems.
Developed by the Adaptive protection scheme is able to change and configure itself for various operation states in the Off-Grid
system. In addition, the proposed Adaptive protection scheme is based on central control and real-time analysis of data acquired
from conventional electronic measuring devices.
Demand response: A solution to manage loads in the smart grid
Abstract:
The management of electrical power networks during peak load periods is a an issue of growing concern in the context of the
transition to the smart grid. This paper presents an overview of solutions to deal with peak load constraints by implementing demand
side management solutions. Demand response has been experimented on an office building site, in the GreenLys smart grid
demonstration project. A case study of the experimental campaign, with associated results will be presented. Finally, concluding
remarks on the benefits of demand response and future perspectives will be exposed.
 Short-Term Power Production Forecasting in Smart Grid Based on Solar Power Plants

Abstract— Since the world is moving towards the modernization so the smart grid idea is one of the smart idea leads to the modernization. One
of the most important factors for the smart grid is the optimal production-commutation balance. Due to the lacking capabilities of
accomplishing the increasing needs of the power with normal procedures, the world is moving towards the power production from the
renewable energy sources. To get the efficient power production, the world is making the grids which generate power from the renewable
sources, smart. Since solar is one of the important renewable energy sources, hence the changing climatic conditions affect heavily the ratio of
power production from the solar sources. In this research, some of these climatic factors are considered to predict the solar power production
by using the real-time data of a solar power plant located at Konya, Turkey. The inputs factors in consideration are on the daily basis which
includes the average humidity, the minimum, average and the maximum temperatures, the solar irradiance, average and the maximum wind
speed and the power generation values. The behavior of this solar power plant along with the prediction of the power production is carried out
by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) software’s built-in toolbox named as Neural Net Fitting toolbox. In
ANNs, three different built-in learning algorithms in this toolbox named as Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian Regularization, and Scaled
Conjugate Gradient are used to compare the prediction results, finally to get good and accurate results.

Statistical characterisation of the real transaction data gathered from electric vehicle charging stations

Abstract
Despite the many environmental benefits that a massive diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) could bring to the urban mobility and to
society as a whole, numerous are the challenges that this could pose to the electricity distribution grid, particularly to its operation
and development. While uncoordinated management of EVs can lead to load imbalances, current or voltage variation excess and
steep power requests, properly designed and well-coordinated integration approaches can in contrast provide flexibility, hence
value, to the whole electrical system. Such step can be achieved only if real data are available and real drivers’ behaviours are
identified. This paper is based on a real dataset of 400,000 EV charging transactions. It shows and analyses an important set of key
figures (charge time, idle time, connected time, power, and energy) depending on driver's behaviour in the Netherlands. From these
figures, it emerges a key role of the uncertainty of the relevant variables due to the drivers’ behaviour. This requires a statistical
characterisation of these variables, which generally leads to multi-modal probability distributions. Thereby, this paper develops a
Beta Mixture Model to represent these multi-modal probability distributions. Based on the emerged statistical facts, a number of
results and suggestions are provided, in order to contribute to the important debate on the role of EVs to move to a fully
decarbonised society

Conlusion:
In the changing electrification sector, the emerging role that fleets of EVs will play in offering their services to the electrical grid, also
to balance the intermittent production of renewable energy sources, is still not fully exploited. This paper analysed valuable real data
on EVs charging behaviour in the Netherlands for the year 2015 coming from 1750 three-phase charging stations with a maximum
power output of 12 kW. The study analysed the current EV status in the Netherlands. System operators and EV aggregators should
take the growing importance of EVs into account. The global EVs demand in 2015 reached 3.3 GWh with only a penetration of 3 EVs
for every 1000 vehicles. By looking at the energy demand, the data reveals that 25% of the total energy is supplied in the weekend,
and the mean energy supplied to each EV is 8.5 kWh per transaction. Daily plug-in and plug-out distribution profiles highlighted
remarkable differences among weekdays and weekends. Multi-modal probability distributions were identified for a number of
relevant variables, and were handled through a Beta Mixture Model approach. A statistical analysis of connected, idle and charge
times provided the following results: 50% of the recharges last for less than 4 h; the idle time depends on the geographical location
of the charging station, and on average it lasts also for 4 h. These results constitute a basis on which future research activities on EVs
integration, ancillary services, grid infrastructure impact, and EVs charging management, can be built by relying upon validated
assumptions. Based on these results, future activities will focus on the implications on ancillary services, thus, on novel electricity
market models, and on costs and benefits of the EV integration into the electrical grid.
When the number of EVs will become higher, further issues will likely appear, such as the possible unavailability of charging
locations in a charging station, taking into account the probability that the EV is charged or queued at its arrival. On the operation
side, the possible queuing will have to be handled through appropriate communication before the EV arrival. On the planning side,
the risk of being not served will be included in the planning problems aimed at determining the location and sizing of new EV
charging infrastructure.

Results of this kind can help policy makers, companies and network operators devise better strategies, economic tariffs and ad-hoc
incentives and penalties to enhance the value of tomorrow’s EV fleet and to minimise its impact on the grid infrastructure.

