Culligan Commercial Catalog PDF

COMPREHENSIVE
Only Culligan offers a full portfolio of

products and services to ensure any water
problem is solved.
COMMITMENT
Culligan has nearly 70 years of experience
servicing all industries that depend on using
quality water.
COMPLETE
Culligan makes sure that your water quality
continues after the sale with service options,
parts, salt delivery, leasing options and more.
COMPETENT
As an industry leader with over 180 patents,
Culligan’s proficiency encompasses the
BUSINESS COMES FULL CIRCLE specific and very unique demands of
WITH CULLIGAN successfully treating water.
Succeed with the combined strength of Culligan COMMUNITY

With over 750 local dealerships, Culligan
customers can trust that they are working with
experts who know your local water conditions.
Commercial Products &
Specifications Catalog
What's in the Catalog
1-800-CULLIGAN
www.culligan.com
Summer 2005
What’s in the Catalog?
How the Catalog is Organized
The catalog is divided into sections for each type of water treatment equipment. The following types are included:
 Filters (Sediment, Carbon, Iron)
 Water Softeners
 Dealkalizers
 Reverse Osmosis Systems
 Deionization
Each product section contains information on our full line of commerical water treatment products. The following information is
available for most of the products:
 Product Brochure – Lists the features and benefits of each product
 Specification & Operating Data – Lists the performance data for each product
 Warranty – Limited Warranty information
 Engineer’s Specification – Detailed specifications
 Technical Data Drawing – Dimensional drawings (AutoCAD® compatible files are available on the CD-ROM)
Each product section includes an overview of the water treatment process (i.e. Fundamentals of Water Softening) and is then
organized by product family.
There is also a Sales Literature section which includes literature explaining the benefits of water treatment for specific applications
or markets. Visit the Household Product Catalog to view information on smaller equipment which can also be used in a
commercial application.
Navigating the Catalog
By default, the Navigation Pane is shown down the left side of the Acrobat® Reader. This navigation pane serves as the catalog’s Table of
Contents. To view a brochure, simply click on the item in the navigation pane.
Items in the navigation pane may have a plus sign (+) or a minus sign (-) to their left. A plus sign means there are more items to view for this
product. Click on the plus sign and it will expand the listing to show the additional items. A minus sign means the listing is already expanded.
Many of the brochures are longer than one page. If you see the word “More” next to an arrow in upper right hand corner, click on it to view the
additional pages.
Printing Brochures
All the brochures in the catalog can be printed by the Acrobat® Reader. Click the print button on the toolbar or select File|Print from the menu to
view the Print dialog box. Remember to check the “Print Range” so you only print the pages you want.
Culligan Commercial Products & Specifications Catalog ©2004 Culligan International Company (7/04)
What’s New?
Below is a quick a description of the changes in the Summer 2005 edition of the Culligan Commercial Products &
Specifications Catalog.
Modifications
The following items have changed in the catalog:
ü The Hi-Flo® 3 Softener brochure has been updated
ü The Hi-Flo® 3 Specifications & Operating Data has been updated
ü The Hi-Flo® 3 Drawings have been updated
ü The Fundamentals of Depth Filtration has been updated
ü The Fundamentals of Water Softening has been updated
ü The Fundamentals of Reverse Osmosis has been updated
ü The Series BXL Reverse Osmosis system drawings have been updated
Additions
The following items were added to the catalog:
ü A new Hi-Flo 3e section was added which includes a new brochure, specifications and operating data, and drawings.
Deletions
ü None
Additional Catalogs and Literature Are Available
The following items are also available:
Culligan Commercial Products Catalog – If

you did not receive this CD with the catalog
binder, you can get full color, glossy hard
copies of the product brochures and sales
literature in a handy binder.
Commercial Products Brochure – This 16

page, 4 color brochure lists all currently
available commercial products in easy to read
charts.
Sales Literature – If you’re planning a project

for a specific industry or for a particular
application, we have sales literature that
explains the full line of products and services
and the cost-saving benefits of water
treatment. From educational facilities to
healthcare to boiler treatment, our sales
literature can assist in planning the types of
water treatment any facility might need and
clearly describes the benefits.
For more information on any of the above items, please call us at 1-800-CULLIGAN.
WATER FILTER INDEX
PRODUCT LINE DESCRIPTION
DEPTH FILTERS (Multi-Media)
HI-FLO® 2 TANKS: 12” – 16”
PIPE SIZE: 1½”
FLOW RATE: 4 – 21 GPM
HI-FLO 42 TANKS: 20” – 42”
PIPE SIZE: 2”
FLOWRATE: 11 – 140 GPM
CSM TANKS: 20” – 42”
PIPE SIZE: 1¼” – 3”
HI-FLO 55E TANKS: 20” – 42”
PIPE SIZE: 2” – 3”
HI-FLO 50 TANKS: 48” – 60”
CULLAR® FILTERS (Activated Carbon)

HI-FLO 2 TANKS: 12” – 16”
PIPE SIZE: 1½”
HI-FLO 42 TANKS: 20” – 42”
PIPE SIZE: 2”
PIPE SIZE: 1¼” – 2”
PIPE SIZE: 2”
HI-FLO 50 TANKS: 48” – 60”
PIPE SIZE: 2.5” – 3”
CULLSORB® FILTERS (Manganese Greensand)

HI-FLO 50 TANKS: 48” – 60”
PIPE SIZE: 2.5”
No. 402 (08/03)

Fundamentals of Depth Filtration
“Why filtration”
Muddy, turbid water is the first and most visible sign that some type of filtration is needed. Even
ancient Egyptians used filtration techniques of boiling and filtration through charcoal to improve
their water supply. Today, municipalities, home-owners, and businesses all benefit from water
filtration to improve their drinking or working water.
Many types of filters exist. This piece, however,

concentrates on the process of depth filtration,
considered to be one of the leading and most efficient
types of filtration for pre-treating ground water to the
quality required for different business applications.
“How filtration works”
Older, conventional slow sand filtration exploits the

mechanical actions of straining and interception of
dirt particles. Unfortunately this only occurs in a
narrow surface layer of the media. Fast direct
filtration relies on contact-coagulation mechanisms
which occur on the surface of the filtering media
leaving gaps for the “filtered” water to flow through.
Contact-coagulation consists of three primary forces:
1. “Transport” forces cause the dispersed

particles to get close to the media granules
(physical and physico-chemical in nature).
2. “Attachment” forces induce the dirt particles

to stick to the media granules through an
action which is mainly electrical in nature.
3. “Release or detachment” forces play a

determining role in dirt break-through and in the important step of filter backwash.
“Depth filtration”
The underlying principle behind depth filtration is that just as dirt particles have varying sizes,
shapes and chemical compositions, the use of different sized media, with varying chemical
properties, allows for more efficient contact coagulation.
A depth filter usually has three to five layers of filtration media, each of different size and density
in a pressurized vessel. Light, coarse material lies at the top of the filter bed. The media become
progressively finer and denser in the lower layers. A depth filter also has an underbedding of
relatively large-sized media with a distribution system designed to provide uniform collection of
filtered water during service.
Fundamentals of Depth Filtration
Upper layers remove larger particles and lower layers remove smaller particles of suspended
solids, sand, silt and oxidized iron. Particles are trapped throughout the bed, not in just the top
few inches. The use of graduated media also provides a higher filtration velocity with less
pressure drop allowing for a longer service cycle.
The pressure drop through the filter will increase as the
suspended particles accumulate on the media. When
the pressure difference between filter inlet and outlet
increases by 5-10 psi the filter should be reconditioned.
A typical reconditioning cycle consists of a backwash
followed by a downflow rinse. The backwash cycle,
generally flowing in the opposite direction from the
service cycle, runs at about 14 gpm per square foot (34
m/hr) of the filter bed area. As the media particles
scour one another, the trapped dirt particles are
released from the media and rinsed out of the tank to
the drain by the backwash water. A downflow rinse
settles the bed before the filter returns to service.
Depending on incoming water conditions additional
backwash and rinse cycles may be necessary. A typical
backwash cycle will last from 20 to 30 minutes.
“Filtered water quality”
Depth filtration provides for a more efficient filtering process to provide quality water to busi-
nesses. Proper selection of any combination of depth filtration, softening, or any other water
treatment methods are dependent on the incoming water conditions.
“Typical uses for filtration”
Reduction/removal* of particulate matter including: suspended solids, sand, silt and oxidized iron
for: boiler and cooling tower pretreatment, laundry operations, food and beverage services,
drinking water; manufacturing processes, vehicle wash, and pretreatment for other water treatment
processes such as reverse osmosis and deionization.
Untreated water can cause: poor tasting food and beverages, increased utility bills, higher operat-
ing costs, decreased equipment efficiency and life; increased usage of detergents and chemicals,
reduction in linen life, and increased boiler blow-downs and downtime.
*Not all substances removed or reduced by filtration are necessarily in your water. Filtration systems should not be used with water that is microbiologically unsafe or of
unknown quality without adequate disinfection before or after the system.
Culligan International has been in the water treatment business since 1936. Headquartered in
Northbrook, Illinois, Culligan has over 800 company-owned and franchise dealers in North
America. Culligan offers a wide range of water treatment services for consumers and businesses.
From softening and filtering to reverse osmosis and bottled water, Culligan is the leading water
expert in the field of water treatment. This educational piece is provided by Culligan as a service
to clients and companies in the commercial and industrial arena. Please contact us at 1-800-
CULLIGAN for more information or visit us at www.culligan.com/commercial.
www.culligan.com/commercial
1-800-CULLIGAN
© 2004 Culligan International Company
Printed in the USA (10/04), MOORE PART NO. 46924
, Trust the Water Experts, Cullsite and Cullsan are trademarks of Culligan International Company.
FUNDAMENTALS OF CULLAR®
ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRATION
Activated carbon has been used for many years to solve water problems. In the beginning, its use was more
art than science. Today, however, we understand more about what activated carbon can remove and how it
removes it.
Activated carbon quickly and effectively removes chlorine from water. The 30-inch (770 mm) deep bed of a
standard activated carbon media filter can operate at 10 gpm/ft2 (25 m/hr) or more.
The presence of organic matter in water can cause color, taste, and odor complaints. Activated carbon
adsorbs organic matter in its extensive network of pores. The adsorption process takes time, so service rates
should be limited to 5 gpm/ft2 (12 m/hr) or less for these applications.
Synthetic organic chemicals (SOC) include all man-made organics, some of which are volatile organic
compounds (VOC). Activated carbon can substantially reduce many VOCs such as benzene, trichlorethane,
and carbon tetrachloride. Activated carbon also removes SOCs such as Alachlor, EDB, and toluene. The EPA
has established limits for these chemicals in public drinking water supplies.
Before recommending treatment, water suspected of containing any of these and other substances must be
analyzed to determine their concentrations and whether they exceed EPA standards. Equipment capable of
providing empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 10 to 15 minutes is usually required to achieve sufficient
contaminant reduction. That can require a large carbon volume, possibly in two or more filters installed in
series.
Activated carbon beds compact with use so they may need occasional backwashing. In general, however,
backwash carbon when the pressure difference between the filter inlet and outlet increases by 5 - 10 psi (34
to 68 kPa) form the beginning of the filtration cycle. When operating a carbon filter on turbid water supplies,
remove suspended particles with a depth filter before treating it with activated carbon. A carbon filter typically
backwashes at 10gpm/ft2 (25 m/hr) for about 10 minutes, followed by a 5 minute downflow rinse.
Over a period of several months to two years, the carbon's adsorption capacity diminishes. The exhausted
carbon bed should be replaced with fresh carbon. The old carbon should be hauled to an approved disposal
facility.
Cat. No. 00-8811-61 ©1988 – 1999 Culligan International Company Printed in USA Rev. 7/99
FUNDAMENTALS OF CULLSORB® MEDIA FILTRATION
FOR IRON AND MANGANESE REMOVAL
Iron and manganese cause staining. The water may look clear as drawn, but staining appears as the water is
used. Although there are no known health-related implications, the federal EPA considers iron and
manganese aesthetically objectionable, so it has listed them under the Secondary Drinking Water Standards.
The maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for iron and manganese are 0.3 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L respectively.
Filters with Cullsorb manganese greensand media reduce iron and manganese through a combination of
oxidation, ion exchange, and particle entrapment. There are two common processes: one requires continuous
potassium permanganate feed ahead of the filter; the other uses potassium permanganate as a regenerant
on a batch treatment basis.
Continuous feed systems inject potassium permanganate into the raw water to oxidize iron and
manganese. When iron is present in concentrations greater than a few milligrams per liter it is often more cost
effective to pretreat with chlorine to reduce the amount of permanganate required. Feeding a cationic polymer
also aids the filtration process.
The filter bed contains Cullsorb media topped with a coarse, light material called Cullcite® filter media. The top
layer traps larger particles to reduce the load on the underlying Cullsorb media. The finer Cullsorb media
removes remaining traces of manganese and iron. It also removes any residual potassium permanganate.
When the pressure drop increases by 5 - 10 psi (34 to 68 kPa) the filter must be backwashed. An upflow rate
of 12 - 14 gpm/ft2 (29 to 34 m/hr) for 10 minutes is usually sufficient to clean the dual media bed. A 5-minute
downflow rinse settles the bed before returning the filter to service.
Batch systems are suited to applications with small amounts of iron and/or hydrogen sulfide, or where the
system will operate largely unattended. The filter uses a deep bed of Cullsorb media activated by passing a
potassium permanganate solution through it (a dosage of a few ounces per cubic foot is sufficient). As raw
water passes through the filter, iron and hydrogen sulfide are removed. Each cubic foot of media will remove
about 8000 ppm-gallons (about 1 ounce by weight or 30 grams) of iron or about 4000 ppm-gallons of sulfide,
before exhaustion. The batch process is not recommended for manganese removal.
Regeneration consists of a 10-minute backwash at 12 - 14 gpm/ft2 (29 to 34 m/hr), injection of potassium

permanganate, a slow rinse to ensure proper contact time and to displace residual permanganate from the
tank, and a 5-minute fast rinse. The entire regeneration takes less than an hour.
Cullsorb media has some limitations. For example, the pH of the raw water should be at least 6.5 – higher if
possible – in the presence of sufficient alkalinity so that iron precipitation occurs. Culligan engineers can help
in proper application of this equipment.
WATER SOFTENER INDEX

HI-FLO® 2/2E TANKS: 12” – 16”
PIPE SIZE: 1½”
FLOW RATE: 1½ – 54 GPM
CAPACITY: to 135,000 grains/tank
SOFT-MINDER® TWIN TANKS: 9” – 20”

PIPE SIZE: 1” – 1½”
HI-FLO 3 TANKS: 20” – 30”

PIPE SIZE: 2”

PIPE SIZE: 1 1/4” – 3”

HI-FLO 50 TANKS: 48” – 60”

CAPACITY: to 2,000,000 grains/tank
No. 402 (04/03)

Fundamentals of Water Softening
“Hard water explained”
“Typical uses for softening”
As rain falls through the atmosphere, it often adsorbs traces of acidic gases from the air (carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc.). When the water reaches the ground, it percolates through the soil
Reduction of scale build-up from hard water (4 gpg – ASPE Handbook) for: boiler and
cooling tower pretreatment, laundry operations, warewashing in foodservice, vehicle wash, and dissolves certain soil components. The greater the acidity of the rain water, the more soil
material dissolved. Ground waters (wells, springs) and surface waters (rivers, lakes, oceans)
manufacturing processes, and pretreatment for other water treatment applications such as
contain a certain amount of dissolved matter. Many of these substances are chemical compounds,
reverse osmosis and deionization.
which can dissolve in water to form electrically charged particles called ions.
Untreated water can cause: increased utility bills, higher operating costs, decreased equipment Two of the most commonly occurring ions in natural waters are calcium and magnesium. Both are
efficiency and life; increased use of detergents and chemicals, reduction in linen life, dingy positively charged ions called cations, and each carries two unit charges. The presence of these
laundry, and increased boiler blow-downs and downtime. two minerals in natural water causes “hardness”, which produces a scum or curd with soap, and
forms a hard scale in piping and water heaters. Other cations present in natural waters may
include sodium, potassium, iron and other metallic components, but primarily calcium and
magnesium make water “hard”.
Culligan International has been in the water treatment business since 1936.
Headquartered in Northbrook, Illinois, Culligan has over 800 company-owned and “Softening explained”
franchise dealers in North America. Culligan offers a wide range of water treatment
services for consumers and businesses. From softening and filtering to reverse osmosis Problems associated with hard water
and bottled water, Culligan is the leading water expert in the field of water treatment. can be minimized by using a water
This educational piece is provided by Culligan as a service to clients and companies in softener. Conventional softeners
the commercial and industrial arena. Please contact us at 1-800-CULLIGAN for more operate on the principle of ion
information or visit us at www.culligan.com/commercial. exchange. The most common ion
exchange method used today is the
sodium cycle operation. In this
process, calcium and magnesium ions
are removed by exchanging places on
an ion exchange resin with sodium.
This process is commonly known as
positive ion or cation exchange.
Negatively charged ions from the
source water remain. Softening does
not reduce total dissolved solids; it
exchanges the “troublesome” hardness
ions for sodium ions.
To avoid potentially coating the ion

exchange resin with colloidal or
suspended material, clear water should
be applied to the softener. Water
supplies containing very high amounts
of other ions or contaminants may need
to be pretreated before being applied to
a softener.
1-800-CULLIGAN
Printed in the USA (10/04)
MOORE PART NO. 46923
, Trust the Water Experts, Cullex, and Aqua-Sensor are trademarks of Culligan International Company
“How it works”
Cullex® cation resin beads, less than 1/32 of an inch in Next, the resin beads are flushed with a sodium chloride solution commonly
diameter, are insoluble in water and have a negative known as brine. Concentrated brine is drawn from the brine tank and
electrical charge. The resin beads are where the exchange blended with fresh water as it is delivered to the resin tank. Although the
of ions actually occurs. Cation resin beads attract resin beads prefer calcium and magnesium ions, the overwhelming
positively charged ions like a magnet. It holds them until concentration of sodium ions overcomes this affinity. The sodium ions in the
the beads are exposed to another cation for which it has a brine solution force the calcium and magnesium ions off the beads and they
greater attraction. Generally, an exchange site on the are discharged to a drain. This brine flushing process requires about 10 to 30
resin will have a naturally greater affinity for a cation minutes, depending upon the amount of brine required to replenish the
with a larger or denser charge. exchange capability.
At the beginning of the water softening cycle, the resin Next, fresh water continues to slowly flush through the resin bed. This helps
beads are covered with single charged sodium (Na+) ions. extend the resin and brine contact time while rinsing out the brine solution.
This is done by rinsing them in a sodium chloride (brine) The slow rinse cycle lasts about 30 minutes.
solution. These resin beads are typically contained in a
pressurized vessel called a water-softening resin tank. The last portion of the regeneration cycle is a fast rinse or purge cycle.
The untreated hard water enters the resin tank, passes Rinsing at a higher flow rate ensures no brine solution remains in the tank
through the bed of resin and flows out to meet service before returning the softener to service. The fast rinse cycle lasts about 5
demands. minutes.
The negatively charged resin beads have a greater The entire regeneration cycle requires about 1½ hours. The actual frequency
attraction for the two positive charges in each ion of of this regeneration process is mainly determined by the amount of ion
calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg++) than they do for exchange resin in the softener, the amount of brine used in the regeneration,
the single positive charge of the sodium (Na+) ion. the hardness of the water, and the water usage
Therefore, sodium ions on the resin beads will be
displaced by the calcium and magnesium ions. In effect
the resin beads “exchange” the sodium ions for the “hard “Soft water quality”
water” ions, allowing “soft” water to flow from the resin
tank. “Soft water” is generally defined as having less than one grain per gallon
(17.1mg/l) of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. The quality of the
There is an area within the resin bed where hard water is softened water refers to the amount of hardness still remaining after passage
in the process of becoming softened, because ion through the ion exchange resin.
exchange requires time to occur. This is called the
reaction zone. The size of the reaction zone depends on The amount of salt used to regenerate the exchange material governs both its hardness removal capacity and the
factors such as hardness, flow rate, other total dissolved water quality. Each cubic foot of Cullex resin has an ion-exchange capacity of 30,000 grains of hardness when
solids, and resin particle size. When the resin bed has no regenerated with 15 pounds of salt. A lower salt dosage of 6 pounds will yield a softening capacity of 20,000 grains
more sodium ions for calcium or magnesium ions to per cubic foot. The lower salt dosage is more efficient, but requires more frequent regenerations.
exchange with, it is considered exhausted. To replenish
the desired exchange capability, the water softener must The total dissolved salts (TDS) content of the water also influences the effective softening capacity of a water
be regenerated. softener. TDS content is the sum of all the ions present in the water. It varies for each water supply. Highly
mineralized waters tend to reduce the efficiency of a softener and therefore should be considered when selecting the
The resin bed is backwashed before the regeneration salt setting. If the TDS limitations are not observed, some passage of hardness into the product water can occur.
cycle begins. Water is passed through the resin bed in the
opposite direction of normal flow. Backwashing flushes In situations where the conditioned water is used for general purposes, soft water quality is not critical. Slight
suspended matter from the ion exchange resin out of the traces of hardness don’t influence the overall operation and are ignored. When the TDS level is low, lower salt
tank to a drain. Backwashing also loosens the resin bed dosages are recommended for general use to provide the greatest operating economy. Although more frequent
which can become compacted during the softening cycle. regenerations would be required, the operation is normally fully automatic.
The backwash cycle typically lasts for 10 minutes.
“How it works”
Cullex® cation resin beads, less than 1/32 of an inch in Next, the resin beads are flushed with a sodium chloride solution commonly
diameter, are insoluble in water and have a negative known as brine. Concentrated brine is drawn from the brine tank and
electrical charge. The resin beads are where the exchange blended with fresh water as it is delivered to the resin tank. Although the
of ions actually occurs. Cation resin beads attract resin beads prefer calcium and magnesium ions, the overwhelming
positively charged ions like a magnet. It holds them until concentration of sodium ions overcomes this affinity. The sodium ions in the
the beads are exposed to another cation for which it has a brine solution force the calcium and magnesium ions off the beads and they
greater attraction. Generally, an exchange site on the are discharged to a drain. This brine flushing process requires about 10 to 30
resin will have a naturally greater affinity for a cation minutes, depending upon the amount of brine required to replenish the
with a larger or denser charge. exchange capability.
At the beginning of the water softening cycle, the resin Next, fresh water continues to slowly flush through the resin bed. This helps
beads are covered with single charged sodium (Na+) ions. extend the resin and brine contact time while rinsing out the brine solution.
This is done by rinsing them in a sodium chloride (brine) The slow rinse cycle lasts about 30 minutes.
solution. These resin beads are typically contained in a
pressurized vessel called a water-softening resin tank. The last portion of the regeneration cycle is a fast rinse or purge cycle.
The untreated hard water enters the resin tank, passes Rinsing at a higher flow rate ensures no brine solution remains in the tank
through the bed of resin and flows out to meet service before returning the softener to service. The fast rinse cycle lasts about 5
demands. minutes.
The negatively charged resin beads have a greater The entire regeneration cycle requires about 1½ hours. The actual frequency
attraction for the two positive charges in each ion of of this regeneration process is mainly determined by the amount of ion
calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg++) than they do for exchange resin in the softener, the amount of brine used in the regeneration,
the single positive charge of the sodium (Na+) ion. the hardness of the water, and the water usage
Therefore, sodium ions on the resin beads will be
displaced by the calcium and magnesium ions. In effect
the resin beads “exchange” the sodium ions for the “hard “Soft water quality”
water” ions, allowing “soft” water to flow from the resin
tank. “Soft water” is generally defined as having less than one grain per gallon
(17.1mg/l) of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. The quality of the
There is an area within the resin bed where hard water is softened water refers to the amount of hardness still remaining after passage
in the process of becoming softened, because ion through the ion exchange resin.
exchange requires time to occur. This is called the
reaction zone. The size of the reaction zone depends on The amount of salt used to regenerate the exchange material governs both its hardness removal capacity and the
factors such as hardness, flow rate, other total dissolved water quality. Each cubic foot of Cullex resin has an ion-exchange capacity of 30,000 grains of hardness when
solids, and resin particle size. When the resin bed has no regenerated with 15 pounds of salt. A lower salt dosage of 6 pounds will yield a softening capacity of 20,000 grains
more sodium ions for calcium or magnesium ions to per cubic foot. The lower salt dosage is more efficient, but requires more frequent regenerations.
exchange with, it is considered exhausted. To replenish
the desired exchange capability, the water softener must The total dissolved salts (TDS) content of the water also influences the effective softening capacity of a water
be regenerated. softener. TDS content is the sum of all the ions present in the water. It varies for each water supply. Highly
mineralized waters tend to reduce the efficiency of a softener and therefore should be considered when selecting the
The resin bed is backwashed before the regeneration salt setting. If the TDS limitations are not observed, some passage of hardness into the product water can occur.
cycle begins. Water is passed through the resin bed in the
opposite direction of normal flow. Backwashing flushes In situations where the conditioned water is used for general purposes, soft water quality is not critical. Slight
suspended matter from the ion exchange resin out of the traces of hardness don’t influence the overall operation and are ignored. When the TDS level is low, lower salt
tank to a drain. Backwashing also loosens the resin bed dosages are recommended for general use to provide the greatest operating economy. Although more frequent
which can become compacted during the softening cycle. regenerations would be required, the operation is normally fully automatic.
The backwash cycle typically lasts for 10 minutes.
“Hard water explained”
“Typical uses for softening”
As rain falls through the atmosphere, it often adsorbs traces of acidic gases from the air (carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc.). When the water reaches the ground, it percolates through the soil
Reduction of scale build-up from hard water (4 gpg – ASPE Handbook) for: boiler and
cooling tower pretreatment, laundry operations, warewashing in foodservice, vehicle wash, and dissolves certain soil components. The greater the acidity of the rain water, the more soil
material dissolved. Ground waters (wells, springs) and surface waters (rivers, lakes, oceans)
manufacturing processes, and pretreatment for other water treatment applications such as
contain a certain amount of dissolved matter. Many of these substances are chemical compounds,
reverse osmosis and deionization.
which can dissolve in water to form electrically charged particles called ions.
Untreated water can cause: increased utility bills, higher operating costs, decreased equipment Two of the most commonly occurring ions in natural waters are calcium and magnesium. Both are
efficiency and life; increased use of detergents and chemicals, reduction in linen life, dingy positively charged ions called cations, and each carries two unit charges. The presence of these
laundry, and increased boiler blow-downs and downtime. two minerals in natural water causes “hardness”, which produces a scum or curd with soap, and
forms a hard scale in piping and water heaters. Other cations present in natural waters may
include sodium, potassium, iron and other metallic components, but primarily calcium and
magnesium make water “hard”.
Culligan International has been in the water treatment business since 1936.
Headquartered in Northbrook, Illinois, Culligan has over 800 company-owned and “Softening explained”
franchise dealers in North America. Culligan offers a wide range of water treatment
services for consumers and businesses. From softening and filtering to reverse Problems associated with hard water
osmosis and bottled water, Culligan is the leading water expert in the field of water can be minimized by using a water
treatment. This educational piece is provided by Culligan as a service to clients and softener. Conventional softeners
companies in the commercial and industrial arena. Please contact us at 1-800- operate on the principle of ion
CULLIGAN for more information or visit us at www.culligan.com/commercial. exchange. The most common ion
exchange method used today is the
sodium cycle operation. In this
process, calcium and magnesium ions
are removed by exchanging places on
an ion exchange resin with sodium.
This process is commonly known as
positive ion or cation exchange.
Negatively charged ions from the
source water remain. Softening does
not reduce total dissolved solids; it
exchanges the “troublesome” hardness
ions for sodium ions.
To avoid potentially coating the ion

