Research and Stat in Ayurveda

Research Methodology and Statistics Evident in Ayurveda Treatises
The gold standard to judge popularity and usefulness of any scientific branch is associated
with the ongoing research activities in the branch. This is because active research indicates addition
of new dimensions of applications which in turn is a marker of liveliness, vibrancy and futuristic
approach of the branch. Research in health sector is of utmost importance pertaining to immediate
application of the outcome to relieve human beings from pain and agony. Amongst all the branches
of science, medicine is the branch, which always receives high priority due to its potential to
address and solve current health problems and issues.
In the course of development, about the understanding of human body and diseases over last
thousands of years, much water has flown under the bridge but the concept of gold standard is
unchanged. This is evident in a quote in Charaksamhita that says ‘The science that is practised by
the famous, successful, eminent people, praised by intellectual class and is economically rewarding
to the practitioner is the best one’.1 The quote is just an example pointing towards high status of
Ayurveda in ancient times, which is generally achieved only when research is an integral part of the
science. Available literature sources of Ayurveda not only highlight the research attitude but also
elaborate the methodology unto the minute details.
It is important to remember that research crux is palpable in the text all the time, indirectly.
The difference is; today ‘methodology of research and statistics’ has become a consequential
separate scientific branch associated to each respective segment of knowledge. Ample literature
about ‘how to conduct a research’ with all aspects, is available in text and digital form. This type of
generation of literature pertaining only to research methods and statistics is not evident in
Ayurvedic texts. Rather whatever is found scattered in Charaksamhita –the oldest document- is not
found with the same or more rigor in later samhitas like Sushrutasamhita and Ashtangahridaya.
Therefore Charaksamhita is the main reference source for this article.
Introduction to concept:
Quest for knowledge generates out of inquisitiveness, which ultimately leads to better
understanding and explanation of various phenomena. In all ancient sciences the methods adapted
to increase the understanding or knowledge base, are mainly experiential, observational and
inferential. In the process of development of knowledge the perspective regarding a scientific
concept or a criteria of classification may change based on the logical interpretations and
experimental evidences. Ayurveda is no exception to the rule where the knowledge has been
developed according to the above-mentioned system prevalent in those eras. Thus in order to get an
unbiased view of concepts of research in Ayurveda, it is a must to understand the background
circumstances and situations.
Ayurveda was an oral tradition proliferated to written tradition later on and currently it is
being digitised to keep pace with time. Technologically the propagation of knowledge has always
been at par. Question arises about the correct understanding and interpretation of content of the
revered science with changing circumstances. The education methodology was teacher centred
rather than learner centred. Methods of exchange of knowledge or testing, presentation and spread
of new knowledge were relevant to those days. At times subjectivity used to take centre stage on
practical level but the ultimate objective has always been to search and protect truth.
AAW/ cdac/ may2005/ 1

If we compare the process of development of research methods and associated activities
from oriental sciences and western sciences then we find a few differences. Till seventeenth
century the perspective towards development of knowledge was wholistic world over. No need
palpated for separation or systemisation of knowledge in a different way than the existing. But then
the industrial revolution changed the traditional thought process in the west; with redefining
concepts and introduction of methods of systematisation; which was accepted in all fields. Barring
or rearranging of old principles; did not break continuity of the understanding; instead changed
principles opened up new ways and dimensions that gave human race new tools and techniques.
Change in the perspective of understanding the science of materials and basic concepts in
accordance with that, gave rise to certain applications more supportive to technological
development leading to a favourable atmosphere for experimental research process. Acceptance
and application of the new concepts like quantum theory, relativity principle or atomic structure in
pure sciences provide foundation for development of experimental research techniques. ‘True
experiments’ are thus possible in all settings.
Here the difference in current and ancient science becomes starkly cognisable. Modern
science started becoming more reductionist trying to put one to one co-relation as against the
tradition’s holistic approach of addressing complexity in one go. On the other hand majority of the
scientists from the traditional sciences did not take serious cognizance of the challenge posed by
new or changed fundamentals and in turn did not make use of the new knowledge to interpret or
contemporarize the heritage they carried. They went in shell or in defensive state that has led to the
hazy and misguiding picture of Ayurveda for a while. Thus being much practised Ayurveda is
always painted only as ‘an inferential’ old science. Now the picture is changing. Therefore to find
the facts and to assess where Ayurveda does stand today, in terms of research process some of the
methods which are reflected in Ayurveda are elaborated below.
If someone has a question in mind like ‘what are the principles of research in Ayurveda’
then there is nothing such as ‘principles of research’ of any science including Ayurveda. To find
out relation ship between cause and effect is the only one principle of research common to science
as a whole. Principles are of the science stream where one applies mind to find truth or to solve a
problem. Research is a science of methods employed to gain knowledge about a particular
relationship based on principles related to that phenomenon. If someone aims at finding out how
effective a new chemical is which when added to petrol, reduces consumption of petrol and
increases mileage; then this research is designed using principles of physics and chemistry. This is
true for any research problem.
For convenience of understanding, approach of the present article is comparison and

matching of current or modern knowledge about research with the same from three main
treatises – Charaksamhita, Sushrutasamhita and Ashtangahridaya.
Definitions and elaboration:

At the basic level research is defined as a process to find the truth. At operational level steps
involved to find the truth are:
Conceptualisation of an idea
Hypothesis development based on principles and theories supporting the hypothesis
Collection of data considering appropriate variables
Verification of hypotheses through experimentation and analysis of collected data
Acceptance or modification or rejection of hypothesis

Strengthening of the underlying principle
The exercise is completed with the help of tools. Depending on different kinds of applications
theories differ and so also the tools.
The whole process is interwoven in the treatises of Ayurveda except for the ‘conduction of
experiments’ in today’s sense. As mentioned earlier more explicit and aggregate elaboration about
the theories is available in Charaksamhita than all the remaining treatises; with reference to
contexts at various places. One has to compile without loosing the reference and essence of
underlying thought.
The terms that reflect above-stated phenomena are listed below with possible co-relation
with current terms [italics indicate implied meaning]
1. Unknown: Anukta2: undocumented, un-experienced, implicit. Completely new fact
regarding disease manifestation, drug, instrument, technique etc.
2. Research: Anusandhan3: synonyms: anveshana, gaveshana, paryeshana.
3. Tools: Hetu4 or Uplabdhikaran or Karana. It includes four types of pramana. It is the
theme explaining universal process of conduction and appraisal of any kind of research.
a. Pratyaksha
b. Anumana
c. Aeitihya
d. Yukti
4. Materials and Methodology or factors of protocol development : Yukti5 is process of
management of thoughts, ideas, concepts and course of action.
a) Drug: Karan6: Bheshaj: Medicine of all types, equipment, instrument etc. In case
of raw drugs and formulations parameters of quality are expected to specify.
Points’ ‘b’ and ‘c’ together comprise Selection and Exclusion criteria.
b) Patient: Aturadesha or karyadesha7: classification of patients depending on ten
parameters. It is important to decide the dose of the medicine under study.
c) Disease specifications: Karyayoni8.
Points’‘d’ and ‘e’ specify the study methodology based on rational.
d) Setting of study: Desha9 – Adhisthan10: geographical area or study location
which gives idea about the natural climatic conditions, as well as genetic or
racial make up, of socio-economical status of the subjects in study. Identification
of co-existence of humans and drug in a given setting is important from the
viewpoint of symbiotic relationship. It is now accepted that these factors
contribute in the efficacy, which is applicable to generalized assessment of mass
health.
e) Time period of the study:
a] Kal11 - Rutu ayan rupa - Specific atmospheric conditions in different seasons
have role in efficacy and certain procedures related to Panchkarma are stipulated
to be conducted in specific season only. Moreover prescription method of a
medicine is expected to be stated here as it is closely associated with time of day
and food intake in accordance with the type of disease.
b] Study duration.

f) Conduction of study: Pravritti12 all the factors that take part in the study should
be available and work in co-ordination. This may be interpreted as Research
management that includes data, funds, time and human resource.
g) Criteria of assessment: Karya-anuman13 The general characteristics indicative of

quality of life should be considered but emphasis should be given on the change
in the cardinal signs and symptoms of the disease.
5. Results : Karya14 avasthantara. This is co-related with objectives for which research
activity is conducted. This may be interpreted as expected effect/ end result. Positive
change in disease leading to promotion of health.
6. Analysis : Karyaphala15 and Anubandha 16 Confirmation of broader aim or baseline
principle that is persistent for reasonable duration of time [efficacy]. The result may be
good or bad. It is important to consider dimension of time to know recurrence or non-
recurrence. Prediction of maintenance of healthy status after stopping of treatment.
7. Discussion: Sambhasha17 Vada18
8. Conclusion: Siddhant or Nirnaya19
9. Method of presentation :
a) Oral : Sambhashavidhi20 Vadmarga21 : these are guidelines of oral presentation
b) Written : pratidnya –siddhanta 22, panchavayav vakya23: these are criteria of good
writing.
10. Method of critical analysis of research document: shastrapariksha25, tantrayukti, tantra
dosha,25 tachhilya, vyakhya, kalpana25 : these are guidelines and rules to be followed in
assessment of scientific literature.
11. Raw drug: Aushadha26
12. Concept of formulation development: Kalpana27
13. Formulation: Kalpa. A single finished drug or compound.
14. Drug activity parameters: dravyakarma: rasa, guna, veerya, vipak, prabhav.
15. Efficacy: Karma28
16. Pharmacodynamics: Upaya29
17. Interaction: Kriyasamkara30
18. Authentic Scientific text : Tantra or Shastra
19. Compendia: Samhita
20. Handbook: Sangrahagrantha
21. Encyclopaedia: Kosha
22. Commentary: Vyakhya or Teeka
23. Statement or hypothesis under consideration: Pratidnya
24. Rational: Hetu. It is reasoning behind the hypothesis established with the help of tools.
25. Example: Udaharana, Drishtanta
26. Establishment of hypothesis based on interpretation: Upanaya
27. Propounding of statement at the end of discussion: nigamana
28. Editing :Pratisamskar backed up by literary research for addition of new knowledge.
29. Observation: darshan
30. Inquiry: prashna
31. Direct examination: sparsha.
32. Principle: Tatva 31

