Plane Frame Analysis

Using the Stiffness

Method
16
The concepts presented in the previous chapters on trusses and
beams will be extended in this chapter and applied to the analysis of
frames. It will be shown that the procedure for the solution is similar to
that for beams, but will require the use of transformation matrices
since frame members are oriented in different directions.

16.1 Frame-Member Stiffness Matrix

In this section we will develop the stiffness matrix for a prismatic frame
member referenced from the local x¿, y¿, z¿ coordinate system,
Fig. 16–1. Here the member is subjected to axial loads qNx¿, qFx¿, shear
loads qNy¿, qFy¿, and bending moments qNz¿, qFz¿ at its near and far ends,
respectively. These loadings all act in the positive coordinate directions
along with their associated displacements. As in the case of beams,
the moments qNz¿ and qFz¿ are positive counterclockwise, since by the
right-hand rule the moment vectors are then directed along the positive
z¿ axis, which is out of the page.
We have considered each of the load-displacement relationships caused
by these loadings in the previous chapters. The axial load was discussed in
reference to Fig. 14–2, the shear load in reference to Fig. 15–5, and the
bending moment in reference to Fig. 15–6. By superposition, if these

595

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 596 CHAPTER 16 P L A N E F R A M E A N A LY S I S U S I N G THE STIFFNESS METHOD

qFz¿ dFz¿ x¿
qFy¿ dFy¿
qFx¿ dFx¿

F
y¿

qNy¿ dNy¿

N
qNx¿ dNx¿ qNz¿ dNz¿
This pedestrian bridge takes the form of a
“Vendreel truss.” Strictly not a truss since
positive sign convention
the diagonals are absent, it forms a statically
indeterminate box framework, which can be
Fig. 16–1
analyzed using the stiffness method.

results are added, the resulting six load-displacement relations for the
member can be expressed in matrix form as

16 Nx¿ Ny¿ Nz¿ Fx¿ Fy¿ Fz¿

AE AE
qNx¿ 0 0  0 0 dNx¿
L L

12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI

qNy¿ 0 0  dNy¿
L3 L2 L3 L2

6EI 4EI 6EI 2EI

qNz¿ 0 0  dNz¿
L2 L L2 L

AE AE
qFx¿  0 0 0 0 dFx¿
L L

12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI

qFy¿ 0   0  dFy¿
L3 L2 L3 L2

6EI 2EI 6EI 4EI

qFz¿ 0 0  dFz¿
L2 L L2 L

(16–1)
or in abbreviated form as
q = k¿d (16–2)

The member stiffness matrix k¿ consists of thirty-six influence coefficients

that physically represent the load on the member when the member
undergoes a specified unit displacement. Specifically, each column in the
matrix represents the member loadings for unit displacements identified
by the degree-of-freedom coding listed above the columns. From the
assembly, both equilibrium and compatibility of displacements have
been satisfied.

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 16.2 DISPLACEMENT AND FORCE TRANSFORMATION MATRICES 597

16.2 Displacement and Force

Transformation Matrices
As in the case for trusses, we must be able to transform the internal
member loads q and deformations d from local x¿, y¿, z¿ coordinates to
global x, y, z coordinates. For this reason transformation matrices are
needed. y x¿

Displacement Transformation Matrix. Consider the frame y¿

member shown in Fig. 16–2a. Here it is seen that a global coordinate uy
displacement DNx creates local coordinate displacements
ux
dNx¿ = DNx cos ux dNy¿ = -DNx cos uy x
DNx
Likewise, a global coordinate displacement DNy, Fig. 16–2b, creates local dNy¿  DNx cos uy
dNx¿  DNx cos ux
coordinate displacements of
dNx¿ = DNy cos uy dNy¿ = DNy cos ux (a)

Finally, since the z¿ and z axes are coincident, that is, directed out of the 16
page, a rotation DNz about z causes a corresponding rotation dNz¿ about
z¿. Thus,
dNz¿ = DNz y x¿

In a similar manner, if global displacements DFx in the x direction, DFy y¿

in the y direction, and a rotation DFz are imposed on the far end of the DNy uy
member, the resulting transformation equations are, respectively,
dNy¿  DNy cos ux ux
dFx¿ = DFx cos ux dFy¿ = -DFx cos uy x
dNx¿  DNy cos uy
dFx¿ = DFy cos uy dFy¿ = DFy cos ux
dFz¿ = DFz (b)

