Section TECH-E
Paper Stock
TECH-E-1 Paper Stock Discussion
Centrifugal pumps are used with complete success in handling paper
stock and other fibrous suspensions. However, the nature of a stock
suspension requires certain special considerations. All of the factors
affecting pump operation discussed below must be carefully
considered for a good installation.
SUCTION PIPING
The stock must be delivered freely to the impeller for the pump to
operate. The suction pipe should be as short and direct as possible.
The suction pipe and entrance from the stock chest should never be
smaller than the pump suction connection, and should be level with
no air pockets. Always keep the direction of flow in a straight line.
Inadequate suction design with undersize pipe and excessive fittings
can prevent the pump from delivering rated capacity, or from
operating at all on high consistency stocks.
SUCTION HEAD
Stock pumps will not operate when a vacuum is required to maintain
flow into the pump. Thus, there must be a static suction head
sufficient to overcome suction line friction losses.
PERCENT CONSISTENCY
The consistency of a pulp and water suspension is the percent by
weight of pulp in the mixture. Oven Dry (O.D.) consistency is the
amount of pulp left in a sample after drying in an oven at 212°F.
Air Dry (A.D.) consistency is an arbitrary convention used by paper-
makers, and is the amount of pulp left in a sample after drying in
atmosphere. Air Dry stock contains 10% more moisture than Bone
Dry stock, i.e. 6% O.D. is 6.67% A.D.
Traditional paper stock pumps will handle stock up to approximately
6% O.D. consistency. The absolute maximum limit is a function of
many factors including stock fiber length, pulping process, degree of
refining, available suction head, etc. In certain situations, consisten-
cies as high as 8% O.D. can be successfully handled with a standard
paper stock pump.
Recent testing on various types of stock has indicated that pump per-
formance is the same as on water for stock consistencies up to 6%
O.D. In other words, water curves can be used to select stock
pumps, as the capacity, head and efficiency are the same as for
water.
Medium consistency paper stock is a term generally used to describe
stock between 7% and 15% O.D. consistency. Pumping of medium
consistency paper stock with a centrifugal pump is possible, but
requires a special design due to the fiber network strength and the
inherently high air content.
TECH-E
AIR IN STOCK
Entrained air is detrimental to good operation of any centrifugal
pump, and can result in reduced capacity, increased erosion and
shaft breakage. Obviously every effort must be made to prevent the
over-entrainment of air throughout the process.
EXCESSIVE DISCHARGE THROTTLING
While it is realized that excess capacity is normally required over the
paper machine output in tons per day, "over-selection" of pumps on
the basis of capacity and head usually results in the necessity of
throttling the pump at the valve in the discharge line. Since the valve
is normally located adjacent to the pump, the restriction of the valve
and the high velocity within the valve will result in some dehydration
and cause vibration due to slugs of stock. Vibration at the valve due
to throttling is transmitted to the pump and may reduce the normal life
of the pump-rotating element.
Centrifugal pumps operating at greatly reduced capacity have more
severe loading internally due to hydraulic radial thrust. Hence pumps
selected too greatly oversize in both capacity and head have the
combination of the vibration due to throttling plus the greater internal
radial load acting to reduce the life of the rotating element. As a
general rule, stock pumps should not be operated for extended
periods at less than one quarter of their capacity at maximum
efficiency. When excessive throttling is required, one of the two
methods below should be employed.
1. Review capacity requirements and check the static and friction
head required for the capacity desired. Reduce the impeller
diameter to meet the maximum operating conditions. This will also
result in considerable power saving.
2. Install a by-pass line upstream from the discharge valve back to
the suction chest below the minimum chest level, if possible, and
at a point opposite the chest opening to the pump suction. This
by-pass line should include a valve for flow regulation. This
method is suggested where mill production includes variation in
weight of sheet.
FILLERS AND ADDITIVES
The presence of fillers and chemical additives such as clay, size and
caustics can materially increase the ability of paper stock to remain
in suspension. However, overdosing with additives such as alum
may cause gas formation on the stock fibers resulting in interruption
of pumping.
1312
TECH-E-2 Conversion Chart of Mill Output in Tons per 24 Hours
To U.S. Gallons per Minute of Paper Stock of Various Densities

EXAMPLE:
Find the capacity in gallons per minute of a pump handling 4% stock Enter chart at 200 tons per day, read horizontally to 4% stock, then
for a mill producing 200 tons per 24 hours. downward to find pump capacity of 840 GPM.