33. Examination methods: Pariksha.
34. Quantitative examination: Dravyataha pariksha
35. Qualitative examination: gunataha pariksha
36. Combination of examination methods: ubhayataha pariksha
Classifications:
A careful analysis of Ayurveda treatises reveals that there is a comprehensive approach regarding
research along with research process discernible in different categories according to expected focus
or direction of thought, within a frame of reference. The broad categories, objectives and
methodology to conduct research with a particular focus are as follows:
1. Clinical research
2. Drug research
3. Literary research
4. Epidemiological
5. Fundamental
The classification is for the understanding of the predominant characteristics of each type. In
practise all types intermingle with each other at various points depending upon the crux of the
topic.
Clinical Fundamental Epidemiological

Research Research Research
Drug Literary
Research Research
Types of research
Clinical research
Clinical research is defined as ‘a prospective study to evaluate any intervention, be it

preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic against a control in human subjects.’ The other definition
quotes; ‘Clinical trial is carefully and ethically designed experiment with the aim of answering
some precisely framed question – Sir Austin Bradford hill.35
The definition suggests that ‘clinical research’ is different than ‘practise of medicine’. Practise
is aimed at wellbeing of patient in spite of changes in drugs, diet and therapy as needed.
Research aims at finding out the exact role of intervention in a particular situation or condition
and therefore is focused.

Objectives
1. To understand the therapeutic efficacy, preventive, promotive, therapeutic actions and also
adverse reactions, of the drugs in the diseases those are not documented or experienced due
to the enormity of manifestations of abnormal conditions. 32
2. To study the reasons of relapse of disease; effect of known drugs or treatment methods in a
different dose or duration to control or avoid relapse.33
3. To assess the role of dietary and behavioural restriction or positive environment in cure. In
other words to study all the factors responsible in treatment of and to achieve complete cure
of a disease.34
The subtypes of clinical research with respect to current definition35 can be seen according
to the focus of topic:
Oral Drug – Treatment using single or compound formulation [Shaman chikitsa - internal
medication]
Behavioural – Treatments for Psychological disorders. This is classified under
yuktivyapashraya chikitsa which are termed as non-drug methods –threatening,
sedation, massage, stress release, counselling- to help the patient understand his
problem and facilitate a solution. 36
Therapy - Panchkarma - Shodhan - vaman virechan basti nasya raktamokshan. Yoga
postures to treat some orthopaedic problems and exercises in particular
conditions.
Surgical treatments – Application of different surgical techniques in all the branches.
Methodology: Though there are subtypes of clinical research; due to practical modifications in
accordance with the focal issue; basic understanding of methodology or rules for all the types
does not change. The important factors in methodology are drug, equipment or instrument,
patients, disease condition under study and setting of the study. Specification of all these are
listed as below:
 Karan- The word denotes any material which can be a medicine37, tools like enema bag,38
surgical instrument,39 medicinal leech 40 etc. with reference to context. The quality
assurance of the drug41 is done based on soil type, cultivation and harvesting techniques etc.
or that of instrument carries utmost importance and is written in detail. The prescription
method of the medicine under study is specified according to the rules of drug
administration with respect to time of day and food intake.
 Karyayoni 42– Here it is expected that the framework of the disease condition under study
should be stated clearly. The classification of disease has importance. Whether it is curable
or incurable that needs continuous treatment; whether new or chronic, systemic or local.
The cardinal signs and symptoms under consideration should be defined precisely. Method
of examination of the particular condition should be described.
 Aturadesha 43– A rational understanding of any human being is achieved depending on
some basic parameters. These are ‘Prakriti, vikriti, sara, samhanan, praman, satmya, satva,
aharshakti, vyayamshakti, vaya’ which help putting any person in a typical set, for better
judgement of the effect and to reduce the bias generated from extraneous or sometimes
attribute variables. The method gives accurate results because each factor considered here
has a significant role in both healthy and disease conditions. Careful selection of patients

