A CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PARAILLEL ACTIVE FILTERS USING

EXTENDED p-q THEORY AND QUASI INSTANTANEOUS POSITIVE

SEQUENCE EXTRACTION METHOD

*M. Tarafdar Haque, * S . H. Hosseini , **T. Ise

*Electrical Engineering Department, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IRAN

e-mail: tarafdar(~~ark.tabrizu.ac.ir
**Electrical Engineering Department, Osaka University, Osaka, JAPAN
e-mail: ise@pwr.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

ABSTRACT voltage case [l-21. This subject is valid even

The combination of extended p-q theory and
quasi-instantaneous positive sequence extraction
of utility voltages for controlling of parallel
active filters (PAFs) is presented. Operation of
PAF using this method compensates for reactive
power, current harmonics and imbalance
currents of a non-linear load in 3-phase 3-wire
harmonic polluted and/or imbalance utility
voltage case, successfully. Problem of
generating three phase balanced reference
currents of extended p-q theory has been solved.
Analytical calculations and simulation results
confirm the validity of presented control strategy
to suppress the above-mentioned power quality.
1. INTRODUCTION
Distribution electrical systems suffer from
power quality problems such as current
harmonics, reactive power burden and current
imbalance. It is possible using parallel active
filters (PAFs) to suppress these problems. The
efficiency of operation of PAFs deeply depends
on their control strategy. The most important
feature of control strategies is generating
suitable reference compensating currents for
PAF, Most of presented control strategies bases
on considering balanced and sinusoidal utility
about p-q theory, which is the ’most popular
control method of PAFs [3].
On the other hand in distribution systems,
voltage imbalance and voltage harmonics
usually exist and they can influence the
performance of control strategy of PAFs. Th&e
are some valuable literatures in presentation an
extended p-q theory to make the p-q theory more
genera1 than before [4, 51. Operation of PAF
according to extended p-q theory results in
compensation of instantaneous reactive power and
current harmonics in imbalance and/or distorted
utility voltage. The most important deficiency of this
method is generating imbalance source side currents
in imbalanced utility voltage case.
This paper presents a new control strategy for
PAFs can be used for suppressing of current
harmonics, current imbalance and reactive
power in harmonic polluted and/or imbalance
supply voltage case, successfully. It is easy for
implementation, does not need phase lock loop
and has reasonable dynamic response.
2. EXPLANATION OF CONTROL ’
STRATEGY
Fig. 1 shows the presented control circuit. The
basic idea is similar to [4] except than using
quasi-instantaneous positive sequence of utility
voltages instead of “utility voltages” by control
circuit. The terms of ia(t) and ib(t) are the load

02001 IEEE.
0-7803-7090-2/01/$10.00 348 ISIE 2001, Pusan, KOREA
side currents in the phases a and b, respectively.
Va(t), Vb(t) and vc(t) are the utility side voltages
in the phases a, b and c, respectively. vla(t),
Vlb(t) and vlc(t) are the instantaneous positive
sequence of fundamental frequency of the utility
side voltages in the phases a, b and c,
respectively and V’la(t), V’lb(t) and v’lc(t) lags
from vi&), Vlb(t) and v d t ) by x/2,
respectively. p(t) and P show the instantaneous
active power and its DC value, respectively.
isou0(t)and isoub(t)are the source side currents in
the phases “a” and “b”, respectively. icompo ( t ),
icompb(t) and icompc(t)shows the reference
compensating currents of PAF in the phases a, b
and c, respectively. The first part of circuit,
generate positive sequence of fundamental
frequency of the utility side voltages,
instantaneously. Using the control blocks of
“2d3phase leadlag” is similar to the operation
of operator of “ U ” that is defined by eq. (1) in
theory of symmetrical component.
a =e~2n13 (1)
Using low pass filter (LPF) results in rejection
of voltage harmonics. In this way, it is enough
considering only the fundamental frequency of
utility side voltages in the operation of control
circuit. Following sections explains the
operation of “2d3 phase leadlag” and LPF
control blocks, respectively.
3 . 2 d 3 PHASE LEADLAG CONTROL
BLOCKS
The operation of “2d3 Phase Lag” and “2d3
Phase Lead” control blocks of Fig. 1 result in
2d3 phase lag and phase lead of Vb and vc in
quasi-instantaneous manner, respectively. Fig. 2
shows the operation of “2x13 phase lead”
control blocks of Fig. 1 in detail. The terms of
v,(t) and vo+(t)are as input and output functions
of this block. The magnitudes of K and T are
-&/2 and l/w, , respectively. The term of U ,
shows the fundamental angular frequency.