TECH-E-2.1 Definitions / Conversion Factors

A.D. = Air Dry stock (Contains 10% Water) T/ D or TPD or S. T/ D = Short Tons Per Day
O.D. = Oven Dry stock (All Water Removed) One Short Ton = 2000 lbs.
Also Called Bone Dry (B.D.)
M. T/ D = Metric Tons per Day
A.D. = 1.11 x O.D. One Metric Ton = 2205 lbs.
O.D. = 0.90 x A.D.
A.D.S. T/ D = Air Dry Short Tons/Day
A.D. = 1.11 O.D.T/ D A.D.M. T/ D = Alr Dry Metric Tons/Day
O.D. = 0.90 x A.D. T/ D
S. T/ D = 1.1025 x M. T/ D
A.D. Consistency = 1.11 x O.D. Consistency
O.D. Consistency = 0.90 x A.D. Consistency Production in A. D. S. T/ D x 15 = Flow in GPM
% O.D. Cons.

Production in A. D. S. T/ D x 16.67 = Flow in GPM

% A.D. Cons.

1313 TECH-E
TECH-E-3 Friction Loss of Pulp Suspensions in Pipe
I. INTRODUCTION (TIS) 408-4 (Reference 1), and is applicable to stock consistencies
(oven-dried) from 2 to 6 percent. Normally, stock consistencies of
In any stock piping system, the pump provides flow and develops
less than 2% (oven-dried) are considered to have the same friction
hydraulic pressure (head) to overcome the differential in head
loss characteristic as water.
between two points. This total head differential consists of pressure
head, static head, velocity head and total friction head produced by The friction loss of pulp suspensions in pipe, as presented here, is
friction between the pulp suspension and the pipe, bends, and intended to supersede the various methods previously issued.
fittings. The total friction head is the most difficult to determine
II. BACKGROUND
because of the complex, nonlinear nature of the friction loss curve.
This curve can be affected by many factors. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show typical friction loss curves for two
different consistencies (C2>C1) of chemical pulp and mechanical
The following analytical method for determining pipe friction loss is
pulp, respectively.
based on the published TAPPI Technical Information Sheet

Fig. 1 – Friction loss curves for chemical pulp (C2 > C1). Fig. 2 – Friction loss curves for mechanical pulp (C2 > C1).

The friction loss curve for chemical pulp can be conveniently

divided into three regions, as illustrated by the shaded areas of
Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 – Friction loss curves for chemical pulp, shaded to Fig. 4 – Friction loss curves for mechanical pulp,
show individual regions. shaded to show individual regions.