considering all factors together leads researcher more close to true results. The outline is
comparable to selection and exclusion criteria of patients according to the set classification.
It is also important to decide the dose of the medicine under study for the selected patient.
 Bhoomidesha44: Geographical area or study location which gives idea about the natural
climatic conditions, as well as of genetic or racial make up and socio-economical status of
the subjects in study. Identification of co-existence of humans and drug in a given setting is
important from the viewpoint of symbiotic relationship. Specific atmospheric conditions in
different seasons have role in efficacy and certain therapy procedures are conducted in
specific season only.
 Karya, Karyaphal and Anubandha 45: These are measured with respect to the topic under
study. For example, burning sensation is one complication of diabetes [prameha-vataj-
madhumeha]. Yashad bhasma is effective in controlling the burning significantly. This is
interpreted as yashad bhasma has some control over madhumeha samprapti.
The main tool here is ‘pratyaksha’. The work is carried out by the researcher employing above
mentioned parameters.
Clinical research examples: The clinical research process is evident at various places in the
samhitas. One or two are quoted here.
1. In the treatment of Kushta external application of medicines should be administered only
after ‘shodhan’[removal of dosha by panchakarma technique]. Otherwise it leads to increase
in the symptoms instead of cure.46 The two quotes undoubtedly indicate outcome of
practical experience in many cases and are not just a guideline.
2. Introduction of minerals and metals as medicines to Ayurveda, took place at a later stage.
These medicines were tried to relieve specific diseases. The record of efficacy and adverse
drug reaction of a mercurial preparation titled ‘makardhvaja’ is a proof of clinical
experience.47
Clinical research comment: A clinical research project is designed on the basis of ‘yukti’48- a
systematic, intelligent arrangement of thought based on ‘aptopadesha’50- known facts about the
topic; conducted ‘pratyaksha’51- in specified precise setting; with ‘anuman’52 - expected outcome or
inference. When the work is complete it can be added to ‘Aeitihya’-a written document.
There are no references to the designs like, randomised controlled trials or longitudinal methods but
the theme method can be co-related to case control studies which are now being supported by
WHO considering individuality. Also keeping the meaning at the core intact, new thinking can be
developed.
Drug research
Drug is the most important factor in treatment because it is the real material tool which cures.54 The
approach of research in medicine is ‘drug centred’ all the time. Other tools of treatment like
counselling get comparatively less prominence than the drug. Therefore scope of drug research is
very wide. Ultimately, clinical research is a proliferation of drug research which has been studied
separately for convenience of understanding.
Objectives:

1. To find out the medicinal properties or pharmacology55 of any new or unknown drug.
2. To use the known drugs for new application or efficacy56 in new manifestations of diseases.
3. To study a drug used in folk or local tradition57 with scientific perspective of Ayurveda in
order to add it to the Ayurvedic repertory i.e. to conduct pharmacognostical studies.
4. To develop new dosage forms58 from new drugs and to modify existing forms using new
techniques. To conduct drug development based on principles of formulation to manage
new health problems.
5. To study the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of unknown drugs and new
formulations59 in different doses and variety of settings. To verify therapeutics with respect
to primary actions, secondary actions60.
6. To note toxicity61 and adverse reactions, if any, of a drug in a particular dose.
Methodology:
The drug research has a wider scope as it deals with all the aspects of a drug. The method varies
depending on a particular aspect under study. Therefore subtypes in drug research are
Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology including Therapeutics and Toxicology. It is must
to note that research in any of the above direction is conducted with medicines prepared under strict
observance of quality assurance parameters. Each type is elaborated below with reference to the
context.
 Pharmacognosy:
Identification of raw material is of utmost importance and at times of confusion help should be
taken from local people who are regular users of plants. Specifications regarding nature or
morphology of the plant which in turn depends on soil type and regional agro-climatic conditions i.
e. habitat; and collection or harvesting season; are monitored for quality.62
The nature of a raw drug is tested based on the direct examination by panchendriya pariksha 63
because the drugs are panchbhautika64. According to test results the drugs are classified into
parthiv apya, taijasa, vayaviya, and nabhas65 categories depending on the predominance of one of
the five constituting bhoota for the convenience of understanding.66 This hypothesis is most near to
accurate in knowing the constitution type of drug on which judgement is built about its processing,
formulation and activity.
Criteria of best quality drug: The single drug which can be converted into many dosage forms,
having high potential, multidimensional efficacy and easy availability is the best drug.67
Comment: Correct identification is an important pre-step, on which actual pharmaco-therapeutics
is dependant. This fact is stressed upon in all the treatises though the drugs were forest produce
and use of local talent at controversial time is a wise man’s attitude.
 Pharmaceutics:
Pharmaceutics is the next step towards effect. This is the most interesting part which deals with
enormous possibilities of drug development. It is amazing to note that the treatises never restrict to
a fix number of formulations rather always keep open ways to new possibilities.68
The main objective of pharmaceutics is to bring palatability69 to the drugs along with its better
availability68 for targeted efficacy in the body in a small dose.
Pharmaceutical quality assurance emphasizes on the method of harvesting and preservation70
where principles like comparative selection considering parameters like habitat, season, maturity,
vipak, veerya, rasa are adopted.71 Moreover storage72 techniques and use of containers is specified
according to characteristics of individual drug items like fresh, dry, poisonous, expensive etc.