exchange resin with colloidal or
suspended material, clear water should
be applied to the softener. Water
supplies containing very high amounts
of other ions or contaminants may need
to be pretreated before being applied to
a softener.
1-800-CULLIGAN
Printed in the USA (10/04)
, Trust the Water Experts, Cullex, and Aqua-Sensor are trademarks of Culligan International Company
Culligan Commercial
Water Softeners
Is your water softener throwing
Apartments
Assisted Living
money down the drain?
Cafeterias
Casinos
Educational Facilities
Food Service
Government
Grocery
Health Clubs
Hotel/Hospitality
Institutions
Laundry
Manufacturing Facilities
Office Building
Theme Parks
Travel Centers
Vehicle Wash
Trust The Water Experts®

Reduce Operating Costs With
The World’s Most Efficient Commercial Water Softener
The combination of Culligan’s patented MVP™ electronic controller and our brine reclaim system create
Culligan Commercial
huge operating efficiencies. Reduce your salt expense by 25% or more with this simple upgrade. Add
Water Softeners our exclusive, patented Aqua-Sensor® technology to your system, and increase your savings even more!
• CSM ™ Together, all three components give you the world’s most efficient commercial water softener!
• Hi-Flo ® 55E
• Hi-Flo ® 50
Culligan® Salt Saving System
The Culligan Salt Saving System recycles a portion of the regeneration water.
The system not only conserves water, but also makes your water softener
more environmentally friendly. Here’s how to cut costs with the Culligan®
Salt Saving System:
Decrease salt expense by 25% or more
Conserve water with less wastewater to drain
With less salt being used, you’ll have fewer salt
deliveries, use less storage space and spend less time
adding salt to the system.
MVP™ Aqua-Sensor®
Culligan’s MVP™ electronic control effectively operates Most water softeners regenerate based on time
the water softening system with patented program or water flow, but Culligan’s patented Aqua-
logic such as progressive flow. The MVP is adaptable Sensor® technology initiates regeneration only
to many types of softeners, filters and dealkalizers and when required. As a result, adding Aqua-
is the key to delivering all the cost-saving benefits of Sensor® to your water softening system will
the SaltSavr™ System. conserve even more salt and water.
“Hey Culligan Man!”® Ask your Culligan Man about

receiving a CD-ROM with
product specs and more!
www.culligan.com
1-800-CULLIGAN
©2004 Culligan International Company
Printed in USA (04/04)
, Aqua-Sensor, MVP, Trust The Water Experts, www.culligan.com and Aqua-Sensor: Patent # US 5,699,272
Hey Culligan Man are trademarks of Culligan International Company. Progressive Flow: Patent # US 5,060,167 , # US 5,351,199
DEALKALIZER INDEX
HI-FLO® 2 TANKS: 12” – 20”

FLOW RATE: 1½ – 22 GPM
CAPACITY: 1½ – 5 cu. ft. resin/tank

PIPE SIZE: 2”
CAPACITY: 6½” – 25 cu. ft. resin/tank
HI-FLO 50 TANKS: 48” – 60”

PIPE SIZE: 3”
CAPACITY: 35 – 54 cu. ft. resin/tank
No. 402 (7/99)

FUNDAMENTALS OF DEALKALIZATION
Dealkalization (chloride-anion exchange) is concerned with the reduction of carbonate and bicarbonate
anions. This can be accomplished by several methods, the simplest method being chloride-anion exchange.
The advantages to this method include no acid handling problems, no need for degasification equipment, and
no need for mechanical repressurizaiton equipment that is required by other types of alkalinity removal
systems.
The process used in chloride-anion dealkalization is ion exchange. This is the same process used in water
softening, except that in softening one is concerned with the removal of certain cations. With dealkalization,
carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, and nitrate anions are removed and replaced with an equal amount of
chloride anions.
In the exchange process for dealkalization, the anion resin has a great deal of exchange sites which when
fully charged have chloride anions attached to them. Softened water is then brought into contact with the resin
and the previously mentioned anions exchange places with the chloride anions. Most of the bicarbonate and
carbonate anions are removed, thus reducing the alkalinity of the water supply. The water coming out of the
dealkalizer contains sodium chloride in approximately the same amount as the total dissolved solids of the
softened water coming into the dealkalizer.
In the service position the dealkalizer simply allows water to pass through the resin and on to use. The
regeneration process requires a brine tank and is accomplished in the same way as in a softener. First, there
is a backwash of the resin bed. Next, the brine is educted over the resin, and chloride anions exchange
places with the bicarbonate, carbonate sulfate, and nitrate anions. This chloride-anion exchange continues
until almost all exchange sites on the resin are occupied by chloride anions. After the brine step, there is a
slow rinse followed by a fast rinse. At the end of the fast rinse, regeneration is complete and the dealkalizer is
ready for service again.
When removal of carbon dioxide is desired (such as in the condensate return line of a steam boiler), the
dealkalizer process is modified. A chemical feed pump is added to the unit to inject a small amount of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) into the dealkalizer during the brining position of the regeneration cycle. This converts CO2
gas into bicarbonate alkalinity (HCO3), which can then be exchanged by the anion resin. A dealkalizer will not
remove silica from the water.
Chloride-anion dealkalization is usually recommended for processes that require a continuous supply of water
at a low flow rate.
To meet the requirements of continuous operation, softened water and proper hydraulic balance, a dealkalizer
system frequently consists of a four-tank system made up of a duplex softener and a duplex dealkalizer. An
alternator control keeps one softener/dealkalizer train in service while the other softener/dealkalizer train is
regenerating. This arrangement also allows multiple regenerations per day, to minimize equipment
investment.
REVERSE OSMOSIS INDEX
PRODUCT LINE CAPACITY
SERIES LC 100 – 200 GPD
SERIES L.P.R.O.® 500 – 2,000 GPD
SERIES B 125 – 1000 GPD
SERIES EXPANDED B 1,200 – 2,200 GPD
SERIES A 2,000 – 10,000 GPD
No. 402 (7/01)

Fundamentals of Reverse Osmosis
“Reverse osmosis explained”
Reverse osmosis is the opposite of the osmosis

process that occurs in nature. Osmosis is the
passage of a liquid through a semi-permeable
membrane. In nature, osmosis drives a liquid
with a low level of dissolved solids (usually
water) through a semi-permeable membrane into
a solution of higher dissolved solids
concentration. It continues until the osmotic
pressures of both liquids have equalized. This
natural process tends to mix the concentrations
of the solutions on both sides of the membrane.
The natural osmosis process, therefore, works
great in pushing the more concentrated tree sap
up to the tallest leaves of an oak tree, but it uses
up pure water to do it.
To treat water using the osmotic process, the natural forces of osmosis must be reversed. In the
reverse osmosis process, the water from a liquid with a high concentration of dissolved solids is
forced to flow through the membrane to the low concentration side where this water can be
collected. The process is achieved by applying enough pressure to overcome the natural osmotic
pressure forces on a membrane. The semi-permeable membranes used in the process are
engineered to only allow the passage of the water molecule. The result is high quality water.
“How it works”
The heart of the RO system is the semi-

permeable membrane which acts as a molecular
filter to remove up to 99% of all dissolved
solids.* The semi-permeable membrane allows
water molecules to pass through while blocking
other salt molecules. So as pressure is applied to
the concentrated solution, water is forced
through the membrane from the concentrated
side to the dilute side. The dissolved and
particular materials are left behind.
Water molecules penetrate the thin layer of the