Letting lx = cos ux, ly = cos uy represent the direction cosines of the Fig. 16–2
member, we can write the superposition of displacements in matrix
form as

dNx¿ lx ly 0 0 0 0 DNx
dNy¿ -ly lx 0 0 0 0 DNy
dNz¿ 0 0 1 0 0 0 DNz
F V = F VF V (16–3)
dFx¿ 0 0 0 lx ly 0 DFx
dFy¿ 0 0 0 -ly lx 0 DFy
dFz¿ 0 0 0 0 0 1 DFz

or
d = TD (16–4)
By inspection, T transforms the six global x, y, z displacements D into
the six local x¿, y¿, z¿ displacements d. Hence T is referred to as the
displacement transformation matrix.

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 598 CHAPTER 16 P L A N E F R A M E A N A LY S I S U S I N G THE STIFFNESS METHOD

Force Transformation Matrix. If we now apply each component of

load to the near end of the member, we can determine how to transform the load
components from local to global coordinates. Applying qNx¿, Fig. 16–3a, it can be
seen that

y x¿ QNx = qNx¿ cos ux QNy = qNx¿ cos uy

y¿
uy If qNy¿ is applied, Fig. 16–3b, then its components are

QNx  qNx¿ cos ux ux

x QNx = -qNy¿ cos uy QNy = qNy¿ cos ux
QNy  qNx¿ cos uy
qNx¿
Finally, since qNz¿ is collinear with QNz, we have
(a)

QNz = qNz¿
y x¿

y¿ In a similar manner, end loads of qFx¿, qFy¿, qFz¿ will yield the following
16 uy respective components:
qNy¿
ux
x QFx = qFx¿ cos ux QFy = qFx¿ cos uy
QNx  qNy¿ cos uy
QNy  qNy¿ cos ux
QFx = -qFy¿ cos uy QFy = qFy¿ cos ux
(b) QFz = qFz¿
Fig. 16–3
These equations, assembled in matrix form with lx = cos ux, ly = cos uy,
yield

QNx lx -ly 0 0 0 0 qNx¿

QNy ly lx 0 0 0 0 qNy¿
Q 0 0 1 0 0 0 q
F Nz V = F V F Nz¿ V (16–5)
QFx 0 0 0 lx -ly 0 qFx¿
QFy 0 0 0 ly lx 0 qFy¿
QFz 0 0 0 0 0 1 qFz¿

or

Q = TTq (16–6)

Here, as stated, TT transforms the six member loads expressed in local

coordinates into the six loadings expressed in global coordinates.

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 16.3 FRAME-MEMBER GLOBAL STIFFNESS MATRIX 599

16.3 Frame-Member Global Stiffness Matrix

The results of the previous section will now be combined in order to
determine the stiffness matrix for a member that relates the global
loadings Q to the global displacements D. To do this, substitute Eq. 16–4
1d = TD2 into Eq. 16–2 1q = k¿d2. We have

q = k¿TD (16–7)

Here the member forces q are related to the global displacements D.

Substituting this result into Eq. 16–6 1Q = TTq2 yields the final result,
Q = TTk¿TD (16–8)
or

Q = kD

where
k = TTk¿T (16–9) 16

Here k represents the global stiffness matrix for the member. We can
obtain its value in generalized form using Eqs. 16–5, 16–1, and 16–3 and
performing the matrix operations. This yields the final result,
Nx Ny Nz Fx Fy Fz

冢Ll  L l冣 冢 L  L 冣l l 冢Ll  L l冣 冢 L  L 冣l l
AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI
2
x 3
2
y 3 x y  ly  2
x
2
y  x y  ly Nx
L2 3 3
L2

冢 L  L 冣l l 冢Ll  L l冣 冢
L 冣
冢 l冣
AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI
3 x y
2
y 3
2
x lx  ll x y l  2
y
2
x lx Ny
L2 L 3
L L 3
L2
6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI
 ly lx ly  lx Nz
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L
k

冢Ll  L l冣 冢 L  L 冣l l 冢Ll  L l冣 冢 L  L 冣l l
AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI
 2
x 3
2
y  3 x y 2
ly 2
x 3
2
y 3 x y ly Fx
L L2

