WEEK 3-4: ART AND ARTISANS: PRODUCTION PROCESS, MEDIUM, TECHNIQUES
I. ARTISTS AND ARTISANS
a) Artists
 Dedicate only to the creative side.
visually pleasing work only for the
enjoyment and appreciation. No
functional value.
b) Artisans
 Manual worker who makes items with
his or her hands. Create things with
great beauty as well as being functional. MEDIUM
Before industrial revolution everything
was basically made by artisans. smiths
(goldsmiths, blacksmiths, locksmiths,
gunsmiths) weavers, carpenters,
potters.
c) Manager
 advise, represents or handles the
business affairs of artists.
d) Curator
 person who selects artwork and often
interprets art. Arranges for the setting
and provides information for artists
regarding shipping or documentations
needed and responsible for writing
labels, catalog essays and other
supporting content for an exhibition as
well, must have an academic degree in
art and art history.
e) Dealer
 buys art at the right time with the right
price and sells it at the right time with
the right price, but not necessarily deal
with artists on a personal level.
f) Collector
 Person who loves certain pieces of
art/paintings and collect art not
necessary to sell later but the chance is
there. “Art lover”
II. PRODUCTION PROCESS
1. Pre-production
 The artist always begins with an idea
that he wants to express or
communicate with his audience. It may
not be necessarily fully formulated.
Explore exposure, research, and other
approaches to gather idea before
actually making the artwork.
2. Production
 Gathering and sourcing the materials
needed for the creation of the artwork.
3. Postproduction
 Process where decision is drawn as to
how an artwork will be circulated not
only in the world of art, but also in the
many publics
III. MEDIUM & TECHNIQUES APPROACH
 The word medium, which comes from the Latin
word medium, denotes the means by which an
artist communicates his idea.
 It is the stuff out of which he creates a work of
art.
 These are the materials which the artist uses to
translate his feelings or thought into a beautiful
reality.
 This may be pigment in painting, stone, wood
brick, concrete and various building materials in
architecture, steel, marble, bronze, and wood in
sculpture, sound in music and words in
literature.
A. VISUAL
 The visual or spaces are those whose
mediums can be seen, and which
occupy space.
These are grouped into two classes.
1. dimensional or two-dimensional arts
 include painting, drawing
printmaking, and photography.
2. Three dimensional
 The community planning, industrial
design and the crafts like ceramics
and furniture making
Mediums:
a) Watercolor
 As a medium is difficult to handle
because it is difficult to produce warm
and rich tones. While changes may be
made once the paint has been applied
such changes normally tend to make
the color less luminous.
 This defect however are rendered by
watercolor artists through some
techniques
b) Fresco
 This is the painting on a moist plaster
surface with colors ground in water or a
limewater mixture.
 The colors dry into plaster, and the
picture becomes a part of the wall.
WEEK 3-4: ART AND ARTISANS: PRODUCTION PROCESS, MEDIUM, TECHNIQUES
 Fresco must be done quickly because it
is an exacting medium.
c) Tempra
 Paints that are mineral pigments mixed
with egg yolk or egg white and ore.
 They are often used as a binder due to
its film forming properties and rapid
drying rate.
d) Pastel
 This is a stick of dried paste mage of
pigments ground with chalk and
compounded with gum water.
 Its colors are luminous, and it is a very
flexible medium. Some artists use a
fixing medium or a protecting surface
such a glass, but when the chalk rubs,
the picture loses some of its brilliance.
e) Encaustic
 This is one of the early mediums used
by the Egyptians for the painted
portrait on mummy cases.
 This is done by painting with wax colors
fixed with heat.
 Painting with wax produces luster and
radiance in the subject making them
appear at their best in portraits.
f) Oil
 Painting is one of the most expensive
art activities today because of the
prohibitive cost of materials.
 In oil painting, pigments are mixed with
linseed oil and applied to the canvas.
 One good quality of oil paint as a
medium is its flexibility.
 The artist may use brush, palette knife
or even his bare hands when applying
paint in his canvass.
 In some cases we do not even notice
the artist’s strokes because the paint is
applied very smoothly.
 One distinctive characteristic of oil
paints, compared with other mediums,
is that they dry slowly and the painting
may be changed and worked over a
long period of time.
 Painting done in oil is glossy and lasts
long.
g) Acrylic
 This medium is used popularly by
contemporary painters because of the
transparency and quick drying
characteristics of water color and the
flexibility of oil combined.
 This synthetic paint is mixed with acrylic
emulsion as binder for coating the
surface of the artwork. Acrylic paints do
not tend to break easily, unlike oil
paints which turn yellowish or darker
over a long of period of time.
h) Charcoal
 These are carbonaceous materials
obtained by heating wood or other
organic substances in the absence of
air.
 Charcoal is used in representing broad
masses of light and shadow. Like
drawing pencil, soft charcoal produces
the darkest value, while the darkest
produces the lightness tone.
i) Crayons
 These are pigments bound by wax and
compressed into painted sticks used for
drawing especially among children in
the elementary grade.
 They adhere better on paper surface.
j) Bistre
 It is a brown pigment extracted from
the soot of wood, and often used in pen
and wash drawings.
k) Mosaic
 Art is a picture or decoration made of
small pieces of inlaid colored stones or
glass called “tesserae” which most
often are cut in into squares glued on a
surface with plaster or cement.
 Mosaic is usually classified as painting.
 Although the medium used is not
strictly pigment.
 Mosaic art is an important feature of
Byzantine churches. A prominent
religious artwork in Manila done in
mosaic is found in the altar of Sta. Cruz
Church showing a wounded white lamb,
symbolizing Christ, with a stream that
flows down directly to the tabernacle
l) Stained Glass
 As an artwork is common in Gothic
Cathedrals and churches.
 This is made by combining many small
pieces of colored glass which are held
together by bands of lead.
Stained vs mosaic:
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m) Tapestry
WEEK 3-4: ART AND ARTISANS: PRODUCTION PROCESS, MEDIUM, TECHNIQUES
 This is a fabric consisting of a warp
upon which colored threads are woven
by hand to produce a design, often
pictorial and for wall hangings and
furniture covering. During the middle
Ages, they were hung on the walls of
palaces and in Cathedrals on festive
occasions to provide warmth.
n) Drawing
 It is usually done on paper, using pencil
pen and ink, or charcoal.
 It is the most fundamental of all skills
necessary in the arts.
 Drawing can be done with different
kinds of mediums and the most
common is pencil which comes in
different degrees of hardness or
softness, with the pencil lead (graphite)
depending on the kind of drawing the
artists will undertake.
 For line work, hard pencil lead is
applied. Ink, one of the oldest mediums
still in use, offers a great variety of
qualities, depending on the tools and
techniques used in applying the ink on
the surface
o) Silverpoint
 In this medium, the artist has technique
of drawing with a silver stylus on
specially prepared paper to produce a
thin grayish line that was popular
during the Renaissance period
p) Printmaking
 A print is anything printed on a surface
that is a direct result from a duplicating
process. Ordinarily, the painting or
graphic image, is done in black ink on
white paper and becomes the artist’s
plate.
Five Major Types of Prints
1) Woodcut
 As the name implies, this is made from
a piece of wood.
 The design stands as a relief, the
remaining surface of the block being cut
away.
 A woodblock prints just as do the letters
of a typewriter. The lines of the design
are wood, so they are very fine.
 Woodcuts can be identified because of
their firm, clear and black lines.
2) Engraving
 This is the art of forming designs by
cutting, corrosion by acids.
 In engraving, the lines of the designs
are cut into a metal plate with ink and
transferred from the plate to the paper.
 The lines of an engraving are cut by
hand with an instrument called burin, a
steel tool with an oblique point and
rounded handle for carving stone and
engraving metal.
3) Intaglio
 Is a printing process in which the design
or the text is engraved into the surface
of the place and the ink is transferred to
paper from the groover.
 The design is engraved or etched into a
metal plate.
4) Stencil Printing
 Is a very common art activity done by
high school students these days as a
part of their practical arts courses.
 It is a process which involves the cutting
of the design on special paper
cardboard or metal sheet in such a way
that when ink is rubbed over it, the
design is reproduced on the surface.
5) Relief
 Involves the cutting away from a block
of wood or linoleum the parts of the
design that the artist wants to be seen.
 Leaving the portion of a design to stand
out wants to be seen, leaving the
portion of a design to stand out on a
block or on the linoleum.
 The apparent projection of parts of
the design gives the appearance of
the third dimension.
 Color prints are made by preparing a
separate block for each color to be
used.
 It is important that only the parts to be
printed with precision are on the proper
area
Mediums for Sculpture
There are a number of materials available for a
sculpture to work with according to the artists interest
in the subject- stone, marble, jade, and granite, to name
a few.
Each of them presents an interesting motivation to
challenge the sculptor’s creativity
1) Stone- is the hard substance formed from
mineral and earth material. The finish is
granular and dull in appearance. These are
normally used for gravestones in cemeteries.
2) Granite- is a granular igneous rock composed of
feldopars and quartz, usually combined with
other minerals and is quite difficult to chisel.
This is good for large works with only a few
designs.
WEEK 3-4: ART AND ARTISANS: PRODUCTION PROCESS, MEDIUM, TECHNIQUES
3) Marble- is limestone in a more or less
crystalline state and is capable of taking a high
polish, occurring in many varieties. It is easier to
carve than granite
4) Jade- is a fine, colorful stone usually green, and
used widely in Ancient China. It is highly
esteemed as an ornamental stone for carving
and fashioning jewelry.
5) Ivory- which comes from the main parts of
the tasks of elephants is the hard white
substance use to make carvings and billiards
balls.
6) Metals- include any of a class of elementary
substances as gold, silver or copper all of which
are characterized by capacity, ductility,
conductivity and peculiar luster when freshly
fractured.
7) Bronze is another by product of metal
consisting of copper and tin with color and is
one of the most universally popular metals for
sculpture. Bronze as a material is strong,
durable and resistant to any atmospheric
corrosion.
8) Brass -an alloy of copper and zinc is not
popularly used by artists because of its
limitations as a medium. Although it has many
practical uses, brass does not rust and it takes a
brilliant polish.