TECH-E 1314
These regions may be described as follows:
Region 1 (Curve AB) is a linear region where friction loss for a
given pulp is a function of consistency, velocity, and pipe
diameter. The velocity at the upper limit of this linear
region (Point B) is designated Vmax.
Region 2 (Curve BCD) shows an initial decrease in friction loss
(to Point C) after which the friction loss again increases.
The intersection of the pulp friction loss curve and
the water friction loss curve (Point D) is termed the
onset of drag reduction. The velocity at this point is
designated Vw.
Region 3 (Curve DE) shows the friction loss curve for pulp fiber
suspensions below the water curve. This is due to a
phenomenon called drag reduction. Reference 2
describes the mechanisms which occur in this region.
Regions 2 and 3 are separated by the friction loss curve for water,
which is a straight line with a slope approximately equal to 2.
The friction loss curve for mechanical pulp, as illustrated in Fig. 4, is
divided into only two regions:
Regions 1 and 3. For this pulp type, the friction loss curve crosses
the water curve at VW and there is no true Vmax.
III. DESIGN PARAMETERS
To determine the pipe friction loss component for a specified design
basis (usually daily mass flow rate), the following parameters must
be defined:
a) Pulp Type - Chemical or mechanical pulp, long or short
fibered, never dried or dried and reslurried, etc. This is
required to choose the proper coefficients which define
the pulp friction curve.
b) Consistency, C (oven-dried) - Often a design
constraint in an existing system. NOTE: If air-dried
consistency is known, multiply by 0.9 to convert to
oven-dried consistency.
c) Internal pipe diameter, D - Lowering D reduces initial
capital investment, but increases pump operating costs.
Once the pipe diameter is selected, it fixes the velocity
for a prespecified mass flow rate.
d) Bulk velocity, V - Usually based on a prespecified daily
mass flow rate. Note that both V and D are interdepen-
dent for a constant mass flow rate.
e) Stock temperature, T - Required to adjust for the effect
of changes in viscosity of water (the suspending
medium) on pipe friction loss.
f) Freeness - Used to indicate the degree of refining or to
define the pulp for comparison purposes.
g) Pipe material - Important to specify design correlations
and compare design values.
1315
IV. PIPE FRICTION ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
The bulk velocity (V) will depend on the daily mass flow rate and the
pipe diameter (D) selected. The final value of V can be optimized to
give the lowest capital investment and operating cost with due
consideration of future demands or possible system expansion.
The bulk velocity will fall into one of the regions previously
discussed. Once it has been determined in which region the design
velocity will occur, the appropriate correlations for determining pipe
friction loss value(s) may be selected. The following describes the
procedure to be used for estimating pipe friction loss in each of the
regions.
Region 1 The upper limit of Region 1 in Figure 3 (Point B) is
designated Vmax. The value of Vmax is determined using
Equation 1 and data given in Table I or IA.
Vmax = K' C  (ft/s), 1
where K' = numerical coefficient (constant for a given pulp is
attained from Table I or IA.
C = consistency (oven-dried, expressed as a percentage,
not decimally), and
 = exponent (constant for a given pulp), obtained from
Table I or IA.
It the proposed design velocity (V) is less than Vmax, the value of
flow resistance ( H/ L) may be calculated using Equation
2 and data given in Table II or IIA, and the appendices.
H/L = F K V C Dy (ft/100 ft), 2
where F = factor to correct for temperature, pipe
roughness, pulp type, freeness, or safety factor
(refer to Appendix D),
K = numerical coefficient (constant for a given pulp),
obtained from Table II or IIA,
V = bulk velocity (ft/s),
C = consistency (oven-dried, expressed as a percentage,
not decimally),
D = pipe inside diameter (in), and
, , y =exponents (constant for a given pulp),
obtained from Table II or IIA.
For mechanical pumps, there is no true Vmax. The upper limit of the
correlation equation (Equation 2 ) is also given by Equation 1 . In
this case, the upper velocity is actually Vw.
Region 2 The lower limit of Region 2 in Fig. 3 (Point B) is Vmax
and the upper limit (Point D) is Vw. The velocity of the
stock at the onset of drag reduction is determined using
Equation 3
VW = 4.00 C1.40 (ft/s), 3
where C = consistency (oven-dried, expressed as a percentage,
not decimally).
If V is between Vmax and Vw, Equation 2 may be used to determine
H/ L at the maximum point (Vmax). Because the system must
cope with the worst flow condition, H/ L at the maximum point
(Vmax) can be used for all design velocities between Vmax and Vw.
TECH-E
Region 3 A conservative estimate of friction loss is obtained by APPENDIX A
using the water curve. ( H/ L)w can be obtained from a
When metric (SI) units are utilized, the following replace the corre-
Friction Factor vs. Reynolds Number plot (Reference 3,
sponding equations in the main text.
for example), or approximated from the following equa-
tion (based on the Blasius equation). Vmax = K' C  (m/s) 1M

( H/ L)w = 0.58. V1.75 D-1.25 (ft/100 ft), 4 where K = numerical coefficient (constant for a given pulp),
obtained from Table I or IA,
where V = bulk velocity (ft/s), and
C = consistency (oven-dried, expressed as a percentage,
D = pipe diameter (in).
not decimally), and
Previously published methods for calculating pipe friction loss of
 = exponent (constant for a given pulp), obtained from
pulp suspensions gave a very conservative estimate of head loss.
Table I or IA.
The method just described gives a more accurate estimate of head
loss due to friction, and has been used successfully in systems in H/ L = F K V  C D y (m/100m), 2M
North America and world-wide. where F = factor to correct for temperature, pipe roughness, pulp
Please refer to Appendix A for equivalent equations for use with type, freeness, or safety factor (refer to Appendix D),
metric (SI) units. Tables I and IA are located in Appendix B; Tables K = numerical coefficient (constant for a given pulp),
II and IIA are located in Appendix C. Pertinent equations, in addition obtained from Table II or IIA,
to those herein presented, are located in Appendix D. Example
problems are located in Appendix E. V = bulk velocity (m/s),

