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Design of Sewer System

DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
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Design of Sewer System. Sewer system plays a vital role in the economic
development of a country. Sewers are must for the drainage of waste
water. In order to have an effective sewage system the sewers should be
properly designed and more care should be taken in finding the invert
levels otherwise whole design may get wrong. Design of Sewer System.
Sewers are designed for the drainage of waste water coming from houses,
industries, streets, runoff etc to protect the environment and people from
serious diseases, as more than 50 diseases spread from sewage. So for a
good living, the sewers should be properly designed and the sewage
should be treated properly before discharging it into the river. Design of
Sewer System

Some of the important and relevant terms for sewer system are discussed
below….

Sewage

It is Liquid Waste or Waste Water produce as a result of water use.Design

of Sewer System

Sewer
It is the pipe or conduit for carrying sewage. It is generally closed and flow
takes place undr gravity (Atmospheric Pressure). Design of Sewer System

Sewerage

Sewerage is the system of collection of waste water and conveying it to a S e a rch This Si t e
point of final disposal with or without treatment. Design of Sewer System

Sources of waste water Search

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 Following are the principal sources of waste water

Domestic S u b scribe to C i v i l e n g i n e e r s p k

Industrial
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Domestic
It is the waste water from houses, offices, other buildings, hotels and Email Address
institutions. Design of Sewer System

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Industrial
It is the liquid waste from the industrial places from their different industrial
processes like dying, paper matting, tanneries, chemical industries,
etc. Design of Sewer System

Storm Water
It includes surface runoff generated from rainfall and the street
wash. Design of Sewer System

Types of Sewer Systems

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Following are the types of sewerage. Design of Sewer System
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Separate System
L i k e Civilengine e r s p k
It is the system in which
storm water is carried
separately from domestic Civilengineerspk.com
43,036 likes
and industrial waste water.
This system is preferred
when Like Page Share

There is an immediate Be the first of your friends to like this

need for collection of sanitary sewage but not for storm water
When sanitary sewage needs treatment but the storm water does
not. Design of Sewer System
Combined System
It is the type of system in
which sewer carries both
the sanitary and storm
water. Combined system is
favored when

Combined sewage can be disposed off without treatment

Both sanitary and storm water need treatment
Streets are narrow and two separate sewers can not be laid. Design of
Sewer System
Types of Sewers Design of Sewer System

Sanitary Sewers
It carries sanitary sewage i.e. waste water from municipality including
Domestic and Industrial wastewaters. Design of Sewer System
 Storm Sewer
It carries storm sewage including Surface Runoff and Street Wash. Design
of Sewer System

Combined Sewer

It carries domestic, industrial and storm sewage. Design of Sewer System

House Sewer

It is the sewer conveying sewage from plumbing system of building to

common/municipal sewers.

Lateral sewer
This sewer carries discharge from two or more house sewers. Design of
Sewer System

Sub-Main Sewer

This sewer carries discharge from two or more laterals. Design of Sewer
System

Main/ Trunk Sewer

It receives discharge from two or more sub-mains.
 Outfall Sewer
It receives discharge from all collecting system and conveys it to the point
of final disposal.

Sewage flow
 It is flow derived from the sanitary and industrial sewage that is the raw
water from these industries and houses, so it means it has direct relation
with the amount of water consumed.
Generally 80 to 90 % of the water consumption is taken as sewage or
waste water flow. Design of Sewer System

Variation in sewage flow

Like water supply, sewage flow varies from time to time. Since sewers
must be able to accommodate Maximum Rate of Flow, the variation in the
sewage flow must be studied.
Generally Herman Formula is used to estimate the ratio of Maximum to
Average Flow

P is population in thousands. Design of Sewer System

WASA Lahore Design Considers the following relationship for sewer

design

Average Sewage Flow (m3 /day) Peak Factor

≤ 2500 4.0

2500 – 5000 3.4

5000 – 10000 3.1

10000 – 25000 2.7

25000 – 50000 2.5

50000 – 100000 2.3

100000 – 250000 2.15

250000 – 500000 2.08

> 500000 2.0

Infiltration
It is amount of water that enters into the sewers through poor joints,
cracked pipes, walls and covers of manholes. Design of Sewer System

It is nonexistent during dry weather but increases during rainy season.

Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Lahore uses the following
infiltration rates for the design of sewer system.

Sewer Diameter Infiltration

225 mm to 600 mm 5 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

> 600 mm 10 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

Design Period
 Sewer System
Period of design is indefinite. The system is designed to take care for the
maximum development of the area. But we take design period of 20 years
for our sewer system. Design of Sewer System

Sewer Pumping Station

Design period is 10-years.
Rate of Flow are average daily, peak and minimum flow including
Infiltration.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project is based on the design of Partially combined sewerage system
of a community which is having approximately a flat terrain because the
difference in the reduce levels is very small. I have designed the sewage
pumping station along with the hydraulic statement and the required
drawings plus some extra drawings. I am confident that my design will
work successfully and there will be not any problems. The Layout of the
community is given as under. Design of Sewer System

DESIGN CRITERIA
Design Flow
First of all calculate the average sewage flow on the basis of water
consumption and the population at the end of the design period. i.e at the
full development of the area. Then the design flow for sanitary sewer and
partially combined sewers can by calculated by using the following
formulae. Design of Sewer System

For Sanitary Sewer

 Qdesign= Peak sewage flow + infiltration

For partially combined sewer (WASA Criteria)

Qdesign = 2xPeak sewage flow + infiltration

Design Equation

Manning’s Equation is used for sewers flowing under gravity Design of

Sewer System

Where
V = Velocity of flow in m/sec
R = Hydraulic mean depth (A/P) = D/4 when pipe is flowing full or half full
S = Slope of the sewer
n = Coefficient of roughness for pipes

Minimum (Self Cleansing) Velocity

Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent the
settlement of solid matter in the sewer. Self Cleansing Velocity is the
minimum velocity that ensures non settlement of suspended matter in the
sewer. Design of Sewer System

The following minimum velocities are generally employed

Sanitary sewer = 0.6 m/sec

Storm sewer = 1.0 m/sec
 Partially combined sewer = 0.7 m/sec

Maximum velocity
The maximum velocities in the sewer pipes should not exceed more than
2.4 m/sec. This max velocity in the sewer should not exceed this limit of
2.4 m/sec. It is to avoid the excessive sewer abrasion and also to avoid
steep slopes. Design of Sewer System

Minimum Sewer Size

225mm is taken as the minimum sewer size. The reason being that, the
choking does not take place even with the bigger size particles, which are
usually thrown into the sewer through manholes. Design of Sewer System

Minimum Cover of Sewer

1m is taken as the minimum cover over the sewers to avoid damage from
live loads coming on the sewer. Design of Sewer System

Spacing of Manhole (WASA, Criteria)

For (Sewer Size) 225mm to 380mm spacing not more than

100m

For (Sewer Size) 460mm to 760mm spacing not more than

120m

For (Sewer Size) greater than 760mm spacing not more than
150m

Direction of Sewer Line

Sewer should flow, as for as possible the Natural Slope. Design of Sewer
System

Design of Sewer

Size of Sewer

Use the following relation to find the diameter of sewer

Qf = A x V

Slope of Sewer

Select the minimum velocity value and use the Manning’s formula

Invert Level
The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer pipe is known as
Invert Level at that Cross-section. Design of Sewer System

