ORAL COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

Elements of Communication
SENDER/ENCODER/SOURCE – The person who conveys the message, oral or written
MESSAGE – a communication in speech or by signals; the ideas and feelings that make up the content of
the communication
MEDIUM – channel or system of communication; the means by which information is transmitted
RECEIVER – the person interpreting/receiving the message/making sense of it
FEEDBACK – the response or reaction to a message
NOISE – interference that keeps a message from being understood accurately

Communication is…
 Symbolic – uses gestures, expressions, letters or other scripts that are given meaning by the
people who use it
 Systemic – different cultures have different ways of communicating; they have varied
acceptable and unacceptable manners in their society
 Irreversible – we cannot take back what we have said
 complex process – has several factors; continuous and constantly changing

Models of Communication
ARISTOTELIAN SMCR/BERLO LASWELL SHANNON & SCHRAMM
WEAVER
-public speaking -C (Channel) is -every -noise occurs -communication happens
-simplest model represented by message in the because of common
-speaker, human senses produces an channel knowledge between speaker
message, audience effect and receiver

Intercultural Communication
STEREOTYPING PREJUDICE DISCRIMINATION
-generalization - (-) or (+) feelings toward a group or -behavior due to stereotypes and prejudice
-“All Chinese are class -“As a teacher, I will choose a Chinese
good at Math” -“I admire Chinese people for their student to participate in every Math Quiz
outstanding numerical abilities” Bee at school”

Cultural Identities
GENDER IDENTITY AGE IDENTITY NATIONAL IDENTITY
“men should court women and “at the age of 65, one should be “Japanese are meticulous”
not vice versa” retired from work”

Ways to improve intercultural communication 1. Language is symbolic – every term

1. Be respectful corresponds to a meaning that may
2. Ask questions vary from person to person
3. Learn about other cultures 2. Language is ambiguous – a statement
4. Avoid using slang and idioms can have more than 1 meaning
5. Be aware 3. Language is arbitrary – different terms
can be used to refer to the same
Verbal Communication concept
Features of Language 4. Language is rule governed:
 ORAL COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER
 PHONOLOGICAL – how to
correctly produce sounds of
letters
 SYNTAX – rules of grammar to
form sentences
 SEMANTIC – giving meanings to
words
 PRAGMATIC – how to use
words/phrases appropriate to
situation/context

Effective Verbal Communication

1. Clarity – be specific
2. Directness - avoid long complicated
sentences
3. Vividness – use detailed descriptions to
create a mental picture
4. Appropriateness – use language that fits
the audience/situation

Nonverbal Communication
Categories:
1. Chronemics – time; Clock
2. Haptics – touch; Haplos
3. Artifacts – what we wear
4. Proxemics – proximity
5. Paralanguage – accent, tone, volume,
pitch, pronunciation
6. Kinesics – posture, body movements,
positions

Functions of Communication
1. Informative
2. Instructive
3. Persuasive
4. Therapeutic
5. Motivation
6. Control/regulation
7. Social interaction
8. Aesthetic
ORAL COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER