M.Tech.

in Power System & Control Automation

DIGITAL PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEMS

(Professional Elective - I)

Course Code: 19EE2152 L T P C

3 0 0 3
Prerequisites: Switchgear and Protection, Digital Signal Processing

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will be able to
CO1: Recognize the advantages of digital relays over conventional relays
CO2: Apply the suitable signal processing technique for protection
CO3: Analyze various travelling wave protection schemes and apply different algorithms for
digital differential protection of a transformer
CO4: Analyze various digital filters and correction for measurements due to errors in instrument
transformers
CO5: Understand the adaptive criterion for relay decision making and identify the new
developments in protective relaying and applications.

Unit-I: INTRODUCTION 10 Lectures

Evolution of digital relays from electromechanical relays, Performance and operational
characteristics of digital protection.
Digital Relays- Basic elements of a digital relay and their functions, signal conditioning
subsystem, conversion subsystem, digital relay subsystem, digital relay as a unit.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the overview of evolution of digital relays (L1)
2. Discuss the need for digital protection (L2)
3. Discuss the basic block diagram and functions of various components in a digital relay
(L2)

Unit-II: SIGNAL PROCESSING ALGORITHMS 10 Lectures

Signal processing techniques– Sinusoidal based algorithms, sample and first derivative method,
Fourier-analysis based algorithms, Least squares based algorithm, Discrete Fourier Transforms,
Wavelet Transforms, Kalman Filtering.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Discuss various algorithms in signal processing techniques (L2)
2. Apply various signal processing algorithms (L3)
3. Describe the Wavelet Transform and Kalman Filtering techniques (L2)

Unit-III: DIGITAL PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS 10 Lectures

Travelling Wave Protection scheme, Bergeron’s –equation based scheme, Ultra-high speed
polarity comparison scheme, Digital differential Protection of Transformers-principles of
 M.Tech. in Power System & Control Automation

transformer protection, least-squares curve fitting based algorithms, Fourier- based algorithms,
basic hardware of microprocessor based transformer protection.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Analyze Bergeron’s, Ultra high speed polarity based schemes for travelling wave
protection (L4)
2. Apply least square curve fitting, Fourier based algorithms for digital differential
protection of transformer (L3)
3. Explain the basic hardware of microprocessor based transformer protection (L2)

Unit-IV: DIGITAL FILTERS AND INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 10 Lectures

Digital filters – Fundamentals of Infinite Impulse Response Filters, Finite Impulse Response
filters, Filters with sine and cosine windows.
Correction of errors introduced by Instrument Transformers - PTs and CTs, detection of
unsaturated fragment of wave shape, CT saturation correction procedure.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Analyze IIR and FIR filters (L4)
2. Analyze the correction of errors in Instrument Transformers (L4)
3. Discuss the CT saturation correction procedure (L2)

Unit-V: DEVELOPMENTS IN PROTECTIVE RELAYING 10 Lectures

Decision making in Protective Relays – Deterministic decision making, Statistical Hypothesis
testing, Decision making with multiple criteria, Adaptive decision schemes - Adaptive
Differential protective scheme.
Applications of Fuzzy Logic and ANN for power system protection.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Understand different methods for decision making in protective relays (L2)
2. Discuss the Adaptive Differential protective scheme (L2)
3. Develop the fuzzy logic and ANN techniques for the application of power system
protection (L6)

TEXT BOOKS:
1. A.T.Johns and S.K.Salman, Digital Protection for Power Systems, Institution of Electrical
Engineers, London, UK, reprinted 1997. (Unit I and Part of unit II, Unit III)
2. Waldemar Rebizant, Janusz Szfran, Andrzej Wiszniewski, Digital Signal Processing in
Power System Protection and Control, Springer Publication, 2011. (Unit IV and V).
3. A.G. Phadke, James S.Thorp, Computer Relaying for Power Systems, 2nd Edition, John
Wiley and Sons, 2009.(Part of unit II)

REFERENCES:
1. Gerhard Zeigler, Numerical Distance Protection, Siemens Publicis Corporate Publishing,
2006.
2. S.R.Bhide Digital Power System Protection, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2014.
M.Tech. in Power System & Control Automation