Invert Level = NGSL/Road Level – Depth of Sewer – Thickness of Sewer –

Dia. of Sewer
 Joints in Sewers
Bell & Spigot Joint
Tongue &Groove Joint

Manholes
These are provided for

Cleaning
inspection and
house connection

At

Change in Sewer
direction
Change in sewer diameter
Change in slope

One man hole to be provided for 2-4 plots Design of Sewer System

Design of Sewer System

 SEWERAGE DESIGN DATA
No of Plots = 281

No of Apartments = 3

No of Flats = 3

Design period = 20 years

POPULATION FORECAST

Present (2009) Design (2029)

Persons/plot 7 10

Persons/apartment 400 600

Persons/flat 200 400

POPULATION FORECASTING

Present Population Pp= 1) 281×7+400×3+200×3 = 3767

Design Population Pd= 2) 281×10+600×3+400×3 = 5810
Annual Growth Rate = 2.1% (For Pakistan, 2008 report)

Design Population Pd
Design of Sewer System

1) Pd = Pp x (1+2.1/100)20
Pd = 3767x(1+2.1/100)20 = 5709
Pd = 5810 ( From Table)
Per capita water consumption = 350 + 44= 394 lpcd (liters per capita per
day)
Average Design flow = Pd x water consumption x 0.8 / 1000
(80% goes to sewers as waste water)
= (394 x 5810 x 0.8 ) / 1000
Qavg = 1831.312 m3/day
Peak factor = 4 (from WASA table)

To Check Infiltration rates

 DESIGN OF WET WELL
Qmax = 14742.1m3/day = 10.237 m3/min

Pumping capacity
P = Qmax = 10.237 m3/min

Minimum cycle time Design of Sewer System

Minimum Cycle time must not be less than 5-minutes

For smaller pumps t min = 15 min
Volume = V = [P x t(min)]/4
Effective Volume = ( 10.237 x 15 ) / 4 = 38.39 m3 Design of Sewer System

DIMENSIONS OF WET WELL

Length = 3.6 m Design of Sewer System

Width = 3.6m
Height = 3 m
 Volume = 3.6*3.6*3 = 38.88m3
Pump must run for at least 2 minutes
Check the cycle time , should be greater than 2 minutes
t = V/(P-Qmin) = 38.39 / (10.237 – 0.6358) = 3.99~=4
So 4 minutes is greater than 2 minutes ..( OK) Design of Sewer System

Cycle Time for Minimum and Average Flow

CYCLE TIME = t = (V/(P-Q))+(V/Q)

For Qmin = 38.39 / (10.237 – 0.6358) + 38.398/0.6358 = 64.391 min >

15min (OK)
For Qavg = 38.39 / (10.237 -1.271) + 38.39/1.271 = 34.48 min > 15min
(OK)
MANHOLE
DROP MANHOLE

SEWER JOINTS
SEWER BEDDINGS
COMMENTS
 This design is based on partially combined sewerage system thus is
economic.
All the necessary things are taken from the WASA tables and Minimum
velocity is taken as 0.6 m/sec which is the self cleansing velocity and
velocity must not be more than 2.4 m/sec.
Minimum diameter of sewer is taken as 225 mm and other diameters
are rounded to the locally available in the market according to WASA
standards.
Minimum rate of sewage flow is taken as 50% of average sewage flow.
Minimum clear cover of 1-m is provided above the sewer in order to
avoid from impact of live loading.
Flush tanks are provided where velocity is less than 0.6 m/Sec. Design
of Sewer System

RESULTS
Diameters are less then 600mm so Infiltration rate used is 5% of
average sewage flow.
Bell & Spigot joints have been used as the diameters are less then
600mm.
One Drop Manhole is coming at M15 as the vertical drop is more than
0.6m.
In Sewers (M9-M8, M8-M11, M10-M11, M12-M13, M5-M18, M20-M21,
M24-M21, M21-M22, M25-M26), Velocity is less than the self cleansing
velocity So, Flush tanks will be provided here.
Most of the diameters are of 225mm ensuring the economic side of the
project.
Wet well dimensions are 2.5×3.5×4.4.
Cycle time of 15 minutes is satisfied ensuring the adaptability of small
pumps so more economic.