2 d 3 Phase Lead

I I
icompa
1 h - V’ l c

F
V’
d 2 Phase
Lag
icompc ,

Low Pass Filter p

I

-
I +L icompb
F W

Fig. 1. Extension p-q theory based control strategy of PAF

349 ISIE 2001, Pusan, KOREA


Fig. 2. Explanation of 2 n 13 phase lead control block
It is possible obtaining eq. that explains the
relation between vi(t) and vo+(t) in the time
domain using some simple Laplacian theorems.
&-1
vo+(t)= (T1 vi(t)
-& mle-"' 1
0
vi(T).e"l'dT
The first term of this equation is a
proportional and the second term shows a
damping transient case, respectively.
Eq. (3) explains the relation between input
and output h c t i o n s of " 2 ~ 1 3phase lag"
control blocks of Fig. 2. This equation is
obtained in a similar manner as eq. (2) except
than changing the value of K to &/2. The term
of vo-(t)stands for the output of 2n/3 phase lag
control block.
v,.(t) = --f i 2+ l VI(t)
+& \(I). eyrdz
0 circuit results in -IT phase shift and 1/4
Using eq. (2), eq. (3), Fig. 1 and considering
the operation of low pass filter (LPF) in
rejection of voltage harmonics; it is possible
writing eq. (4).
1 6 - 1
vla(t)=-[ va(t) +- vb+(t)--
3 2
f low pass filter (LPF):
I(v.-(z) - vb+(z))eq7d71
0 -4
The last term of eq. (4) shows a damping
transient case with the time constant of 1/01 and
this is the reason of using the term of quasi-
instantaneous in this paper. Of course,
considering the value of fundamental frequency
(i.e. 50-60 Hz)show that this term diminishes in
half cycle of fundamental frequency to less than
5% of its initial value. Eq. (4) can be used to
explain the operation of presented method in the
transient andor steady state cases. It is easy
showing that the operation of control circuit
results in rejection of instantaneous zero and
negative sequence of utility side voltages [6, 71.
4. EXPLANATION OF OPERATION OF
LOW PASS FILTER (LPF)
(2) The control block of LPF that is shown in Fig. 1
consists of series connection of four LPFs by
itself. This circuit is shown in Fig. 3 in detail.
Fig 3. The Control Blocks of LPF
The cutoff frequency of all of individual
filters is set on fundamental frequency. This
subject results in 4 4 phase shift and
1/& amplitude change of fundamental
frequency at the output of each of individual
LPFs. In this way, the operation of overall
(3)
magnitude change of fundamental frequency.
Considering the gain of final LPF equal with -4,
compensates for these problems and makes it
possible to extract the fundamental frequency
without any phase shift or magnitude change.
v,-(t) f
Eq. (5) shows the transfer function of overall
2
(4)
H ( s )=- (5)
(1.+ S ~ ) 4
350 ISIE 200 1, Pusan, KOREA
where: r = l / o l , w1 = 2 d 1 and fl is fundamental
frequency. It is possible obtaining eq. (6) using
inverse Laplacian of H(s):
In these equations p(t) and q(t) are the
instantaneous active and reactive powers,
respectively. Considering the Kirchhoff s
Current Law (KCL) in three-phase three-wire
Now, it is possible computing the equation of system, it is possible to write the following
output waveform of LPF in the time domain equation:
using the following equation:
1

vla( t )= JV; (t - z)h(z)dz (7)

0

where v,(t) is the input function of LPF.

Combination of eq. (6) and eq. (7) can be used
for explanation of operation of LPF. It is possible to write eq. (12) in every part of
For example, considering v;(t) = Cos(ot) system. Writing this equation in the source side
results in eq. (8): and re-arranging it resulted in eq. (13)

V14 ( t ) = -2wl' jCm(.l- m)e-o"Z3dZ =

3 0
A(@ e-'"'' +
[ B(o).Sin((m) + C(o).Cos((m) ] (8)

The coefficients of A(o), B(o) and C(o) are

functions of o.Considering o = 01 it is possible
to obtain eq. (9).
W:t' - 3w,t - 3 -y' In eq. (13), p , ( t ) and q s ( t ) are the
VI" ( t ) = Cos(o,t)+ ( 3 )e ,(9)
instantaneous active and reactive powers in the
utility side, respectively. Setting p s ( t )=P and
This equation shows that the fundamental q,(t)=O results in the following equation that
frequency of input signal of LPF passes through guarantees the instantaneous reactive power
this filter without any phase shift and magnitude compensation in addition to balanced and
change. Of course this operation need a small sinusoidal currents in the utility side:
transient term that is shown by the second term
of eq. (9).

5. REVIEW OF EXTENDED p-q THEORY

-(vbI(t)-vcI(2))][~] (14)
It is possible writing the following equations - ( V ' d (0- V ' C l ( 0 ) Vd (0- VCl(t)
using extended p-q theory. These equations are In eq. (14), i*soua( t ) and i*soub(t)are the
similar to [ 5 ] . reference source currents in the phases "a" and

35 1 ISIE 2001, Pusan, KOREA

“b”, respectively. The reference source side
current in the phase “c” can be obtained using
eq. (15) easily:
* s o x ( t ) = - ( i*sou0 ( t ) + *soub ( t ) (15)
Using KCL in the point of PAF coupling to
the utility results in the following equation:
6. SIMULATION RESULTS
The operation of presented control strategy is
simulated using the power circuit of Fig. 4. This
figure shows a three-phase three-wire, 120
(V)(L-G, RMS) and 60 Hz distribution system.
This utility feeds different kinds of loads. This
circuit has five stages of operation as follows:
1- The load of utility fiom zero until 0.05 (s)
is only the three phase balanced R-L load.
2- The three-phase diode rectifier is switched
ON at 0.05 (s) by the operation of three
phase static switches and produces
harmonics and increases reactive power
demand too.
3- At 0.1 (s), a single-phase resistive load is
switched ON and generates an imbalance
current case. This load is switched OFF at
0.15 (s).
4- In the same instant (i. e. 0.15 (s)), until 0.2
(s), the RMS value of voltage of phase “a”
is reduced to 70 V to generate an
imbalance utility voltage case.
5- From 0.2 (s) to 0.25 (s), three phase fifth
order harmonics with the magnitude of
16.6% of fundamental frequency of
voltage (i.e. 20 V) are added to the supply.
352
lOO,(L-G)
. ,
w
Fig. 4. Power Circuit of Simulated Circuit
Fig. 5 shows a number of selected simulation
results. Fig.s 5(a) to 5(d) show the instantaneous
positive sequence of utility side voltages, load
side currents, source side currents and reference
compensating currents of PAF, respectively. Fig.
5(c) shows that in all of the stages, the source
side currents are sinusoidal, balanced and in
phase with the instantaneous positive sequence
of utility side voltages that means the
compensation of instantaneous reactive power.
7. CONCLUSION
A new method for obtaining the quasi-
instantaneous positive sequence of utility
voltages has been presented. It is an integration
of 2n/3 phase leadlag control blocks and a
special configuration of LPFs. The combination
of quasi-instantaneous positive sequence of
utility voltages and extended p-q theory has
been used for generation of reference
compensating currents of PAF, successfully.
The analytical calculations have been used to
explain the operation of presented control
strategy in detail. Simulation results have been
used to verify the analytical calculation. These
results show a valuable operation of control
method in compensation for current harmonics,
current imbalance and reactive power of a non-
linear load in a harmonic polluted andor
imbalance utility voltage case.
ISIE 2001, Pusan, KOREA
 8. REFERENCES

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0.2 ’I
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‘I
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; I
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353 ISIE 2001, Pusan, KOREA