INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA POLITÉCNICO ÁLVARO GONZÁLEZ SANTANA

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School Base: CENTRAL SHIFT: MORNING TERM: THIRD ( 3RD )

SUBJECT: ENGLISH LEVEL: EIGHT( 8TH )
CLASSWORK TEST REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITY

STUDENT´S NAME: SARA NATALIA DIAZ URIBE DATE: 13/08/2020

READING

CONCEPT OF PEACE It is well known that human beings pay much interest in peace from the ancient time until now.
Because the word ―peace, apart from being a pleasant word, also refers to the peaceful society and the beautiful
world. It can be stated that peace is the greatest and highest goal or hope that everyone wishes to achieve personally
and expects to be created in society and in the world. People have been trying by all means to gain peace.
Meanings of peace In order to have a deep understanding of the issue, it is necessary to know its true meaning.
Therefore, before knowing peace in various aspects, first of all, let us know the true meaning of peace. What is peace?
The term peace‘ is used in a wide sphere. It seems that peace has a variety of meanings that are different in
accordance with the context of usage.
Literally, the word peace ‘is derived from the original Latin word pax‘, which means a pact, a control or an agreement to
end war or any dispute and conflict between two people, two nations or two antagonistic groups of people.1: a state of
tranquility or quiet: as a: freedom from civil disturbance b: a state of security or order within a community provided
for by law or custom 2: freedom from disquieting or oppressive thoughts or emotions. 3: harmony in personal relations 4
a: a state or period of mutual concord between governments b: a pact or agreement to end hostilities between those
who have been at war or in a state of enmity
5—used interjectionally to ask for silence or calm or as a greeting or farewell— at peace: in a state of concord or
tranquility.
Peace is a presence of more other good things like virtue, justice, order, good law, good government, good relationship,
well-being, freedom, respect for human rights, security etc., or an absence of violence. On the other hand, if we focus
on the state of mind, peace is calm, serenity, tranquility or peacefulness of mind. Furthermore, if we refer to the state
of a place or an atmosphere, peace means quietness and silence.

CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY
The term Democracy comes from the Greek words dêmos (people) and Kratos (power). In its literal meaning, democracy
means the "rule of the people". In fact it is a form of government in which all eligible people have an equal say in the
decisions that affect their lives. Democracy as a political systems existed in some Greek city-states, notably Athens
following a popular uprising in 508 BC.
Equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times.These
principles are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For
example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone
seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which
are generally protected by a constitution.
There are several varieties of democracy, some of which provide better representation and more freedom for their
citizens than others. However, if any democracy is not structured so as to prohibit the government from excluding the
people from the legislative process, or any branch of government from altering the separation of powers in its own
favor, then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy. Separation of powers is
a model of governance under which the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and
areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division of branches
is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.
Source: Wikipedia
Comprehension:
1. Democracy is a new system of governance. A. True B. False
2. The most important principles of democracy are equality and freedom. A. True B. False
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3. The separation of powers threatens democracy A. True B. False