RECOMMENDATIONS
 Flush tanks should be flushed once in 24 hours to avoid sediment
deposition.
If the sewer is to be laid under the water table then crushed stone
bedding should be used.
Sewers should be joined in a manhole keeping the crowns at the same
level.

Design of Sewer System, Design of Sewer

System, Design of Sewer System, Design
of Sewer System, Design of Sewer
System, Design of Sewer System, Design
of Sewer System

Design of Sewer System, Design of Sewer System, Design of Sewer

System, Design of Sewer System

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73 Replies to “Design of Sewer System”

Anwaar Ahmed on November 7, 2014 at 16:12 said:

Good Work Sir

I am working as Sub Engineer at a TMA. I got enough
 guidance from work good work.
Regards

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD
on November 8, 2014 at 07:56 said:

THANKS

Reply ↓

Ebd
on February 26, 2015 at 20:39 said:

You said that the drainage design is equal to two times

the maximum discharge while when calculated leakage
reported that drainage design is equal to two times the
rate of discharge .. I hope statement this point if allowed

Reply ↓

MAYANK NAGLE

on November 2, 2016 at 14:14 said:

 It best description for sewar design & it’s so halpfull for me. So
thank u sir

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on November 2, 2016 at 17:19 said:

You are Welcome

Reply ↓

Richie Kaiwus Kaising

on November 5, 2017 at 02:17 said:

This informatiion is help me alot in designing of the sewer system

, thanks soo much

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on November 5, 2017 at 18:23 said:

Welcome
 Reply ↓

Abdul Raheem Siddiqui on January 20, 2015 at 07:24 said:

Very good material, it will be more beneficial if you could

have shown the calculation or uploaded supporting excel file.

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD

on January 20, 2015 at 15:35 said:

NOPE

Reply ↓

Ebd on February 26, 2015 at 20:41 said:

You said that the drainage design is equal to two times the
maximum discharge while when calculated leakage reported
that drainage design is equal to two times the rate of
discharge .. I hope statement this point if allowed
 Reply ↓

ABED EL BASET on March 23, 2015 at 09:17 said:

HI:
I WOULD LIKE TO BUY PROGRAM FOR DESIGN
SEWAGE NET WORK WITH PROFILE.

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD

on March 23, 2015 at 11:03 said:

All softwares available on the site require membership.

https://civilengineerspk.com/membership/

Reply ↓

Qazi Litafat-Ur-Rehman
on January 2, 2016 at 17:42 said:

I cannot download Excel sheets as I require one for the

design of Sewerage system though I got the membership

Reply ↓
 UBAIDAHMAD
on January 2, 2016 at 18:29 said:

All excel sheets are available here only

https://civilengineerspk.com/excel-sheets/

Reply ↓

Wanjala Daniel Masinde on March 31, 2015 at 07:33 said:

Would like to inquire more on how to overcome excess

sewage in places where there is already established sewer
line yet there is increased population

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD

on March 31, 2015 at 13:09 said:

How much sewage you are talking about ? 😛

Reply ↓
 gebrewahid on April 15, 2015 at 09:21 said:

I WOULD LIKE TO BUY PROGRAM FOR DESIGN

SEWAGE NET WORK WITH PROFILE

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD

on April 15, 2015 at 14:59 said:

its already available free online

Reply ↓

Sonia on April 18, 2015 at 10:23 said:

Thanx alot. This article was a lifesaver. I am doing something

similar for my undergrad project. Is there information on ABR
(Anaerobi Baffle Reactor) sizing and formulas?

Thanx again.

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD
 on April 18, 2015 at 18:29 said:

your welcome 🙂
Reply ↓

Noman Khan on May 1, 2015 at 09:24 said:

Hello sir your work is very appreciable, sir can you plz tell me
how many types of networking are there in sewerage system
and what are their names. And also where does the peak
facor like 4.5,4,3 come from.
Hope u would consider my question.
Thank you!