冢
L 冣
冢 l冣 冢 L  L 冣l l 冢Ll  L l冣
AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI
 ll 3 x y l  2
y 3
2
x  lx x y
2
y
2
x  lx Fy
L L L L2 3 3
L2
6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 6EI 4EI
 ly lx ly  lx Fz
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

(16–10)
Note that this 6 * 6 matrix is symmetric. Furthermore, the location of
each element is associated with the coding at the near end, Nx, Ny, Nz,
followed by that of the far end, Fx, Fy, Fz, which is listed at the top of the
columns and along the rows. Like the k¿ matrix, each column of the k
matrix represents the coordinate loads on the member at the nodes that
are necessary to resist a unit displacement in the direction defined by the
coding of the column. For example, the first column of k represents the
global coordinate loadings at the near and far ends caused by a unit
displacement at the near end in the x direction, that is, DNx.

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 600 CHAPTER 16 P L A N E F R A M E A N A LY S I S U S I N G THE STIFFNESS METHOD

16.4 Application of the Stiffness Method

for Frame Analysis
Once the member stiffness matrices are established, they may be assembled
into the structure stiffness matrix in the usual manner. By writing the
structure matrix equation, the displacements at the unconstrained nodes
can be determined, followed by the reactions and internal loadings at the
nodes. Lateral loads acting on a member, fabrication errors, temperature
changes, inclined supports, and internal supports are handled in the same
manner as was outlined for trusses and beams.

Procedure for Analysis

The following method provides a means of finding the displacements,

support reactions, and internal loadings for members of statically
determinate and indeterminate frames.
16 Notation
• Divide the structure into finite elements and arbitrarily identify each
element and its nodes. Elements usually extend between points of
support, points of concentrated loads, corners or joints, or to points
where internal loadings or displacements are to be determined.
• Establish the x, y, z, global coordinate system, usually for convenience
with the origin located at a nodal point on one of the elements and the
axes located such that all the nodes have positive coordinates.
• At each nodal point of the frame, specify numerically the three x,
y, z coding components. In all cases use the lowest code numbers
to identify all the unconstrained degrees of freedom, followed by
the remaining or highest code numbers to identify the constrained
degrees of freedom.
• From the problem, establish the known displacements Dk and
known external loads Qk. When establishing Qk be sure to include
any reversed fixed-end loadings if an element supports an
intermediate load.

Structure Stiffness Matrix

• Apply Eq. 16–10 to determine the stiffness matrix for each element
expressed in global coordinates. In particular, the direction cosines
lx and ly are determined from the x, y coordinates of the ends of
the element, Eqs. 14–5 and 14–6.
• After each member stiffness matrix is written, and the six rows
and columns are identified with the near and far code numbers,
merge the matrices to form the structure stiffness matrix K. As a
partial check, the element and structure stiffness matrices should
all be symmetric.

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 16.4 APPLICATION OF THE STIFFNESS METHOD FOR FRAME ANALYSIS 601

Displacements and Loads

• Partition the stiffness matrix as indicated by Eq. 14–18. Expansion
then leads to
Qk = K11Du + K12Dk
Qu = K21Du + K22Dk
The unknown displacements Du are determined from the first of
these equations. Using these values, the support reactions Qu are
computed from the second equation. Finally, the internal loadings
q at the ends of the members can be computed from Eq. 16–7,
namely
q = k¿TD
If the results of any of the unknowns are calculated as negative
quantities, it indicates they act in the negative coordinate
directions.

16
EXAMPLE 16.1
Determine the loadings at the joints of the two-member frame shown
in Fig. 16–4a. Take I = 500 in4, A = 10 in2, and E = 2911032 ksi for 20 ft
5k
both members.

SOLUTION 20 ft
Notation. By inspection, the frame has two elements and three
nodes, which are identified as shown in Fig. 16–4b. The origin of
the global coordinate system is located at ①. The code numbers at the
nodes are specified with the unconstrained degrees of freedom
(a)
numbered first. From the constraints at ① and ➂, and the applied
loading, we have
5 1
0 6
0 2 y
0 7
Dk = D T Qk = E 0 U 3
0 8 2
0 4 6
0 9 3 1
0 5 5 x
1 2 5k
1 4
Structure Stiffness Matrix. The following terms are common to both
element stiffness matrices: 2