Vocabulary Related to Democracy

This is a list of vocabulary items related to democracy
Amendment: The process of formally altering or adding to a document or record, such as the constitution.
Anarchy:Lack of any structure of political authority. It is a kind of political disorder and confusion.
Autocracy:This is a government by an individual with unrestricted authority.
Authoritarian:An authoritarian regime is one that is characterized by or favoring absolute obedience to authority, as
against individual freedom.
Ballot: A ballot means either 1. the act, process, or method of voting, especially in secret or a sheet of paper or 2. a
card used to cast or register a vote, especially a secret one. A ballot box is a box in which voters deposit their marked
ballots.
Bureaucracy:An administrative system in which the need or inclination to follow rigid or complex procedures impedes
effective action.
Campaign:Election campaign is a series of coordinated activities, such as public speaking and demonstrating, designed
to achieve a social, political.
Candidate:A candidate is a person seeking or nominated for election to a position of authority such as president, prime
minister, member of parliament...
Congress:The national legislative body of a nation, especially a republic. It is formal assembly of representatives. (See
the entry about parliament)
Constitution:A constitution is a system of fundamental laws and principles that prescribes the nature, functions, and
limits of a government.
Constitutional Monarchy:This is a monarchy in which the powers of the ruler are restricted to those granted under the
constitution and laws of the nation.
Democracy:The term Democracy comes from the Greek words dêmos (people) and Kratos (power). In its literal
meaning, democracy means the "rule of the people". In fact it is a form of government in which all eligible people have
an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy as a political systems existed in some Greek city-states,
notably Athens following a popular uprising in 508 BC.
Dictatorship: A dictatorship refers to an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by an
individual, the dictator.It is a form of government that has the power to govern without consent of those being
governed.
Election: An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public
office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy operates.
Government:Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the
policy of the state.
Head of State:The chief public representative of a country who may also be the head of government.
Majority:The political party, group, or faction having the most power by virtue of its larger representation or electoral strength.
Minority:A group or party having fewer than a controlling number of votes.
Monarchy:A monarchy is a form of government in which the office of head of state (a king or a queen) is usually held
until death or abdication and is often hereditary.
MP:MP stands for Member of Parliament. An MP is a representative of the voters to a parliament.
Oligarchy:It is a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people. These people
could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, corporate, or military control.
Opposition:The opposition comprises one or more political parties or other organized groups that are opposed to the government
Parliament:A parliament is a national representative body having supreme legislative powers within the state. (See the
entry about congress)
Political Party:A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by
nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns,
educational outreach or protest actions.President:Head of state in a presidential system.
Prime Minister:A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a
parliamentary system.
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Queen / King:a king, queen or a monarch is the person who heads a monarchy.
Regime:It is the form of government: the set of rules, cultural or social norms, etc. that regulate the operation of
government and its interactions with society.
Republic:A political order whose head of state is not a monarch and in modern times is usually a president.
Separation of powers:Separation of powers is a model of governance under which the state is divided into branches,
each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the
other branches. The normal division of branches is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.
 Executive branch of government is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the
daily administration of the state bureaucracy
 A legislature is a kind of deliberative assembly such as a parliament or a congress with the power to pass,
amend, and repeal laws.
 The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state.

Sovereignty:Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory.
State:It is an organized political community, living under a government
Theocracy:Theocracy is a form of government in which a state is understood as governed by immediate divine guidance
provided to ruling clergy or other ruling officials
Voting.Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—
often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics. The
minimum age for voting in most countries is 18.

Do the exercise below on the vocabulary related to the democracy and click on the button to check your answers.
Choose the right words:

OPPOSITION DEMOCRACY MONARCHY CANDIDATE

BUREAUCRACY OLIGARCHY VOTING EXECUTIVE
CANGPAIGN DICTATORSHIP

1. The term OLIGARCHY refers to a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of
people.
2. The form of government in which the head of state is a king or queen is called
MONARCHY
3. A CANDIDATE is a person seeking or nominated for election to a position of authority such as president, prime
minister etc.
4. A DEMOCRACY is a form of government in which all eligible people have an equal say in the decisions that affect
their lives.
5. A EXECUTIVE refers to an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by an individual.
6. The formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office is known as
VOTING .
7. The OPPOSITION comprises one or more political parties or other organized groups that are opposed to the
government.
8. DICTATORSHIP The branch of government is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for
the daily administration of the state bureaucracy.
9. Election CANGPAIGN is a series of coordinated activities, such as public speaking and demonstrating, designed to
achieve a social, political.
10. The term BUREAUCRACY refers to an administrative system in which the need or inclination to follow rigid or
complex procedures impedes effective action.

WAR OR PEACE
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War and fighting have been there in the world since human beings started living in tribes thousands of years ago. As
human beings lived in better societies they improved their methods of fighting. Today war is as much a reality as it was
in the past centuries.
Countries or nations fight wars for a number of reasons. First of all two or more countries may begin a war for the sake
of “expansion” of the territory. These wars have been quite frequent. One country makes some claims on the territory
of another. Germany started the war against Poland in 1939 just to expand its territory. This war developed into
Second World War and caused a huge destruction in the world. Sometimes these kinds of wars are fought by one
country just as an excuse to help the people of another country
Secondly, wars are fought by the nations to get back their countries from foreign rulers or invaders. Such wars are
fought for the sake of the national independence. Thus, the Muslims in India fought the war of Independence against
the English in 1857.The Chinese people fought a war of liberation, against foreign armies and their agents before
becoming independent in 1949.
Thirdly, wars may be fought for religious reasons. Such wars were very common in old times. Many religious wars were
fought between Muslims and Christians hundreds of years ago in Asia and Europe. In our time, wars between the Arabs
and Jews in the Middle East have taken place mostly for religious reasons.
When we consider the cause of the war we begin thinking that it is a necessary evil. Countries will continue to have
disputes and differences. They will have to fight wars to settle them if they cannot do so through discussions and
conferences.
Peace is generally better than war. Wars fought by some powerful countries to dominate weaker countries should be
condemned. Only those wars can be justified which are defensive or which are fought against foreign armies occupying
a country.
Great powers like America, Russia and China have started settling their disputes through discussions and conferences.
They know that if they start a war using their atomic and other highly destructive weapons they will destroy their
countries as well as most of others. All countries should also try to settle their disputes through discussions to avoid
destruction. To avoid war in a complete way and maintain peace, all countries should begin acting upon the principles of
justice and equality.