9) Copper – which has a peculiar brilliance, is used
as a costing medium. This is basically shaped by
hammering. It can into relief forms.
10) Gold and Silver- are used as casting materials
for small objects like medals, coins and pieces
of jewelry.
11) Lead- a bluish gray metal is used for casting and
forging. With the help of a welding torch iron, it
can be worked into a variety of unique and
exciting forms.
12) Plaster – is a composition of lime, sand and
water. Plaster is worked on an armature of
metal wires and rods in addition to various
materials and fibers. This is applied on walls and
ceilings and allowed to harden and dry. The
medium is used extensively for making
manikins, models, molds, architectural
decorations and other indoor sculpture.
13) Clay- is a natural earthy material that has the
nature of plasticity when wet, consisting
essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum
used for making bricks and ceramics.
14) Glass- is a medium that is hard, brittle,
noncrystalline, more or less transparent
substances produced by fusion, usually
consisting of mutually dissolved silica and
silicates and contains soda and lime.
15) Wood- as a medium is perhaps easier to carve
than any other mediums available because it
can be intricately carved and subjected into a
variety of treatment not possible with stone.
B. AUDITORY
 Auditory- or time arts are those
mediums that can be heard and which
are expressed in time.
 These are music and literature.
 The combined arts are those whose
mediums can be both seen and heard,
and these exist in both space and time.
Mediums for Music
The medium of music is the sound. The medium
of music is the sound produced by man and the
human voice and by most musical instruments.
i. Stringed Instruments
a) The violin is the smallest of the stringed
instruments and has the highest pitch.
b) The cello is much larger than the violin
and has longer, thicker and heavier
strings.
c) The viola and violin are played by
tucking the instrument under the chin
of the musicians when they are playing.
d) The cello is bigger than the violin and
the viola it rests on the floor when it is
played. The large protruding pin at its
base holds it firmly on the floor
e) The double bass is the longest of the
string instruments and has the lowest
pitch. The distinguishing feature of the
string instruments is that the smaller
the size, the higher is its pitch and the
larger it is lower is its pitch.
f) The Harps one of the oldest string
instruments consisting of a triangular
frame formed by a sound box, a pillar
and curved neck, and having strings
that are stretched between the sound
box and the neck are plucked with
fingers.
g) The guitar is a stringed musical
instrument with a long fretted neck a
flat somewhat violin-like body and has
six strings which are plucked
ii. Woodwinds
The wind instruments consist of tubes usually made of
wood which have holes on the sides.
When one or another of these holes is opened or
closed, air inside the tube is changed, thus producing
tones of varied pitches.
a) The Flute is a musical wind instrument
consisting of a tube with a series of
WEEK 3-4: ART AND ARTISANS: PRODUCTION PROCESS, MEDIUM, TECHNIQUES
finger holes or keys in which the wind is
directed against a sharp edge.
The flute produces a melodious sound,
and so it often plays solo parts in
orchestral compositions in a concert
b) The Clarinet is a woodwind instrument
in the form of a cylindrical tube with a
single reed attached to its mouthpiece.
It has a wide range and usually plays the
alto part when the flute plays the
melody.
c) The Piccolo is a small flute, sounding an
octave higher than the ordinary flute.
d) The oboe is a wood wind instrument
having a slender conical body and a
double reed mouthpiece. The tone of
the oboe is nasal.
e) The Bassoon is a larger woodwind
instrument of low range with a doubled
tube and a curved metal crook to which
a double reed is attached.
f) The Saxophone is a musical wind
instrument consisting of a conical,
usually brass tube with keys or valves
and mouthpiece with one reed. This
musical instrument is not a regular
member of the orchestra
frame and struck with hammers and
used especially in bands.
c) The cymbal is a concave plate of brass
or bronze that produces a sharp, ringing
sound when struck played either in
pairs, by being struck together or simply
by being struck by a drumstick.
d) The xylophone is a musical instrument
consisting of a graduated series of
wooden bars, usually sounded by
striking with small wooden bars usually
sounded by striking with small wooden
hammers.
e) The Kettledrum is a drum consisting of
a hallow hemisphere of brass or copper
over which is stretched a skin
f) The percussion instruments can
produce tones of different and definite
pitches.

iii. Brass Instruments

a) The trumpet is a brass instrument with
a powerful, penetrating tone, consisting
of a tube commonly curved once or
twice around on it and having a cup
shaped mouthpiece at one end and bell
at the other. Because of its piercing
tone when played, it is associated with
martial pomp.
b) The horn is a wind instrument originally
formed from the hollow horn of an
animal but now usually made of brass
or other metals
c) The trombone is a musical wind
instrument consisting of a cylindrical
metal tube expanding into a bell and
bent twice in U shape, usually equipped
with a slide
d) The tuba is the bass of the brass choir.
It is also a valued brass wind instrument
having a low range.

iv. Percussion Instruments

a) The chimes is a musical instrument
consisting of a set of slabs of metals
which produce musical tones when
struck.
b) The glockenspiel is a musical
instrument composed of a set of
graduated steel bars mounted in a