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD
on May 5, 2015 at 10:46 said:

https://civilengineerspk.com/design-of-sewer-system/

Reply ↓
 Qazi Litafat-Ur-Rehman on January 2, 2016 at 18:06 said:

Please send Excel sheet for the design of sewerage system

on my ID litafat@gmail.com Please note that I got the
membership, thanks

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD

on January 2, 2016 at 18:27 said:

All excel sheets are available here

https://civilengineerspk.com/excel-sheets/

Reply ↓

KHIDIR BALLA on February 7, 2016 at 08:03 said:

I would like to ask if I want to design separate sewer system

where is the different will be is it in the slopes only!!, and
what type of pipe you recommend UPVC or GRP

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD

on February 7, 2016 at 08:58 said:

You will be using all parameters of separate sewer system like
discharge, self cleansing velocity etc.

Reply ↓

sam on February 19, 2016 at 02:24 said:

could you please give me an example of the Analysis

statement for main sewer for any area?

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD

on February 19, 2016 at 09:44 said:

what ?

Reply ↓

Esa on March 15, 2016 at 20:05 said:

Impressive ..can u plz tell me what should be the covering

thickness for Rcc pipes Binith the main road if pipe size is
approximately 24 inch in dia
 Reply ↓

yesha on March 27, 2016 at 19:26 said:

This was really helpful, i m working on my college project

and this kinda helped me save time to go through all the
literature regarding design as m already running short of it.
Thank you!

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD

on March 28, 2016 at 08:33 said:

You’re Welcome 🙂 We are glad that it helped you.

Reply ↓

Jenny Christopher on April 17, 2016 at 21:02 said:

Hello,

I am a student at the University of Wisconsin – Stevens

Point. For a interpretive media class I have to design a sign
for a local waste water treatment plant in Green Bay to use
to educate their visitors. I am looking for an image of a
 separate sewer system to use in the sign and came across a
couple on your website that would be perfect. I was
wondering if you would allow me to use any of your images
and if you have any high quality versions of them?

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD
on April 18, 2016 at 02:51 said:

You can click on them and download them as per your

requirement.

Reply ↓

pema yangjey on May 20, 2016 at 08:43 said:

The site was worth visiting for me. it was indeed which
helped me the most in doing my final year project in Diploma
course this year. so i would like to thank and say i am very
pleased to get accessed to this. thanks for the helps.

Reply ↓

UBAIDAHMAD

on May 20, 2016 at 14:46 said:

 You are Welcome 🙂
Reply ↓

abdurahim on August 30, 2016 at 18:29 said:

can u do it piiz

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on August 30, 2016 at 19:52 said:

No we dont solve questions here

Reply ↓

faizal ibn nazeer on October 3, 2016 at 19:01 said:

here design of sewer in software tool was missing sir like

autocad or staad pro ect if u provide that it will help for up
coming civil engg student like me

Reply ↓
 Basit Ali on November 15, 2016 at 17:56 said:

Thanks Sir ap k iss design ki wajah se hamin khud zyada

type nai krna para 😛😀
Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on November 16, 2016 at 04:30 said:

Samajh Aani chahiye ta k khud kar sako.

Reply ↓

Esha on November 22, 2016 at 20:38 said:

what is the minimum threshold for opting separate sewerage

system in terms of Indian conditions?

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on November 23, 2016 at 04:42 said:

 You can ask here
https://www.facebook.com/groups/jobsforcivilengineers/?
ref=bookmarks

Reply ↓

Bett Derick
on July 8, 2018 at 21:36 said:

Thankyou very much. I just found the solution to all my

civil engineering problems.