10[2911032]
8
AE 9 7
= = 1208.3 k>in.
L 201122
12[291103215002]
3
12EI (b)
= = 12.6 k>in. Fig. 16–4
L3 [201122]3

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 602 CHAPTER 16 P L A N E F R A M E A N A LY S I S U S I N G THE STIFFNESS METHOD

EXAMPLE 16.1 (Continued)

6EI 6[291103215002]
= = 1510.4 k
L2 [201122]2
4[291103215002]
= 241.711032 k # in.
4EI
=
L 201122
2[291103215002]
= 120.8311032 k # in.
2EI
=
L 201122

Member 1:
20 - 0 0 - 0
lx = = 1 ly = = 0
20 20
Substituting the data into Eq. 16–10, we have

4 6 5 1 2 3
16 1208.3 0 0 -1208.3 0 0 4
0 12.6 1510.4 0 -12.6 1510.4 6
k1 = 0 1510.4 241.711032 0 -1510.4 120.8311032 5
F V
-1208.3 0 0 1208.3 0 0 1
0 -12.6 -1510.4 0 12.6 -1510.4 2
0 1510.4 120.8311032 0 -1510.4 241.711032 3

The rows and columns of this 6 * 6 matrix are identified by the three
x, y, z code numbers, first at the near end and followed by the far end,
that is, 4, 6, 5, 1, 2, 3, respectively, Fig. 16–4b. This is done for later
assembly of the elements.
Member 2:
20 - 20 -20 - 0
lx = = 0 ly = = -1
20 20
Substituting the data into Eq. 16–10 yields

1 2 3 7 8 9
12.6 0 1510.4 -12.6 0 1510.4 1
0 1208.3 0 0 -1208.3 0 2
k2 = F 1510.4 0 241.711032 -1510.4 0 120.8311032 3
V
-12.6 0 -1510.4 12.6 0 -1510.4 7
0 -1208.3 0 0 1208.3 0 8
1510.4 0 120.8311032 -1510.4 0 241.711032 9

As usual, column and row identification is referenced by the three code

numbers in x, y, z sequence for the near and far ends, respectively, that
is, 1, 2, 3, then 7, 8, 9, Fig. 16–4b.

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 16.4 APPLICATION OF THE STIFFNESS METHOD FOR FRAME ANALYSIS 603

The structure stiffness matrix is determined by assembling k1 and

k2. The result, shown partitioned, as Q = KD, is
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 1220.9 0 1510.4 1208.3 0 0 12.6 0 1510.4 D1
0 0 1220.9 1510.4 0 1510.4 12.6 0 1208.3 0 D2
0 1510.4 1510.4 483.3(103) 0 120.83(103) 1510.4 1510.4 0 120.83(103) D3
0 1208.3 0 0 1208.3 0 0 0 0 0 D4
0 0 1510.4 120.83(103) 0 241.7(103) 1510.4 0 0 0 D5 (1)

Q6 0 12.6 1510.4 0 1510.4 12.6 0 0 0 0
Q7 12.6 0 1510.4 0 0 0 12.6 0 1510.4 0
Q8 0 1208.3 0 0 0 0 0 1208.3 0 0
Q9 1510.4 0 120.83(103) 0 0 0 1510.4 0 241.7(103) 0

Displacements and Loads. Expanding to determine the displacements

yields

5 1220.9 0 1510.4 -1208.3 0 D1 0 16

0 0 1220.9 -1510.4 0 -1510.4 D2 0
E 0 U = E 1510.4 -1510.4 483.311032 0 120.83110 2 U E D3 U + E 0 U
3

0 -1208.3 0 0 1208.3 0 D4 0
0 0 -1510.4 120.83110 2
3
0 241.7110 2 D5
3
0

Solving, we obtain

D1 0.696 in.
D2 -1.55110-32 in.
E D3 U = E -2.488110-32 rad U
D4 0.696 in.
D5 1.234110-32 rad

Using these results, the support reactions are determined from Eq. (1)
as follows:

1 2 3 4 5
Q6 0 -12.6 1510.4 0 1510.4 0.696 0 -1.87 k
Q -12.6 0 -1510.4 0 0 -1.55110 2
-3
0 -5.00 k
D 7T = E + D T = D T
0 U E -2.488110-32 U
Ans.
Q8 0 -1208.3 0 0 0 1.87 k
Q9 1510.4 0 120.8311032 0 0 0.696 0 750 k # in.
1.234110 2
-3

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 604 CHAPTER 16 P L A N E F R A M E A N A LY S I S U S I N G THE STIFFNESS METHOD

EXAMPLE 16.1 (Continued)

The internal loadings at node ➁ can be determined by applying
Eq. 16–7 to member 1. Here k1œ is defined by Eq. 16–1 and T1 by
Eq. 16–3. Thus,
4 6 5 1 2 3
1208.3 0 0 1208.3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.696 4
0 12.6 1510.4 0 12.6 1510.4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 1510.4 241.7(103) 0 1510.4 120.83(103) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1.234(103) 5
q1  k1T1D 
1208.3 0 0 1208.3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.696 1
0 12.6 1510.4 0 12.6 1510.4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1.55(103) 2
0 1510.4 120.83(103) 0 1510.4 241.7(103) 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.488(103) 3

Note the appropriate arrangement of the elements in the matrices as

indicated by the code numbers alongside the columns and rows.
Solving yields
q4 0
16 q6 -1.87 k
q 0
F 5V = F V Ans.
q1 0
q2 1.87 k
q3 -450 k # in.

The above results are shown in Fig. 16–4c. The directions of these
vectors are in accordance with the positive directions defined in
Fig. 16–1. Furthermore, the origin of the local x¿, y¿, z¿ axes is at the
near end of the member. In a similar manner, the free-body diagram
of member 2 is shown in Fig. 16–4d.
1.87 k

450 k in. 5k
y¿

y¿

1.87 k

x¿ 5k
750 k  in.
450 k in. 1.87 k

1.87 k
x¿

(c) (d)

Fig. 16–4

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 16.4 APPLICATION OF THE STIFFNESS METHOD FOR FRAME ANALYSIS 605

EXAMPLE 16.2
Determine the loadings at the ends of each member of the frame shown
in Fig. 16–5a. Take I = 600 in4, A = 12 in2, and E = 2911032 ksi for
3 k/ft

each member.

SOLUTION 15 ft 20 ft
Notation. To perform a matrix analysis, the distributed loading
acting on the horizontal member will be replaced by equivalent end
moments and shears computed from statics and the table listed on the 20 ft
inside back cover. (Note that no external force of 30 k or moment of
1200 k # in. is placed at ➂ since the reactions at code numbers 8 and 9 (a)
are to be unknowns in the load matrix.) Then using superposition, the
Fig. 16–5
results obtained for the frame in Fig. 16–5b will be modified for this
member by the loads shown in Fig. 16–5c.
As shown in Fig. 16–5b, the nodes and members are numbered and 30 k
the origin of the global coordinate system is placed at node ①. As y
2 8
3 9
usual, the code numbers are specified with numbers assigned first to 2 16
7
the unconstrained degrees of freedom. Thus,
1 2 3
0 4 5 1200 k  in.
1
6 4
0 5 x
0 1
0 6
Dk = F V Qk = C -30 S 2 1
0 7
-1200 3 (b)
0 8
0 9
Structure Stiffness Matrix ⴙ
Member 1: 3 k/ ft
30 k 30 k

AE 12[2911032]
= = 1160 k>in.
L 251122 1 (3)(20)2  100 k  ft 20 ft
__ 100 k  ft
12
12[29110 2]600
3 (1200 k  in.) (1200 k in.)
12EI
3
= = 7.73 k>in. (c)
L [251122]3
6EI 6[291103)]600
= = 1160 k
L2 [25112)]2
4[2911032]600
= 23211032 k # in.
4EI
=
L 251122
2[2911032]600
= 11611032 k # in.
2EI
=
L 251122
20 - 0 15 - 0
lx = = 0.8 ly = = 0.6
25 25

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 606 CHAPTER 16 P L A N E F R A M E A N A LY S I S U S I N G THE STIFFNESS METHOD

EXAMPLE 16.2 (Continued)

Applying Eq. 16–10, we have

4 5 6 1 2 3
745.18 553.09 -696 -745.18 -553.09 -696 4
553.09 422.55 928 -553.09 -422.55 928 5
-696 928 23211032 696 -928 11611032 6
k1 = F V
-745.18 -553.09 696 745.18 553.09 696 1
-553.09 -422.55 -928 553.09 422.55 -928 2
-696 928 11611032 696 -928 23211032 3

Member 2:

AE 12[2911032]
16 = = 1450 k>in.
L 201122
12EI 12[2911032]600
= = 15.10 k>in.
L3 [201122]3
6EI 6[2911032]600
= = 1812.50 k
L2 [201122]2
4[2911032]600
= 2.9011052 k # in.
4EI
=
L 201122
23291103)4600
= 1.4511052 k # in.
2EI
=
L 320112)4
40 - 20 15 - 15
lx = = 1 ly = = 0
20 20

Thus, Eq. 16–10 becomes

1 2 3 7 8 9
1450 0 0 -1450 0 0 1
0 15.10 1812.50 0 -15.10 1812.50 2
k2 = F 0 1812.50 29011032 0 -1812.50 14511032 3
V
-1450 0 0 1450 0 0 7
0 -15.10 -1812.50 0 15.10 -1812.50 8
0 1812.50 14511032 0 -1812.50 29011032 9

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 16.4 APPLICATION OF THE STIFFNESS METHOD FOR FRAME ANALYSIS 607

The structure stiffness matrix, included in Q = KD, becomes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 2195.18 553.09 696 745.18 553.09 696 1450 0 0 D1

30 553.09 437.65 884.5 553.09 422.55 928 0 15.10 1812.50 D2
1200 696 884.5 522(103) 696 928 116(103) 0 1812.50 145(103) D3
Q4 745.18 553.09 696 745.18 553.09 696 0 0 0 0
Q5  553.09 422.55 928 553.09 422.55 928 0 0 0 0 (1)
Q6 696 928 116(103) 696 928 232(103) 0 0 0 0
Q7 1450 0 0 0 0 0 1450 0 0 0
Q8 0 15.10 1812.50 0 0 0 0 15.10 1812.50 0
Q9 0 1812.50 145(103) 0 0 0 0 1812.50 290(103) 0

Displacements and Loads. Expanding to determine the displacements,

and solving, we have
16
0 2195.18 553.09 696 D1 0
C -30 S = C 553.09 437.65 884.5 S C D2 S + C 0 S
-1200 696 884.5 52211032 D3 0

D1 0.0247 in.
C D2 S = C -0.0954 in. S
D3 -0.00217 rad

Using these results, the support reactions are determined from

Eq. (1) as follows:

Q4 -745.18 -553.09 -696 0 35.85 k

Q5 -553.09 -422.55 928 0 24.63 k
116110 2 -145.99 k # in.
0.0247
Q6 696 -928 3
0
F V = F V C -0.0954 S + F V = F V
Q7 -1450 0 0 0 -35.85 k
-0.00217
Q8 0 -15.10 -1812.50 0 5.37 k
Q9 0 1812.50 14511032 0 -487.60 k # in.

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 608 CHAPTER 16 P L A N E F R A M E A N A LY S I S U S I N G THE STIFFNESS METHOD

EXAMPLE 16.2 (Continued)

The internal loadings can be determined from Eq. 16–7 applied to
members 1 and 2. In the case of member 1, q = k1œ T1D, where k1œ is
determined from Eq. 16–1, and T1 from Eq. 16–3. Thus,

4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 1160 0 0 -1160 0 0 0.8 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 4
q5 0 7.73 1160 0 -7.73 1160 -0.6 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 5
q6 0 1160 23211032 0 -1160 11611032 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6
F V = F VF VF V
q1 -1160 0 0 1160 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.6 0 0.0247 1
q2 0 -7.73 -1160 0 7.73 -1160 0 0 0 -0.6 0.8 0 -0.0954 2
q3 0 1160 11611032 0 -1160 23211032 0 0 0 0 0 1 -0.00217 3

Here the code numbers indicate the rows and columns for the near
16
x¿ and far ends of the member, respectively, that is, 4, 5, 6, then 1, 2, 3,
Fig. 16–5b. Thus,
1.81 k 43.5 k

398 k in.
y¿ q4 43.5 k
q5 -1.81 k
146 k in. q6 -146 k # in.
F V = F V Ans.
q1 -43.5 k
43.5 k 1.81 k
q2 1.81 k
(d) q3 -398 k # in.

These results are shown in Fig. 16–5d.

A similar analysis is performed for member 2. The results are shown
at the left in Fig. 16–5e. For this member we must superimpose the
loadings of Fig. 16–5c, so that the final results for member 2 are shown
to the right.