membrane and diffuse through it molecule by
molecule. Dissolved salt ions do not diffuse
through this layer because the solubility of the salt ions is much less than that of the water. Thus,
the water moves through more readily and separation from the other molecules present occurs.
The driving force is furnished by both the pressure and the concentration differentials across the
membrane. For water, the pressure effect is the most important, and for dissolved mineral ions
the concentration difference is most important. Therefore, increases in pressure increase the
product water flow without a corresponding decrease in the quality of the product water. This
process removes up to 99% of most dissolved mineral salts, virtually all of the particulate matter,
and many dissolved organic compounds.
The semi-permeable membrane must be made of a highly durable material since it must
withstand pressure higher than the pressure differential between the concentrated side and the
diluted side of the membrane which can be very high – as in the case of seawater, where it is up
to 350 psi (25 kg/cm²).
Fundamentals of Reverse Osmosis
Some RO systems utilize line pressure only and
therefore must be maintained at 40-70 psi to
keep a driving force across the membrane to
produce high quality, low mineral content water.
The recovery rate on these systems is typically
20%-30%.
Larger RO systems utilize a pressure pump to
maintain the driving force. These systems
normally use pumps that maintain 125-250 psi.
The recovery rate for these systems is typically
25%-75%.
The correct choice in pretreatment is very important as

it influences the quality and quantity of the product
water, and above all, the life-span of the membrane.
Improperly pretreated systems can experience scaling
and/or fouling which will greatly reduce the capacity
and life of the membrane.
With increasing operating pressure and temperature of
the feed water, the capacity of the RO system also
increases. The rated output of the system is typically
based on a feed water temperature of 77° F (25° C).
Colder water reduces the output of the system so it
must be sized based on the lowest expected feed water
temperature. Fouling can also cause substantial losses,
depending on the characteristics of the feed water, if
not properly addressed.
“Typical uses for reverse osmosis”
Ultra-fine filtration of water for: drinking water
applications, food & beverage service, ice production/
drinking water, humidification, boiler pretreatment,
Example of a line pressure reverse osmosis system vehicle wash and water jet cutting machines.
Untreated water can cause: poor tasting food and
beverages, improperly carbonated beverages, cloudy ice cubes, increased costs, spotted dishware,
spotted vehicles, increased scale, increased maintenance costs and increased utility bills.
*Not all substances removed or reduced by reverse osmosis are necessarily in your water. RO systems should not be used with water that is microbiologically unsafe or
of unknown quality without adequate disinfection before or after the system.
Culligan International has been in the water treatment business since 1936. Headquartered in
Northbrook, Illinois, Culligan has over 800 company-owned and franchise dealers in North America.
Culligan offers a wide range of water treatment services for consumers and businesses. From softening
and filtering to reverse osmosis and bottled water, Culligan is the leading water expert in the field of
water treatment. This educational piece is provided by Culligan as a service to clients and companies in
the commercial and industrial arena. Please contact us at 1-800-CULLIGAN for more information or
visit us at www.culligan.com/commercial.
www.culligan.com/commercial - 1-800-CULLIGAN
Printed in the USA (10/04) - MOORE PART NO. 46925
and Trust the Water Experts are trademarks of Culligan International Company
DEIONIZER INDEX
PORTABLE EXCHANGE TANKS: 9” – 14”

TYPE: ALL TYPES
PRO™ SERIES TANKS: 20” – 42”

AUTOMATIC TYPE: TWO COLUMN
No. 402 (7/99)

FUNDAMENTALS OF DEIONIZATION
BY ION EXCHANGE
All naturally occurring water contains dissolved mineral salts. In solution, salts separate into positively
charged cations and negatively charged anions. Deionization can reduce the amounts of these ions to very
low levels through the process of ion exchange.
Cations are removed by cation exchange resin. It replaces sodium, calcium, magnesium and other cations
with hydrogen ions (H+). This exchange produces acids, which must be removed or neutralized by anion
exchange resin.
Two types of anion resin are used for deionization: weak base resin and strong base resin. Both types
exchange chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, and carbonate anions for hydroxide ions (OH-). Strong base resin
exchanges carbon dioxide and silica for hydroxide as well. The hydrogen ions from the cation exchange
process combine with the hydroxide ions from the anion exchange process to form water (HOH or H2O).
Because the deionization process is so effective, the water quality is usually measured by the water's
resistance to electric current (in ohm-cm). Deionized water quality depends on a variety of factors, including
raw water composition, ion exchange resin types and quantities, and the number if resin tanks in the system.
Two-bed deionizers use separate tanks, one containing cation resin, the other containing anion resin. A two-
bed weak base deionizer typically products water with electrical resistance of about 50,000 ohm-cm. A two-
bed strong base deionizer typically produces water with electrical resistance of about 200,000 ohm-cm.
In a mixed-bed deionizer, cation and anion resins are thoroughly mixed in a single tank. The mixed resins act
like a series of alternating cation and anion exchange tanks to produce very high quality water. A mixed-bed
deionizer typically produces water with greater than 1,000,000 ohm-cm resistance, which is equivalent to less
than 0.5 mg/L of sodium chloride.
The resins need regeneration when they no longer produce the desired quality water. In the case of a two-bed
deionizer, the cation tank is backwashed for 5 to 10 minutes, then washed with a 6 percent solution of
hydrochloric acid. Then the anion tank is backwashed and washed with a 5 percent solution of sodium
hydroxide. After rinsing residual chemicals from each tank, water flows through both tanks to drain until the
water reaches the desired quality.
In a mixed-bed deionizer, the resins have to be separated before regeneration. After regeneration and rinsing
they have to be remixed, using air, before returning to service.
Although the process is fairly simple in concept, its application is complicated by variables in raw water
composition, treated water quality needs, resin selection, chemical dosages, and control system
requirements. Culligan has trained professionals to help in the selection of the proper deionizer system.
Printing a Technical Drawing from Acrobat Reader 4
across two 8.5”x11” pages
Step 1: To start, open the Commercial Product Catalog using the Acrobat Reader version 4. Go
to any product and select one of the technical drawings. The screen should look similar to below:
Step 2: With your mouse, move the cursor over the Text Select button on the tool bar. Then click
and hold the left button down and you will see additional buttons appear as shown below:
Select this button