Battery energy storage technology for power systems—An overview

Abstract
The penetration of renewable sources (particularly wind power) in to the power system network has been increasing in the recent
years. As a result of this, there have been serious concerns over reliable and satisfactory operation of the power systems. One of the
solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage devices into the
power system network. Further, in the present deregulated markets these storage devices could also be used to increase the profit
margins of wind farm owners and even provide arbitrage. This paper discusses the present status of battery energy storage
technology and methods of assessing their economic viability and impact on power system operation. Further, a discussion on the
role of battery storage systems of electric hybrid vehicles in power system storage technologies had been made. Finally, the paper
suggests a likely future outlook for the battery technologies and the electric hybrid vehicles in the context of power system
applications.
Smart Grid Operation with Hybrid Renewable Resources and
Electric Vehicle

Abstract. The utilization of renewable energy resources will significantly increase to achieve clean and sustainable electricity generation. The
management of the continuous growth share of variable renewable resources, integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and regulation of grid
frequency require effective communication facilities of recent smart grids. In this respect, smart converters can provide efficient power
conditioning devices to extract maximum power from renewable resources. In addition, the batteries of EVs could be used as distributed storage
and discharge power back into the grid to compensate power deficit and flactuation.
Modeling and controlling of the hybrid resources within smart grid were carried out in this paper. The smart converter is switched to track the
maximum power point MPPT of the solar panels. In addition, the pitch angle control and DFIG regulation are used to extracte the maximum
power under different wind speed and tidal stream velocities. The deployment of EVs can compensate power fluctuations and regulate the
frequency deviations in the grid based on the proposed PID controller. In this paper, the integral minimization of time-weighted absolute error
(ITAE) is used for on-line tuning of the PID controller parameters. Using Matlab/Simulink package, the smart grid is modeled and simulated
using the weather data of Kuwait and then the grid performance is assessed under system disturbances and load excursions.

5. Conclusions and future research

For efficient utilization of hybrid renewable resources, it is necessary to install smart converters to extract the maximum power of these
resources. Matlab/ simulink models have been developed for offshore wind, solar and tide plants. The generated power from these resources was
simulated using the actual recorded weather data in Kuwait. The simulation results indicated that the generated energy was tracking the maximum
available power of the renewable resources.
In addition, this paper has presented the interaction of electric vehicles with the smart grid containing renewable energy sources. This interaction
can provide ancillary services to the grid through frequency regulation by deployment of the described V2G concept. This can be achieved
utilizing advanced communication and on-line control strategies of smart grids.
The on-line parameters tuning algorithm of the PID controller has been developed to regulate the grid frequency. This parameter tuning has been
achieved by minimizing the integral of time weighted absolute error in grid frequency based on smart grid facilities. The digital simulation of the
studied grid has indicated that ITAE tuning method is very effective for eliminating the frequency error and reducing its oscillations during grid
disturbances. However, cost-benefit analysis is required to justify future implementation of the V2G in energy market. Moreover, further studies
are needed to develop EV batteries with high energy density and extended lifetime under frequent charging and discharging cycles.

1) Entrepreneurship in electrical engineering education

The program in entrepreneurship education offered by the Electrical Engineering Department at

the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) has as one of its courses a senior-level undergraduate
course which takes a hands-on approach to teaching electrical engineering students the
concepts of innovation and entrepreneurship. The basic goal is for students to experience the
product development process as well as how to start a new company. The students are
separated into groups and form companies known as E-teams. They generate a few product
ideas, evaluate them and choose one to explore, develop the product idea into a functional
prototype, and finally perform market/financial analysis to determine if the product could sustain
an actual business. Once they have completed this process, the E-teams present all of their
findings at a final presentation to faculty members and guests from the private industry sector.
The idea is for the E-teams to experience an actual start-up process and attempt to take it to the
point of soliciting financial support. While they negotiate the product development process, the
E-teams are given a wide variety of lectures that provide them with valuable insight into being
both effective engineers and entrepreneurs. The class fits into the engineering curriculum by
offering students a capstone course, i.e. one that ties their entire college education together.
This class has been extended to include MBA majors from the College of Business at UNR.
This paper describes the format, content and results of teaching the class
The Bidirectional AC/DC Power Converter with
Capability of Suppressing the Harmonic Current in
Hybrid Micro Grid Abstract:
In hybrid micro grid, the bidirectional AC/DC power converter (BIC) is required to guarantee
voltage stability and power balance of AC and DC sub-grid. Based on analyzing the main
circuit of BIC, this paper proposes a control strategy that not only realizes the function of
bidirectional power conversion but also suppresses harmonic current. This control strategy
combines the harmonic current detection algorithm based on Fryze-Buchholz-Depenbrock
power theory and bidirectional power converting method. The control command for
controlling the BIC to suppress the harmonic current is obtained by the proposed control
strategy. Finally, the validity and practicability of the control strategy are verified by
simulations