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on July 17, 2018 at 05:13 said:

Welcome

Reply ↓

R P KUKREJA on February 17, 2017 at 12:40 said:

GOOD GUIDELINES TO UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF
DESIGN

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on February 17, 2017 at 17:29 said:

Thanks

Reply ↓

Eng. Willbroad Twinomujuni on February 24, 2017 at 13:48 said:

great. keep it up

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on February 24, 2017 at 16:08 said:

Thanks

Reply ↓
 Tinsae on May 24, 2017 at 07:32 said:

wow,it is very attractive design.I like it so much.go ahead

Reply ↓

kira aregay on July 4, 2017 at 13:01 said:

wow that is better design i like it go ahead

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on July 4, 2017 at 18:54 said:

Thanks

Reply ↓

Baraa on November 6, 2017 at 06:56 said:

What a perfect lesson. I really appreciate the efforts and time

you have spent preparing this.
 Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on November 6, 2017 at 17:16 said:

Thankyou

Reply ↓

M.shahzaib on November 26, 2018 at 14:00 said:

sir plz tell me how we design the combined sewer

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on November 27, 2018 at 06:13 said:

Its written in this article. If you want us to design it, feel free to
contact civilengineerspk@gmail.com

Reply ↓
 David Stewart on February 1, 2019 at 19:35 said:

How far from a residential house should a main sanitary

sewer manhole be? I’m talking about the one that usually
goes in the middle of the street.
One was covered up when my house was being built last
year and it’s only 15 feet from my front door in my front yard.
It’s also a major T- junction for the neighborhood. The
metropolitan sewer district said the developer idefinitely put it
in the wrong place and it should have been in the street or in
the sidewalk. I just don’t know what the codes are for
Kentucky.
Thanks Dave

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on February 1, 2019 at 19:41 said:

http://www.nicholasville.org/planning/GeneralSpecifications_2013.
pdf
Download this file

Reply ↓

samra on February 19, 2019 at 15:14 said:

how i can cite it?

 Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on February 19, 2019 at 17:10 said:

Give reference of this site

Reply ↓

Shoukat ullah Battani on April 21, 2019 at 10:40 said:

We take Sewerage system design project in final year in

UET Peshawar Bannu campus..We use your pattern to
design the sewer..plz mention the softweres u used in layout
of sewer..
Really appreciate your work…

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on April 26, 2019 at 15:06 said:

EPA.NET 2.
Thanks
 Reply ↓

Ahmad Raza on July 25, 2019 at 14:09 said:

A.o.A
i am student of MSc in water resources engineering in uet
lahore. i am working on rehabilitation of combined sewer for
which i require existing design of any colony or town in
lahore.
my email id is
chahmadraza413@gmail.com

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on July 26, 2019 at 12:36 said:

you can use this

Reply ↓

Rana Sajid on July 31, 2019 at 10:01 said:

how to find slope

 Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on August 1, 2019 at 09:40 said:

Formula

Reply ↓

Rana Sajid on September 7, 2019 at 11:53 said:

How to design separate sewer system kindly guide me

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on September 10, 2019 at 05:56 said:

Follow the procedure by using values of separate design

Reply ↓
 Hamza Hussain on July 14, 2020 at 06:08 said:

Assalam u Alaikum!
Sir, I was your student in UET (2015-2019).
I can’t getting from where you get the values of Qmax =
10.237 m3/min , Qmin = 0.6358 m3/min and Qavg = 1.271
m3/min in design of wet well.

Kindly help me.

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on July 14, 2020 at 12:00 said:

Dont remember now. Its very old

Reply ↓

Hamza Hussain on July 20, 2020 at 04:30 said:

Will you please check it out from your sheets?

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on July 21, 2020 at 14:32 said:

 Will see

Reply ↓

Aimal Sohail on July 25, 2020 at 16:47 said:

AOA, i can’t understand that how we calculated “d” and “Va”

that’s in excel sheet

Reply ↓

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on July 25, 2020 at 19:24 said:

May be from hydraulic statement. I dont remember now its very

old.

Reply ↓

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