which is the Graphic
Select Tool.
The mouse cursor will turn into crosshairs after you click the Graphic select Tool.
Step 3: Now we are going to select half of the drawing. Do this by putting the mouse cursor
(crosshairs) in the lower left hand corner of the drawing and then click and hold (drag) moving the
mouse upward to the right. A dotted line box will appear showing the bounds of the selection.
Continue up and to the right until you have selected half of the drawing. When you have the
rectangle the size you want, let go of the left mouse button. Refer to the screen shot below to see
what it should look like.
This is the dotted

line bounding box
showing your
selection.
Note: Notice that I did not go all the up to the top of the page. This will allow the Reader to scale
up the drawing to a larger size.
Step 4: Click the Print button on the tool bar or select File | Print from the menu. The print dialog
box will open, similar to what is shown on the next page.
Make sure
these two
options are
selected
before clicking
OK.
Make sure your printer is shown under Printer Name. Only the “Fit to page” check box should be
checked as shown. Make sure the “Selected Graphic” button is selected under print range.
Click OK when you are done verifying the settings. Your printer should print the half of the
drawing you have selected. The printout should look similar to this:
Step 5: Print the other half. When you go back to the drawing, the Graphic Select tool is still
active. Move the cursor (crosshairs) to the lower right of the drawing and then click and drag as
you did before but this time in an upward and to the left direction. Draw a bounding box covering
the right half of the drawing. Let go of the mouse button when the box is the correct size.
Click the print button and verify the print settings as you did before. Click OK when ready. Your
printer should now print the right side of the drawing. If should look similar to this:
Congratulations! You have successfully printed the drawings.

Printing a Technical Drawing from Acrobat Reader 5
across two 8.5”x11” pages
Step 1: To start, open the Commercial Product Catalog using the Acrobat Reader version 5. Go
to any product and select one of the technical drawings. The screen should look similar to below:
Step 2: With your mouse, move the cursor and click on the Graphics Select Tool button on the
tool bar. The button on the tool bar is shown below:
Select this button

which is the Graphics
Select Tool.
The mouse cursor will turn into crosshairs after you click the Graphic select Tool.
Step 3: Now we are going to select half of the drawing. Do this by putting the mouse cursor
(crosshairs) in the lower left hand corner of the drawing and then click and hold (drag) moving the
mouse upward to the right. A dotted line box will appear showing the bounds of the selection.
Continue up and to the right until you have selected half of the drawing. When you have the
rectangle the size you want, let go of the left mouse button. Refer to the screen shot below to see
what it should look like.
This is the dotted

line bounding box
showing your
selection.
Note: Notice that I did not go all the up to the top of the page. This will allow the Reader to scale
up the drawing to a larger size.
Step 4: Click the Print button on the tool bar or select File | Print from the menu. The print dialog
box will open, similar to what is shown on the next page.
Make sure these are the
only two options selected
before clicking OK.
Make sure your printer is shown under Printer Name. Only the “Expand small pages to paper
size” check box should be checked as shown. Make sure the “Selected Graphic” button is
selected under print range.
Click OK when you are done verifying the settings. Your printer should print the half of the
drawing you have selected.
The printout should look similar to this:
Step 5: Print the other half. When you go back to the drawing, the Graphic Select tool is still
active. Move the cursor (crosshairs) to the lower right of the drawing and then click and drag as
you did before but this time in an upward and to the left direction. Draw a bounding box covering
the right half of the drawing. Let go of the mouse button when the box is the correct size.
Click the print button and verify the print settings as you did before. Click OK when ready. Your
printer should now print the right side of the drawing. The printout should look similar to this:
Congratulations! You have successfully printed the drawings.

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COMPREHENSIVE

Only Culligan offers a full portfolio of

Succeed with the combined strength of Culligan COMMUNITY

Culligan Commercial Products Catalog – If

Commercial Products Brochure – This 16

Sales Literature – If you’re planning a project

CULLAR® FILTERS (Activated Carbon)

CULLSORB® FILTERS (Manganese Greensand)

No. 402 (08/03)

Many types of filters exist. This piece, however,

“How filtration works”

Older, conventional slow sand filtration exploits the

Contact-coagulation consists of three primary forces:

1. “Transport” forces cause the dispersed

2. “Attachment” forces induce the dirt particles

3. “Release or detachment” forces play a

Regeneration consists of a 10-minute backwash at 12 - 14 gpm/ft2 (29 to 34 m/hr), injection of potassium

PRODUCT LINE DESCRIPTION

SOFT-MINDER® TWIN TANKS: 9” – 20”

HI-FLO 3 TANKS: 20” – 30”

CSM TANKS: 20” – 42”

HI-FLO 55E TANKS: 20” – 42”

HI-FLO 50 TANKS: 48” – 60”

No. 402 (04/03)

To avoid potentially coating the ion

To avoid potentially coating the ion

Trust The Water Experts®

“Hey Culligan Man!”® Ask your Culligan Man about

PRODUCT LINE DESCRIPTION

HI-FLO® 2 TANKS: 12” – 20”

HI-FLO 55E TANKS: 24” – 42”

HI-FLO 50 TANKS: 48” – 60”

No. 402 (7/99)

PRODUCT LINE CAPACITY

SERIES LC 100 – 200 GPD

SERIES L.P.R.O.® 500 – 2,000 GPD

SERIES B 125 – 1000 GPD

SERIES EXPANDED B 1,200 – 2,200 GPD

SERIES A 2,000 – 10,000 GPD

No. 402 (7/01)

Reverse osmosis is the opposite of the osmosis

The heart of the RO system is the semi-

Water molecules penetrate the thin layer of the

The correct choice in pretreatment is very important as

PRODUCT LINE DESCRIPTION

PORTABLE EXCHANGE TANKS: 9” – 14”

PRO™ SERIES TANKS: 20” – 42”

No. 402 (7/99)

Select this button

This is the dotted

Congratulations! You have successfully printed the drawings.

Select this button

This is the dotted

Congratulations! You have successfully printed the drawings.

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