Reinforced Concrete Structures

Basic Design Philosophy

Mahesh Shankar
SGTECH LAB, Chennai
sgtechlab.chennai@gmail.com

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 Content

Designer Flowchart;
Design Philosophy;
 working stress method;
 ultimate load method;
 limit state method;
Basic design concepts;

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 Design Flowchart

Dr. N. Subramanian, Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4

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 Design Philosophy

All greater things are created twice; One in the mind, other on Mother earth.
Rough picture gives you the Real Presentation

You need to Design

Google Images

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 Design Philosophy Contd..,

Strength : Property of element to resist force

Stiffness : Property of element to resist displacement
Ductility : Property of element to undergo large
deformations without loss of either strength or Stiffness

RC Structures intended purpose:

1. Adequate safety in terms of strength & Stability
2. Adequate serviceability in terms of stiffness &
Durabilty
3. Economy & Availability

Methods:
1. Working stress method; 2. Ultimate Load method; 3. Limit state method;

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 Working Stress Method

 Coignel & Tedesco - Earliest Codified Method (1900 B.C.)

 Assumptions: Elastic theory in bending
1. At cross section, plane section remains plane before & After bending.
2. Stress Vs Strain linear (Both Concrete & Steel) ie., σ=Eε
3. Tensile stress only by reinforcement not by concrete
4. Creep effects : m=280/3σcbc
 Yield stress = Ultimate stress
 Concept : Working stress ≤ Permissible stress
 Permissible (Allowable stress) = Ultimate (Yield)/ FOS
 Working load = Service load

Dr. N. Subramanian, Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4

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 Working Stress Method Contd..,

Dr. N. Subramanian, Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4
For problems refer Menon &
pilai book chapter 4

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 Working Stress Method - Limitations

 Linear Elastic behaviour – unrealistic

(Secondary effects like creep, shrinkage, affects Stress redistribution)
 Under estimation of material strength
 Concept of modular ratio – Large % of compression steel; Large geometry;
(Large section but better serviceability)
 Stress – strain of concrete non-linear, Thus modular ratio ≠ Constant.
 Non discrimination of loads (Different types of loads)
Like Dead load counteracts Wind load

Dr. N. Subramanian, Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4

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 Ultimate Load Method

 Stress Condition – Collapse State (1950 B.C.)

 Benefits than previous Working stress method
1. Stress Vs Strain Non- linear (Both Concrete & Steel at Collapse stage)
(Thus Modular ratio problem avoided)
2. Various Load combinations are considered
3. Load Factor (LF) = Ultimate load(Design load) / Working load
(LF = 1.5 for Dead load; LF = 2.2 for Live load; IS456-1964)
4. Thus Slender sections – Economical Design
 Concept : Design load effects ≤ Design Resistance
 Working load = Service load

Dr. N. Subramanian, Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4

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 Ultimate Load Method - Limitations

 Performance at normal service loads not considered.

Ex: Hand brake.
 No Satisfactory serviceability at normal loads due to slender section.
 No proper Non linear analysis performed.
 Difficulties in predicting plastic hinges

Dr. N. Subramanian, Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4

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 Probabilistic Design – Reliability Analysis

 Mid 1960 B.C.

 Concept : Uncertainty in design handled with more rational mathematical frame
work of probability.
 Uncertainty in Loads, material properties, Dimensions accounted optimistically
 Risk is quantified in terms of Probability.
 Quantification is done through statistical & Probabilistic way

 There is no one size shirt for all in the universe

 But then also we cant customize each and everyone’s
Limitations
 Therefore we group them and create a master piece and
size chart like wise Limit state is codified
Dr. N. Subramanian, Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4

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 Limit state Method

 Probabilistic – Deterministic Approach (1978 B.C.)

 ACI – Load & Resistant Factor design (LRFD)
 Benefits than previous method
1. Format involves partial safety factor instead of probability of failure.
2. Stress Vs Strain Non- linear Curve (Thus Modular ratio problem avoided)
3. Various Load combinations are considered.
4. Not Slender always – Economical Design
5. Serviceability is taken care with crack premitted; Span/Depth ratio for
deflection.
 Concept : Limit state – State of Impeding failure
 Limit state of strength
Dr. N. Subramanian,
 Limit state of serviceability Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4
 Special Limit state: Corrosion, creep
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 Limit state Method Contd..,

Dr. N. Subramanian,
Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4

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 Limit state Method Contd..,

Dr. N. Subramanian,
Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures,
Chapter 4

IS 456 – 2000
pg 68

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 Basic Design Concepts

Grade Of Concrete
The desired properties of concrete are its compressive strength, tensile strength,
shear strength, bond strength, density, impermeability, durability, etc. Among
these, the property that can be easily tested, and is perhaps the most valuable
(from the viewpoint of structural design) is the compressive strength.

This is measured by standard tests on concrete cube (or cylinder) specimens

The quality or grade of concrete is designated in terms of a number, which denotes

its characteristic compressive strength (of 150 mm cubes at 28-days), expressed in
MPa (or, equivalently, N/mm2).

The number is usually preceded by the letter ‘M’, which refers to ‘mix’. Thus, for
example, M 20 grade concrete denotes a concrete whose mix is so designed as to
generate a characteristic strength of 20 MPa;

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  Grades of concrete above M 60 as ‘high strength concrete’.
 Concrete grades in the range M 25 to M 55 are described as ‘standard strength
concrete’,
 Grades in the range M 10 to M 20 are termed ‘ordinary concrete’
Characteristic Strength

 Cube specimens that are taken from the same mix give different values of
compressive strength in laboratory tests. This may be attributed largely to the
non-homogeneous nature of concrete. The variability in the strength evidently
depends on the degree of quality control
 Statistically, it is measured in terms of either the ‘standard deviation’ (σ) or the
coefficient of variation (cov), which is the ratio of the standard deviation to the
mean strength (fcm).

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 In view of the significant variability in the compressive strength, it is necessary to
ensure that the designer has a reasonable assurance of a certain minimum
strength of concrete.
 This is provided by the Code by defining a characteristic strength, which is
applicable to any material (concrete or steel)

Influence of quality control on the frequency distribution of concrete strength

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 ‘‘Characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below which not
more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall’’

Accordingly, the mean strength of the concrete (as obtained from 28-day
compression tests) has to be significantly greater than the 5 percentile
characteristic strength that is specified by the designer

Idealised normal distribution of concrete strength

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  Determine the mean target strength from the desired ‘characteristic strength’

where the standard deviation (σ) depends on the quality control, which may
be assumed for design in the first instance, are listed in Table 8 of the Code.

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 Determine the water-cement ratio, based on the 28-day strength of cement and the
mean target strength of concrete, using appropriate charts; this ratio should not
exceed the limits specified in Table 5 of the Code (for durability considerations).

 The water-cement ratio, defined as the ratio of

the mass of ‘free water’ (i.e., excluding that
absorbed by the aggregate) to that of cement in
a mix, is the major factor that controls the
strength and many other properties of concrete
 In practice, this ratio lies generally in the range
of 0.35 to 0.65, although the purely chemical
requirement (for the purpose of complete
hydration of cement) is only about 0.25

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