Question/Answers
Q1.What do you think is war the solution of different problems which exist between different countries or religion?
Give reasons why you think YES and why NOT?

No, war is not the solution because there can be much more effective
solutions if no type of confrontation
Q2.What do you think are the reasons of a war between two countries or nations?

Everyone has a different way of thinking; it can be because of that, also

because of the money, the food or some kind of need
Q3.Can problems are solved by a dialogue? Why or why not?

Yes, of course because it is the best way to solve problems

Q4.Have your country ever suffered from a war in the past?

Yes a lot.
READING COMPREHENSION
THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR 2012
1. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2012 is to be awarded to the European
Union (EU). The union and its forerunners have for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and
reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe. __________________________________________

2. In the inter-war years, the Norwegian Nobel Committee made several awards to persons who were seeking
reconciliation between Germany and France. Since 1945, that reconciliation has become a reality. The dreadful
suffering in World War II demonstrated the need for a new Europe. Over a seventy-year period, Germany and France
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had fought three wars. Today war between Germany and France is unthinkable. This shows how, through well-aimed
efforts and by building up mutual confidence, historical enemies can become close
partners._______________________________________________________

3. In the 1980s, Greece, Spain and Portugal joined the EU. The introduction of democracy was a condition for their
membership. The fall of the Berlin Wall made EU membership possible for several Central and Eastern European
countries, thereby opening a new era in European history. The division between East and West has to a large extent
been brought to an end; democracy has been strengthened; many ethnically-based national conflicts have been settled.
____________________________________________________________________

4. The admission of Croatia as a member next year, the opening of membership negotiations with Montenegro, and the
granting of candidate status to Serbia all strengthen the process of reconciliation in the Balkans. In the past decade,
the possibility of EU membership for Turkey has also advanced democracy and human rights in that country.
5. The EU is currently undergoing grave economic difficulties and considerable social unrest. The Norwegian Nobel
Committee wishes to focus on what it sees as the EU’s most important result: the successful struggle for peace and
reconciliation and for democracy and human rights. The stabilizing part played by the EU has helped to transform most
of Europe from a continent of war to a continent of
peace._______________________________________________________________

6. The work of the EU represents "fraternity between nations", and amounts to a form of the "peace congresses" to
which Alfred Nobel refers as criteria for the Peace Prize in his 1895
will.______________________________________________________________________

Answer the following questions

1. What is the title of this passage?
2. What type of text is it?
3. When and where was it written?
4. Where is Oslo?
5. Is this country in the European Union?
6. Who wrote the passage?
7. Where can you read it?
8. What is the article about?
9. Give a title to each paragraph
A. Examples of reconciliation between two European countries
B. Motivation for the prize
C. Referring to the founder of this prize
D. Referring to the European economic crisis
E. Referring to the situation in the Balkan area
F. Referring to an important historical event which has changed European Union shape

Are there any dates, words and expressions which refer to European historical events in the article? What are they?
Can you list them?
Who was Alfred Nobel?
Which words in the text did you like most? Why?
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Human rights are standards that allow all people

DEFINITION
H to live with dignity, freedom, equality, justice,
and peace. 

The modern human rights era can be traced to

U ORIGIN struggles to end slavery, genocide, discrimination,
and government oppression.

M RIGHTS Rights are the fundamental normative rules about

what is allowed of people or owed to people
according to some legal system, social convention or

A ethical theory.

IMPORTANCE Human rights reflect the minimum standards

N necessary for people to live with dignity.

CHARACTERISTICS NON-
UNIVERSAL DISCRIMINATORY
INTERCONNECTED

INALIENABLE INDIVISIBLE
R
LACK OF HUMAN

I RIGHTS DISCRIMINATION
GENOCIDE
HUMAN RAPE
G TRAFFICKING
TORTURE SLAVERY

H EXAMPLES OF
FREEDOM EDUCATION
HUMAN RIGHTS
T SPEECH HEALTH

S INFORMATION ASSOCIATION