V. HEAD LOSSES IN BENDS AND FITTINGS C = consistency (oven-dried, expressed as a percentage,

not decimally),
The friction head loss of pulp suspensions in bends and fittings
may be determined from the basic equation for head loss, D = pipe inside diameter (mm), and
Equation 5 . , , y = exponents (constant for a given pulp), obtained from
H = K V12/ 2g (ft), 5 Table II or IIA.
VW = 1.22 C1.40 (m/s), 3M
where K = loss coefficient for a given fitting,
V1 = inlet velocity (ft/s), and where C = consistency (oven-dried, expressed as a percentage,
not decimally).
g = acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/s2).
( H/ L)w = 264 V1.75 D -1.25 (m/100m), 4M
Values of K for the flow of water through various types of bends and
fittings are tabulated in numerous reference sources (Reference 3, where V = bulk velocity (m/s), and
for example). The loss coefficient for valves may be obtained from D = pipe inside diameter (mm).
the valve manufacturer.
H = K V12/ 2g (m), 5M
The loss coefficient for pulp suspensions in a given bend or fitting
where K = loss coefficient for a given fitting,
generally exceeds the loss coefficient for water in the same bend or
fitting. As an approximate rule, the loss coefficient (K) increases 20 V1 = inlet velocity (m/s), and
percent for each 1 percent increase in oven-dried stock consisten- g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2).
cy. Please note that this is an approximation; actual values of K
may differ, depending on the type of bend or fitting under
consideration (4).

TECH-E 1316
APPENDIX B

TABLE I
Data for use with Equation 1 or Equation 1M to determine velocity limit, Vmax (1).

Pulp Type Pipe Material K' 

Unbeaten aspen sulfite never dried Stainless Steel 0.85 (0.26) 1.6
Long fibered kraft never dried CSF = 725 (6) PVC 0.98 (0.3) 1.85
Stainless Steel 0.89 (0.27) 1.5
Long fibered kraft never dried CSF = 650 (6) PVC 0.85 (0.26) 1.9
Long fibered kraft never dried CSF = 550 (6) PVC 0.75 (0.23) 1.65
Long fibered kraft never dried CSF = 260 (6) PVC 0.75 (0.23) 1.8
Bleached kraft never dried and reslurried (6) PVC 0.79 (0.24) 1.5
Stainless Steel 0.59 (0.18) 1.45
Long fibered kraft dried and reslurried (6) PVC 0.49 (0.15) 1.8
Kraft birch dried and reslurried (6) PVC 0.69 (0.21) 1.3
Stone groundwood CSF = 114 PVC 4.0 (1.22) 1.40
Refiner groundwood CSF = 150 PVC 4.0 (1.22) 1.40
Newsprint broke CSF = 75 PVC 4.0 (1.22) 1.40
Refiner groundwood (hardboard) PVC 4.0 (1.22) 1.40
Refiner groundwood (insulating board) PVC 4.0 (1.22) 1.40
Hardwood NSSC CSF = 620 PVC 0.59 (0.18) 1.8

NOTES: 1. When metric (SI) units are utilized, use the value of K' given in parentheses. When the metric values are used, diameter (D)
must be in millimeters (mm) and velocity (V) in meters per second (m/s).
2. Original data obtained in stainless steel and PVC pipe. PVC is taken to be hydraulically smooth pipe.
3. Stainless steel may be hydraulically smooth although some manufacturing processes may destroy the surface and
hydraulic smoothness is lost.
4. For cast iron and galvanized pipe, the K' values will be reduced. No systematic data are available for the effects of
surface roughness.
5. If pulps are not identical to those shown, some engineering judgement is required.
6. Wood is New Zealand Kraft pulp.

TABLE IA
Data (5, 6) for use with Equation 1 or Equation 1M determine velocity limit, Vmax.

Pulp Type (5) Pipe Material K' 

Unbleached sulphite Copper 0.98 (0.3) 1.2
Bleached sulphite Copper 0.98 (0.3) 1.2
Kraft Copper 0.98 (0.3) 1.2
Bleached straw Copper 0.98 (0.3) 1.2
Unbleached straw Copper 0.98 (0.3) 1.2

Estimates for other pulps based on published literature.