3 k/ft 3 k/ ft
802.3 kin. 5.37 k 30 k 30 k 24.6 k 35.4 k

35.85 k ⴙ ⴝ 35.85 k
35.85 k 35.85 k
487.6 k in. 1200 k in. 1200 k  in. 398 k in. 1688 k  in.
5.37 k

(e)

Fig. 16–5

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 16.4 APPLICATION OF THE STIFFNESS METHOD FOR FRAME ANALYSIS 609

PROBLEMS

16–1. Determine the structure stiffness matrix K for *16–4. Determine the support reactions at ① and ➂.
the frame. Assume ① and ➂ are fixed. Take E = 200 GPa, Take E = 200 MPa, I = 30011062 mm4, A = 2111032 mm2
I = 30011062 mm4, A = 1011032 mm2 for each member. for each member.
16–2. Determine the support reactions at the fixed
supports ① and ➂. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 30011062 mm4, 5m
A = 1011032 mm2 for each member. 8 2
300 kN  m
9 3
1
8 2 7 1
12 kN/m
9 3 1 2
1
7
1 2
1 4m
4m 2m 2
2
10 kN 6
5
4 16
2m 3
6 5
3
4

Prob. 16–4
Probs. 16–1/16–2

16–5. Determine the structure stiffness matrix K for the frame.

16–3. Determine the structure stiffness matrix K for Take E = 200 GPa, I = 35011062 mm4, A = 1511032 mm2
the frame. Assume ➂ is pinned and ① is fixed. Take for each member. Joints at ① and ➂ are pins.
E = 200 MPa, I = 30011062 mm4, A = 2111032 mm2 for
each member.

5m 9 60 kN 2
8 2
300 kN  m
9 3 5 3
1
7 1
1 8
1 2 1 2
1
2m 2m

4m 2 4m
2

6 7
4 4
3 3
5 6

Prob. 16–3 Prob. 16–5

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 610 CHAPTER 16 P L A N E F R A M E A N A LY S I S U S I N G THE STIFFNESS METHOD

16–6. Determine the support reactions at pins ① and ➂. *16–8. Determine the components of displacement at ①.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 35011062 mm4, A = 1511032 mm2 Take E = 2911032 ksi, I = 650 in4, A = 20 in2 for each
for each member. member.

2
9 60 kN 2

6k 5
5 3
3 6
1 1
8 4k 1 4
1 2 1 2
1
2m 2m

2 4m
12 ft 2
7
4
3 8
6
9
3 7
16 Prob. 16–6
10 ft

Prob. 16–8

16–7. Determine the structure stiffness matrix K for

the frame. Take E = 2911032 ksi, I = 650 in4, A = 20 in2
for each member.

16–9. Determine the stiffness matrix K for the frame. Take

2 E = 2911032 ksi, I = 300 in4, A = 10 in2 for each member.
16–10. Determine the support reactions at ① and ➂. Take
E = 2911032 ksi, I = 300 in4, A = 10 in2 for each member.
6k 5
3 6
1 4
4k 1
1 2
2 2 k/ft 7
4
2
1 6
12 ft 2 2 3
3
20 ft
10 ft 1
8
9 9
3 7 5

1 8
10 ft

Prob. 16–7 Probs. 16–9/16–10

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 16.4 APPLICATION OF THE STIFFNESS METHOD FOR FRAME ANALYSIS 611

16–11. Determine the structure stiffness matrix K for the 16–13. Use a computer program to determine the reactions
frame. Take E = 2911032 ksi, I = 700 in4, A = 20 in2 for on the frame. AE and EI are constant.
each member.

7 1.5 k/ft

4
15 k
3 6 B C

2 16 ft
20 k 20 ft
9 2
5 12 ft 12 ft
3
8 1
1 2
1
A D
Prob. 16–11 16
24 ft

Prob. 16–13

16–14. Use a computer program to determine the reactions

*16–12. Determine the support reactions at the pins ① on the frame. Assume A, B, D, and F are pins. AE and EI
and ➂. Take E = 2911032 ksi, I = 700 in4, A = 20 in2 for are constant.
each member.

8 kN

7 B C E

3 6

8m

2 16 ft
20 k
9 2
5 12 ft 12 ft
3 A D F
8 1
1 2
1 6m 4m

Prob. 16–12 Prob. 16–14

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