In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying

that was developed in the late 1950s by Collins Radio employees Melvin L. Doelz and Earl T. Heald. [1]
Similar to OQPSK, MSK is encoded with bits alternating between quadrature components, with the Q
component delayed by half the symbol period.

However, instead of square pulses as OQPSK uses, MSK encodes each bit as a half sinusoid.[2][3] This
results in a constant-modulus signal (constant envelope signal), which reduces problems caused by
non-linear distortion. In addition to being viewed as related to OQPSK, MSK can also be viewed as a
continuous-phase frequency-shift keyed (CPFSK) signal with a frequency separation of one-half the bit
rate.

In MSK the difference between the higher and lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate.
Consequently, the waveforms used to represent a 0 and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period.
Thus, the maximum frequency deviation is δ = 0.5 fm where fm is the maximum modulating frequency.
As a result, the modulation index m is 0.5. This is the smallest FSK modulation index that can be
chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are orthogonal. A variant of MSK called Gaussian
minimum-shift keying (GMSK) is used in the GSM mobile phone standard.

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