Pulp Type (5, 6) Pipe Material K' 

Cooked groundwood Copper 0.75 (0.23) 1.8
Soda Steel 4.0 (1.22) 1.4

NOTE: When metric (SI) units are utilized, use the value of K' given in parentheses. When the metric values are used, diameter (D) must
be millimeters (mm) and velocity (V) in meters per second (m/s)

1317 TECH-E
APPENDIX C

TABLE II
Data for use with Equation 2 or Equation 2M to determine head loss, H/ L (1).

Pulp Type K   y

Unbeaten aspen sulfite never dried 5.30 (235) 0.36 2.14 -1.04
Long fibered kraft never dried CSF = 725 (5) 11.80 (1301) 0.31 1.81 -1.34
Long fibered kraft never dried CSF = 650 (5) 11.30 (1246) 0.31 1.81 -1.34
Long fibered kraft never dried CSF = 550 (5) 12.10 (1334) 0.31 1.81 -1.34
Long fibered kraft never dried CSF = 260 (5) 17.00 (1874) 0.31 1.81 -1.34
Bleached kraft bleached and reslurred (5) 8.80 (970) 0.31 1.81 -1.34
Long fibered kraft dried and reslurred (5) 9.40 (1036) 0.31 1.81 -1.34
Kraft birch dried and reslurred (5) 5.20 (236) 0.27 1.78 -1.08
Stone groundwood CSF = 114 3.81 (82) 0.27 2.37 -0.85
Refiner groundwood CSF = 150 3.40 (143) 0.18 2.34 -1.09
Newspaper broke CSF = 75 5.19 (113) 0.36 1.91 -0.82
Refiner groundwood CSF (hardboard) 2.30 (196) 0.23 2.21 -1.29
Refiner groundwood CSF (insulating board) 1.40 (87) 0.32 2.19 -1.16
Hardwood NSSF CSF = 620 4.56 (369) 0.43 2.31 -1.20

NOTES: 1. When metric (SI) units are utilized, use the value of K given in parentheses. When the metric values are used,
diameter (D) must be in millimeters (mm) and velocity must be in meters per second (m/s).
2. Original data obtained in stainless steel and PVC pipe (7,8, 9).
3. No safety factors are included in the above correlations.
4. The friction loss depends considerably on the condition of the inside of the pipe surface (10).
5. Wood is New Zealand Kraft pulp.

TABLE IA
Data (5, 6) for use with Equation 2 or Equation 2M to determine head loss, H/ L.

Pulp Type (5) K   y

Unbleached sulfite 12.69 (1438) 0.36 1.89 -1.33
Bleached sulfite 11.40 (1291) 0.36 1.89 -1.33
Kraft 1140 (1291) 0.36 1.89 -1.33
Bleached straw 11.40 (1291) 0.36 1.89 -1.33
Unbleached straw 5.70 (646) 0.36 1.89 -1.33
Estimates for other pulps based on published literature.

Pulp Type (5, 6) K   y

Cooked groundwood 6.20 (501) 0.43 2.13 -1.20
Soda 6.50 (288) 0.36 1.85 -1.04

NOTE: When metric (SI) units are utilized, use the value of K given in parentheses. When the metric values are used, diameter (D) must
be millimeters (mm) and velocity (V) in meters per second (m/s)

APPENDIX D Where T.P.D. = mill capacity (metric tons per day), and
C = consistency (oven-dried, expressed as a
The following gives supplemental information to that where I.P.D.
percentage, not decimally).
mill capacity (metric tons per day), provided in the main text.
2. Bulk velocity, V —
1. Capacity (flow), Q —
V = 0.321 Q (ft/s), or (ii)
Q = 16.65 (T.P.D.) (U.S. GPM), (i) A
C
V = 0.4085 Q (ft/s), (ii)
Where T.P.D. = mill capacity (short tons per day), and D2
C = consistency (oven-dried, expressed as a
percentage, not decimally). Where Q = capacity (U.S. GPM)
A = inside area of pipe (in2), and
If SI units are used, the following would apply:
D = inside diameter of pipe (in)
-3
Q = 1.157 (10 ) (T.P.D.) (m3/s), (iM)
C

TECH-E 1318
The following would apply if SI units are used:
6
V = 1 (10 ) Q (m/s), or (iiM)
A determination of pipe friction loss in each of the three regions
6
V = 1.273 (10 ) Q (m/s), (iiM)
D2
Where Q = capacity (m3/s),
A = inside area of pipe (mm2), and
D = inside diameter of pipe (mm)
3.Multiplication Factor, F (.included in Equation 2 ) -
F = F1• F2 • F3 • F4 • F5, (iv)
where F1 =correction factor for temperature. Friction loss calcula-
tions are normally based on a reference pulp tempera-
ture of 95° F (35°C). The flow resistance may be
increased or decreased by 1 percent for each 1.8°F
(1°C) below or above 95°F (35°C), respectively. This
may be expressed as follows:
F1 = 1.528 - 0.00556 T, (v)
where T = pulp temperature (° F), or
F1 = 1.35 - 0.01 T, (vM)
where T = pulp temperature (°C).
F2 = correction factor for pipe roughness. This factor may
vary due to manufacturing processes of the piping,
surface roughness, age, etc. Typical values for PVC
and stainless steel piping are listed below:
F2 = 1.0 for PVC piping,
F2 = 1.25 for stainless steel piping.
Please note that the above are typical values;
experience and/or additional data may modify the
above factors.
F3 = correction factor for pulp type. Typical values are listed
below:
F3 = 1.0 for pulps that have never been dried and
reslurried,
F3 = 0.8 for pulps that have been dried and reslurried.
NOTE: This factor has been incorporated in the numer-
ical coefficient, K, for the pulps listed in Table II. When
using Table II, F3 should not be used.
F4 = correction factor for beating. Data have shown that pro-
gressive beating causes, initially, a small decrease in
friction loss, followed by a substantial increase. For a
kraft pine pulp initially at 725 CSF and F4 = 1.0, beating
caused the freeness to decrease to 636 CSF and F4 to
decrease to 0.96. Progressive beating decreased the
freeness to 300 CSF and increased F4 to 1.37 (see K
values in Table II). Some engineering judgement may
be required.
F5 = design safety factor. This is usually specified by
company policy with consideration given to future
requirements.
1319
APPENDIX E
The following are three examples which illustrate the method for
shown in Figure 3.
Example 1.
Determine the friction loss (per 100 ft of pipe) for 1000 U.S. GPM
of 4.5% oven-dried unbeaten aspen sulfite stock, never dried, in 8
inch schedule 40 stainless steel pipe (pipe inside diameter = 7.981
in). Assume the pulp temperature to be 95° F.
Solution:
a) The bulk velocity, V, is
V = 0.4085 Q, (ii)
D2
and Q = flow = 1000 U.S. GPM.
D = pipe inside diameter = 7.981 in.
V = 0.4085 (1000) = 6.41 ft/s.
7.9812
b) It must be determined in which region (1, 2, or 3) this velocity
falls. Therefore, the next step is to determine the velocity at the
upper limit of the linear region, Vmax.
Vmax = K' C, 1
and K' = numerical coefficient = 0.85 (from Appendix B, Table I),
C = consistency = 4.5%,
 = exponent = 1.6 (from Appendix B, Table I).
Vmax = 0.85 (4.51.6) = 9.43 ft/s.
c) Since Vmax exceeds V, the friction loss, H/ L, falls within the
linear region, Region 1. The friction loss is given by the
correlation:
H/L =F K V C Dy 2
and F = correction factor = F1• F2 • F3 • F4 • F5,
F1 = correction factor for pulp temperature. Since the pulp
temperature is 95° F,
F1 = 1.0,
F2 = correction factor for pipe roughness. For stainless steel pipe,
F2 = 1.25 (from Appendix D),
F3 = correction factor for pulp type. Numerical coefficients for this
pulp are contained in Appendix C, Table II, and have
already incorporated this factor.
F4 = correction factor for beating. No additional beating has taken
place, therefore
F4 = 1.0 (from Appendix D),
F5 = design safety factor. This has been assumed to be unity.
F5 = 1.0.
F = (1.0) (1.25) (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) = 1.25,
K = numerical coefficient = 5.30 (from Appendix C, Table II),
, , y = exponents = 0.36, 2.14, and -1.04, respectively
(from Appendix C, Table II),
V, C, D have been evaluated previously.
TECH-E
 H/ L = (1.25) (5.30) (6.410.36) (4.52.14) (7.981-1.04) Example 3.

=(1.25) (5.30) (1.952) (25.0) (0.1153)
= 37.28 ft head loss/100 ft of pipe.
This is a rather substantial head loss, but may be acceptable for
short piping runs. In a large system, the economics of initial piping
costs versus power costs should be weighed, however, before using
piping which gives a friction loss of this magnitude.
Determine the friction loss (per 100 ft of pipe) for 2% oven-dried
bleached kraft pine, dried and reslurried, through 6 inch schedule 40
stainless steel pipe (inside diameter = 6.065 in). The pulp tempera-
ture is 90° F; the flow rate 1100 U.S. GPM.
Solution:
a)The bulk velocity is

Example 2. V = 0.4085 Q, (ii)

D2
Determine the friction loss (per 100 ft of pipe) of 2500 U.S. GPM of
3% oven-dried bleached kraft pine, dried and reslurried, in 12 inch = 0.4085 (1100) = 12.22 ft/s.
6.0652
schedule 10 stainless steel pipe (pipe inside diameter = 12.39 in).
Stock temperature is 1250°F. b) It must be determined in which region (1, 2 or 3) this velocity falls.
Solution: To obtain an initial indication, determine Vmax.

a) V, the bulk velocity, is Vmax = K' C , 1

V = 0.4085 Q, (ii) and K' = 0.59 (from Appendix B, Table I),

D2
 = 1.45 (from Appendix B, Table I).
= 0.4085 (2500) = 6.65 ft/s. Vmax = 0.59 (201.40) = 1.61 ft/s.
12.392
c) Since V exceeds Vmax, Region 1 (the linear region) is
b) The velocity at the upper limit of the linear region, Vmax, is eliminated. To determine whether V lies in Region 2 or 3, the
Vmax = K' C , 1 velocity at the onset of drag reduction, Vw, must be calculated.

and K' = 0.59 (from Appendix B, Table I), VW = 4.00 C1.40 3

= 1.45 (from Appendix B, Table I). = 4.00 (2.01.40) = 10.56 ft/s.

Vmax = 0.59 (3.01.45) = 2.90 ft/s. d) V exceeds Vw, indicating that it falls in Region 3.
The friction loss is calculated as that of water flowing at the
c) Region 1 (the linear region) has been eliminated, since the same velocity.
bulk velocity, V, exceeds Vmax.
( H/ L) w = 0.579 V1.75 D-1.25, 4
The next step requires calculation of Vw.
= 0.579 (12.221.75) (6.065-1.25)
VW = 4.00 C1.40 3
= 4.85 ft head loss/100 ft of pipe.
= 4.00 (3.01.40) = 18.62 ft/s.
This will be a conservative estimate, as the actual friction loss
d) V exceeds Vmax, but is less than Vw, indicating that it falls in curve for pulp suspensions under these conditions will be below
Region 2. The friction loss in this region is calculated by the water curve.
substituting Vmax into the equation for head loss, Equation 2 .
H/ L = F K (Vmax)  C Dy,
REFERENCES
and F1 • F2 • F3 • F4 • F5; (iv)
(1) TAPPI Technical Information Sheet (TIS) 408-4. Technical
F1 = 1.528 - 0.00556T, (v) Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Atlanta, Georgia
and T = stock temperature = 125° F (1981). (2) K. Molter and G.G. Duffy, TAPPI 61,1, 63 (1978).
F1 = 1.528 - 0.00556 (125) = 0.833, (3) Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data Book. First Edition,
F2 = 1.25 (from Appendix D), Hydraulic Institute, Cleveland, Ohio (1979).
F3 = F4 = F5 = 1.0, (4) K. Molter and G. Elmqvist, TAPPI 63. 3,101 (1980).
F = 0.833 (1.25) (1.0) = 1.041, (5) W. Brecht and H. Helte, TAPPI 33, 9, 14A (1950).
K = 8.80 (from Appendix C, Table II), (6) R.E. Durat and L.C. Jenness. TAPPI 39, 5, 277 (1956)
, , y = 0.31,1.81, and -1.34, respectively (from (7) K. Molter, G.G. Duffy and AL Titchener, APPITA 26, 4, 278
Appendix C, Table II), (1973)
Vmax, C, and D have been defined previously. (8) G.G. Duffy and A.L. Titchener, TAPPI 57, 5, 162 (1974)
H/L = 1.041 (8.80) (2.900.31) (3.01.81) (12.39-1.34) (9) G.G. Duffy, K. Molter, P.F.W. Lee. and S.W.A. Milne,
APPITA 27, 5, 327 (1974).
= 1.041 (8.80) (1.391) (7.304) (0.03430)
(10) G.G. Duffy, TAPPI 59, 8, 124 (1976).
= 3.19 ft head loss/100 ft of pipe.
(11) G.G. Duffy, Company Communications. Goulds Pumps. Inc..
(1980-1981)

TECH-E 1320
TECH-E-4 Pump Types Used in the Pulp & Paper Industry
Mill Area Typical Services Typical Pump Construction Pump Type Goulds Model

Mixed Flow MF
Log Flume Al/316SS Trim Vertical Turbine VIT
Woodyard Log/Chip Pile spray AI/316SS trim Stock 3175, 3180/85
Chip Washer Al/316SS Trim ANSI 3196
Double Suction 3410, 3415, 3420
Shower Supply Al/31SS Stock 3175, 3180/85
Dilution Supply Al316SS ANSI 3196
Screen Supply Al316SS Double Suction 3410, 3415, 3420
Cleaner Supply 316SS Medium Consistency 3500
Decker Supply 316SS/317SS Hi Temp/Press Stock 3181/86
Pulp Mill Hi/Med. Density Storage 316SS/317SS
Transfer Various
Medium Cons. Storage 316SS/317SS
Chip Chute Circulation CD4MCu
White Liquor Circulation CD4MCu
Condensate Al/316SS
Wash Liquor Circulation 316SS
Brown Stock Storage 316SS Stock 3175, 3180/85
Bleach Tower Storage 316SS ANSI 3196
Bleach Chemical Mixing 317SS, 254 SMO, Titanium Medium Consistency 3500
High Density Storage 316SS/317SS Axial Flow AF
Bleach Plant Chemical Feed 316SS Non-metallic NM 3196
Washer Supply 316SS
Washer Shower Water 316SS
Dilution Water 316SS
Medium Consistency O2 Reactor 316SS
CI02 Generator Circulation Titanium
Refiner Supply 316SS Stock 3175, 3180/85
Stock Prep Deflaker Supply 316SS ANSI 3196
Machine Chest Supply 316SS
Fan Pumps Al/316SS Trim, All 316SS Double Suction 3415, 3420
Paper Machine Couch Pit Al/316SS Trim, All 316SS Stock 3175, 3180/85
(Wet End) Saveall Al/316SS Trim, All 316SS Low Flow LF3196
Sweetner Al/316SS Trim, All 316SS High Pressure 3310H
Shower A/316SS Trim, All 316SS Two-Stage 3316
Dryer Drainage Al/316SS Trim, ANSI 3196
Paper Machine Condensate Al/316SS Trim Low Flow LF 3196
(Dry End) Trim Squirt Al/316SS Trim Stock 3175, 3180/85
Broke Chest Al/316SS Trim
Coating Slurries 316SS/CD4MCu ANSI 3196
Coater Kaolin Clay (Fillers) 316SS/CD4MCu Medium Duty Slurry JC
Weak Black Liquor 316SS ANSI 3196
Evaporator Circulation 316SS Stock 3175, 3180/85
Concentrated Black Liquor 316SS Medium Duty Slurry JC
Condensate Injection Black Liquor 316SS High Temp/Pressure Stock 3181/86
Transfer Pumps 316SS High Pressure 3316
Kraft Recovery Smelt Spout Cooling CD4MCu Multi Stage
Water Collection Al/316SS Trim
Weak Wash Al/316SS Trim
Scrubber 316SS/CD4MCu/28% Chrome
Green Liquor (Storage Transfer) 316SS/CD4MCu/28% Chrome
Lime Mud 316SS/CD4MCu/28% Chrome
Dregs 316SS/CD4MCu/28% Chrome
Feedwater CS/Chrome Trim/All Chrome Multi-Stage 3310H, 3600
Utility Condensate 316SS ANSI 3196
(Power House) Deaerator Booster 316SS High Pressure
Vertical Can 3700, VIC
Double Suction 3410, 3415, 3420
Vertical Turbine VIT
Miscellaneous Mill Water Supply Al/316SS Trim Self-Priming 3796
Sump Pumps Al/316SS Trim Vertical Sumps 3171
Vertical Sump; Recessed VHS
Submersible HSU
Hole/Slot Screen Supply 316SS/CD4MCu Stock 3175, 3180/85
Rejects 316SS/CD4MCu Recessed CV 3196,HS
Recycle Float Cell 316SS ANSI 3196
Medium Consistency Storage 316SS/317SS Medium Consistency 3500
Hydro Pulper 316SS/CD4MCu
Dilution Water Al/316SS Trim

1321 TECH-E