The core section of pharmaceutics i. e. processing 73 is elaborated with the help of principles of
drug development with reference to following factors
1. Number of drugs in a formulation: Samkhya.74 On the basis of creative
imagination towards desired efficacy75 number of ingredients in a formulation is
decided.
2. Proportion of ingredients of a formulation:
a) Pariman76. Each ingredient in the formulation is added in a particular
amount according to it’s properties in relation to desired efficacy.
b) Quantity: Rashi.76 Total amount of the formulation is calculated by
summation of all. The general rules regarding proportion of dried drugs as
against fresh drugs are led down.77
3. Concept of Synthesis: Samyoga78 means to combine more than two drugs to form
a new compound. The combination is designed depending on the panchbhautika
nature of each ingredient79 which eventually is expressed in terms of rasa guna
veerya vipak prabhav80 in the context of activity. The emphasis is put on concept
of viruddha veerya because drugs are veeryapradhan.81 At the same time the
concept of synthesis is exemplified using ‘Rasa-Dosha sannipat’82 which can be
extrapolated to rest of the factors. The exact understanding of one to one
relationship between cause and effect is difficult due to complexity 83of drugs on
one hand and that of disease on the other yet it is desirable to rationalise each
factor of both the units to decide the true relationship between the two84.
Sequential addition of drugs in a formulation85 and end result of the formulation is
predicted based on synergistic and antagonistic viewpoint. The drugs possessing
similar characteristics or properties when blended to form a compound, it works
synergistically.86 The drugs possessing dissimilar or opposite properties when
combined, reduce or neutralise unwanted characteristics of the target ingredient
and make the combination effective yet non toxic. It is elaborated that the final
effect is a cumulative effect87 of the compound and not of any individual
ingredient in the compound. To reach the stepwise conclusive understanding of
development of any formulation; first one has to realise cumulative effect of
‘rasa’, then to infer cumulative effect of dravyas and finally of disease. This
relates to the theory of rasa –dosha sambandha.
4. Division of the whole: Vibhag.88 In the context of pharmaceutics it is related to
divide a formulation in uniform doses to administer to individual patient
according to the need. It is not the separation of all ingredients in the formulation.
E.g. each tab. of Tribhuvankirti is samyog of 10 drugs and it is one tablet of 125
mg strength.
5. Methods of processing: Samskar89: karan90
The samyoga is brought about by samskara. Samskara90 is the key to fetch a
desired change in the set of physical, chemical and biological properties of the
drugs. The raw drugs are processed by various methods appropriate for each drug.
These include washing using water, boiling, heating, churning, trituration,
marinating and more. Varieties of apparatus are used for the processing and the
process is carried out in a particular area [pharmacy], climatic condition, for
particular time period to get a good quality medicine.

6. Criteria of assessment of finished products: These are explained along with the
description of individual product. They are based on organoleptic tests91 and for
some dosage forms specific other practical tests are advocated.92
7. Stability of the product: This is not explained in detail but while elaborating
unwanted effects of drug, the word ‘puran’93 is used to indicate outdated
medicine.
8. Repetitions for perfection: abhyas94. In formulation development, repetitions of
the process lead to refinement of the finished product.
Quality of best formulation95: A formulation has to be simple to administer, fast acting in minimal
dose and without any un-towards effects.
It is possible to design infinite formulations using one drug or combining many potential drugs on
the basis of correct understanding of complexity stated above, involved in the process. Therefore to
predict or limit the exact number of formulations is difficult.96
Comment: This is a guideline which, may further be extended and brought into practicality by
employing new technologies of manufacturing and combinatorial chemistry techniques in virtual
laboratory for drug designing.
 Pharmacology:
This section deals with the action of medicine –single drug or compound formulation. How a
medicine acts; what change it brings in the status of Doshas; how it moves in the body or what
transformation it undergoes once in the body system is studied in pharmacology.
Pharmacodynamics: The thrust of analysis is upon attributes [Guna] and the specific
function [Prabhava].97 Pharmacodynamic research is generally focused on the five factors which
are elaborated as rasa, guna, veerya, vipaka, prabhava. If the medicine is developed from a single
drug then the efficacy can be explained with the help of three features – drvyaprabhava,
gunaprabhava or both98. The dynamics of any particular formulation for primary and secondary
expected actions is examined with respect to some aspects namely
a) the specific dosage form which is developed using creative imagination,
b) its potency [Veerya] is judged by the site of action and time period for which the
drug is available at that site,
c) target organ or etiopathology or stage and condition of disease [Adhikarana],
d) in a specific season [Kala],
e) mode of action [Upaya],
f) the action [Karma - there are 50 main categories which in turn relate to
Doshavastha] and
g) the ultimate effect or feeling of well-being [Phala].
This is verified by actual results on the patients. If a multi-ingredient formulation is designed,
applying creative thinking based on knowledge of factors like synthesis elaborated in
Pharmaceutics, then the final cumulative effect99 of the compound on the body is rationalised by
applying the guidelines described to identify the ‘rasa- dosha sambandha’ and drug –disease
relationship. The efficacy may be due to cumulative rasa, veerya, vipaka, guna etc. of the
compound formulation or single drug. To find out the rational in each set of drug- disease is the
pharmacological research pertaining to dynamics. This concept opens possibilities for development
of innumerable formulations.

Pharmacokinetics: The study deals with the movement of drug in the body. Here the
principles which are explained in relation to food may be applied to drugs because, drugs when
administered orally follow the same route that of food. There are three types of distribution100 viz.
selective distribution*[khale kapota], Sequencial distribution* [kedar kulya] and direct yet
immediate distribution* [ksheer-dadhi nyaya]. A clear statement regarding time of action of drugs
mentions that activity of aphrodisiacs is seen immediately101 and that of all the other medicines
within 24 hours. Another reference elaborates some symptoms which are indicative of complete
metabolism of medicine in the body.102. If the expected efficacy is not achieved within seven days
duration then it is advised to discontinue the drug and after some gap, to avoid interaction, new
treatment should be commenced.103 There is no specific record however, of individual medicine’s
actions in a specific time span with a few exceptions like Arogyavardhini and Gandhaka kalpa in
later texts.
 Pharmaco-therapeutics:
This branch is generally merged with pharmacology. In the context of modern medicines, the study
of a new chemical entity is incomplete without knowing its action in a particular dose, frequency
and administration method in a particular disease condition. But during last decade or two, studies
are planned and conducted on known medicines or formulations to see other effects in various dose
schedules. The famous example is of aspirin as an anti-platelet drug.104
Similar concept is best evident in Ayurveda. There are fifty types of primary actions.105 They are
sub classified into therapeutic, preventive and promotive categories. In each action group there are
ten individual plants capable of achieving the effect singly and in combination thus leading to 500
end products. The therapeutic studies for any drug are designed considering factors like a particular
dose of the medicine, a prescription technique consisting of anupan, time of day, before or after
meals, to treat a particular disease, in a person of particular constitution; to assess whether it
eliminates the vitiated dosha or pacifies it.106
To exemplify, the drug Pippali [piper longum ] possesses two primary actions; digestive [deepniya]
and appetizer [truptighna]. Another drug Haridra [curcuma longa] is included into Anti-dermatosis
[kushthaghna] as well as in poison anti-dote [vishghna] action groups. In other words one drug do
possess more than one main therapeutic actions in different dosage forms, doses, different
prescription schedules according to administration time107and with respect to season and other
factors. Based on these principles pharmaco-therapeutic studies of various combinations can be
designed. Best example of pharmaco-therapeutics is the development of potent medicines known as
Bhasma, from mineral-metal sources by treating them with medicinal herbs. Rasashastra [Rasa is
mercury] became a special branch of Ayurveda in the later era during first century AD. Therapeutic
efficacy of these metallic preparations and herbo-mineral preparations added new dimensions to
treatment.
The therapeutics also focuses on relationship between food and drug. Efficacy of the medicine is
increased if some type of food items are consumed during the course of treatment and it decreases
with some other types of food.108To exemplify: during the treatment of ‘vrana’109the patient must
avoid salty, sour and hot and heavy foods which negatively influence the rate of cure. Instead he
should consume moderately heavy, soothing, tasty but non spicy food. Also he should not indulge
in exertive acts or take a nap in the afternoon which positively influence cure. The concept of
pathya and apathya not only is restricted to food but is stretched to exercise and behaviour patterns
which have a definite role in cure.

A complete study of known drugs to treat unknown disease conditions must be undertaken
considering the variables Dosha, Aushadha, Desha, Kala, Bala, Sharira, Ahara, Satmya, Satva,
Prakriti and Vaya110. This is the best guideline which propounds role of each and every variable in
the process of cure.
Comment: Thus the therapeutics in Ayurveda can be co-related to the concept of clinical
pharmacology in its entirety. Various approaches can also be co-related with dose response
studies, effect of presence of food in stomach during drug administration etc.
 Toxicity and Incompatibility/Intolerance:

Along with therapeutics the concept of adverse reaction and toxicity is also explained. Adverse
reactions are defined as ‘the harmful effects occurring at doses intended for therapeutic effect.’
Toxicity is the direct action of the drug at high dose, damaging cells. Intolerance is a low threshold
to the normal pharmacological action of drug.
Normally a medicine or therapy is administered to patients by taking all precautions but as the
efficacy depends on many factors; misjudgement of one or two may lead to adverse reactions.
These may be seen due to substandard drug too.111 There are other possibilities that patients are not
always knowledgeable [dnyapaka] and may furnish mis-information unintentionally or the treating
vaidya is un-experienced.112
Examples of adverse drug reactions are evident in the texts. The detailed contra-indications
mentioned for vaman , virechan and basti have originated from the understanding of adverse
reactions of the procedures.113 In Ayurveda medicated wines are administered in treatment of
various conditions. Medicated wines have positive effect on all the sense organs and intellect.114 At
the same time it develops toxicity if prescribed to those for whom it is contra-indicated or
consumed in excess dose.115 The toxicity of Copper [Tamra] is mentioned in the very first chapter
of Charaksamhita as an example. In the texts of Rasashastra, toxicity of each and every material
used as a drug source in raw or partially processed form is documented. Antidotes of each one are
mentioned too. A guideline regarding therapeutics states that many medicines are intolerable to
children, elderly, thin and fragile ladies in their normal therapeutic doses, which give rise to certain
adverse effects.116 In such cases the doses are altered to suit the need of the patient.
Comment: Though these are not comparable to the toxicity studies conducted today but are more
valuable as these are generalised conclusions of toxic effects on patients. They point towards
retrospective inferences.
Drug Research Examples: The formulation Pippali ksheer, that is piper longum processed in milk
is advised and not pippali kashaya.117 Similarly use118of centella asiatica juice, glycerrhiza glabra
powder or convolvulus pluricaulis paste with milk to achieve the Medhya effect [nootropic] points
out that a particular dosage form along with a particular anupan is administered to achieve a
specific pharmacological action is nothing but a conclusion after research.
Another example comes from a later text like Bhavprakash. Chopchini [Smilex china] a plant of
Chinese origin is identified for its rasa, veerya, vipaka guna and Karma. Its action is best seen in
powder form than decoction in inflammatory conditions of joints and second or third stage of
veneral diseases.119

Drug Research Comment: At this point it is a must to note that the understanding of Ayurveda
with respect to Drug quality assurance, toxicity, antidotes, and efficacy is similar to current
understanding. The development of dosage forms like parpati or pottali are concrete examples of
drug development process through research where herbs and minerals-metals are processed
together.
It is obvious from the above data that the factors, those must be considered accountable for
the quality of drug does not end with the drug but they encompass the particular patient and the
particular etiogenesis. To elaborate further, the Q factor depends on all these variables and not one
or two. Rather, if any one of the whole set is not fulfilled then there can be a change in the expected
or predicted efficacy.
To emphasize the point further; it becomes crystal clear that any Ayurvedic drug can not be
labelled standard based only on its chemical reactivity pattern but it has to be standardized on the
specific biological or biochemical responses. This can only happen in live tissues and therefore
biological models may help not only to understand the mechanism of action but also as a
counterbalance to develop a marker to know whether the drug is standard or not.
The guidelines to develop the profile of any unknown drug right from its identification to its
therapeutic use are elaborated in the texts. Some details may be added due to technological
advancement but the theme remains unchanged.
The original thought of using existing drugs to treat new diseases or new syndromes is
clearly evident in Charaksamhita. This may be the first attempt towards clinical pharmacology
because the parameters are clearly led down to initiate such use of medicine in unknown situation.
Literary Research
Introduction:
Literature is the means to transfer knowledge from generations to generations. New knowledge that
is acquired is stored in literature. Literature is generated by the intellectuals in the society for
various purposes like entertainment, spread of information, dissemination of technical details and
many more. As the mankind is enriched with many races and communities region wise; literature
is developed in all possible ways. Generally, till last century the literature used to be originated in
the mother-tongue of the persons writing it. Over the time form, structure and style of writing has
been designed based upon the thought process of the experts in the field and then a definite set of
rules and conventions evolved according to the type of the information to be communicated.
Development of new knowledge, in other words understanding the phenomenon of life in all
respects, is a continuous process which is expressed using language. New words are coined. Any
language gets enriched with time due to the cross cultural interactions taking place between the
people. Not only goods are exchanged when two different communities come together but there is
cultural exchange as well.
Meanings change through decades and centuries with reference to contexts. New concepts, ideas
are propounded. Some of them always remain at forefront while some others are recorded but
ignored or forgotten. However literature maintains a continuous thread of knowledge diversities. At
times it becomes essential to trace the literature to explore an unexplored possibility. It initiates
knowledge based imagination. Literary study encompasses all these factors which strengthen the
knowledge base.

It is a must to note that there is difference between the standard meaning of literary research and
that of Ayurvedic literary research. In the original sense the term ‘literature’ is associated with
presentation of human emotion and the term ‘literary theory’ is linked to artistic writing. In the
context of Ayurveda literature, these terms may not be useful because Ayurvedic literature is a
scientific material generated through many centuries to disseminate the information regarding the
science of health. It has followed the rules of writing which existed at the time of development of
the Ayurvedic literature. As Ayurveda is practised for more than 2500 years, there is a considerable
amount of contemporary literature generated in each century to address relevant health problems.
Thus it becomes essential to focus on the literary research in terms of content rather than its’ artistic
aspects. This process is defined in the treatises as follows:
Objectives:
 To verify the principles of methods of literature development in the light of changed situation
of usage of Ayurvedic terminology and frame of reference.
 To understand the changes that took place in structure and form of scientific literature.
 To know and organize original meanings and changes in the shades of various technical
sentences. [arthayojana] 120
 To understand process of development of any concept and its application chronologically.
 To identify, grasp and learn different thought processes and get new clues leading to
application.121
 To contribute new knowledge through development of good contemporary literature based on
present day applications.
Materials and methodology:

There are two processes involved in literary research; ‘how to analyze literature critically’ and
‘how to write’.
Materials: The main materials are literature of various types.
1. Shastra122 or tantra 123
2. Samhita, 124
3. Sangrahagrantha 125Nighantoograntha,
4. Kosha,126,
5. Vyakhya,127 along with
6. Textbooks and
7. Recently published works in the form of papers, records, reports, articles etc.
Except for the last one, all other types of literature were available in manuscript form in those
days till the innovation of printing. Method of literary research of manuscripts to prepare
correct document for printing is known as manuscriptology. Since 18’th century the materials
are available in printed form. The guideline in Sushrutasamhita underlines that to acquire
complete knowledge about anything it is a must to read and analyze a variety of treatises and
all types of literary works.128 It further advocates that reading other relevant scientific works
along with continued study of one’s own science and discussions lead to enlightenment of
intellect.129
Methodology:
A] Critical analysis methods.

To analyze the literature critically it has to be examined from three views
1. Chronology, geography, authorship and overall societal set up reflected in the literature.
2. Structure of a selected material: form, style and language etc.
3. Content: meaning conveyed through the literature
In the Ayurvedic treatises there are references regarding all the three aspects.
Chronology aspect :The explanations regarding chronology, geographical area etc are covered in
each text in the initial chapter only.130 Various practices regarding food habits, dressing of different
races of people with their genotypic and phenotypic characters are also explained at different places
with reference to context.131 Descriptions of people taking part in conferences are noted in apt
words to enable the reader to get a view of his background132. These are some examples to explain
the point.
Structure Aspect:
The literature shows a particular type of structure when the main three treatises
Charaksamhita, Susrutsamhita and Ashtanghridaya are scrutinised. They are sthan - part, adhyaya –
chapter, and sootra – verse.133 Also each chapter is structured to fit in a pattern of introduction,
elaboration and summary of a topic. All the topics are covered in logical sequence. Predominant
form is poetic with some prose at places for better explanation.
In the later compendia 10’th century onwards, including laghutrayee, the chapter pattern
remains same but that of parts i.e. ‘khanda’ and of other arrangement is different. This itself is an
evidence of literary research. Post 18’th century the literature is written in prose form and not in
poetic. Language of interpretation has also changed from Sanskrit to regional ones and in recent
years it has changed to English; though the principle of structural analysis is same.
How to analyse a document critically, starts from selection of the document. The text or
literature has to come from the domain of well known, successful, eminent and intelligent scientific
fraternity; then only it is considered authentic
Any text is examined on following parameters134
1. Target reader: Serve to any type of learner: advanced, average, poor.
2. Style of writing: The standard style of abstract, elaboration, summary.
3. Title: Self explanatory, accurate.
4. Method of writing: Use of terminology, grammatically correct yet meaningful use
of words and sentences; coverage of the topic of discussion in logical sequence
without confusion of thoughts and easily understandable with appropriate
examples. No repetition of the same thing –words, sentences etc.
These guidelines help to understand the structure in detail.
Content Aspect:
This aspect is well explained in Charaksamhita. The parameter is elaborated under the
umbrella term ‘Tantrayukti’135 which means ‘the methodology or technique or systematic approach
of studying a tantra to interpret its correct and unambiguous meaning for its practical application’.
There are total 36 major and 4 minor tantrayukties. The number of tantrayukties differs according
to samhita. It depends on the author’s viewpoint of expression and his judgement about confusing
statements. He propounds use of those specific tantrayukties for the benefit of readers. The
difference is practically negligible and all the important treatises follow same types of
tantrayukties.
Adhikarana tantrayukti denotes subject [in grammatical sense], which can be of the entire
science or of it’s part or of a chapter or of subpart of a chapter or of a single sentence. Similarly if
one gets confused to establish the co-relation with one set of dosha as Vayu, Pitta, Kapha and

another set of karma Basti, Vireka, Vaman then Vidhan tantrayukti helps to solve the problem.
Vidhan means orderly and systematic placement. It becomes easy to understand that Basti, Vireka
and Vaman procedures are employed for Vayu, Pitta, Kapha respectively. Each tantratrayukti plays
a specific role here. The literature must comply on the parameter of tantrayukti to receive critical
acclaim.
Another aspect of examining the tantra is ‘vakyashah, vakyarthashah and arthavayavashah’
which indicates concept of Panchavayava vakya.136 It means that the literature is examined as a
whole on comprehensive level to grasp it’s total content; further it is examined in detail to get the
theme and principle, elaborate and concise descriptions wherever necessary, in the standard pattern
of statement or hypothesis, rational of the hypothesis, supportive and appropriate general examples,
establishing the hypothesis with logical explanation. One more feature is to assess whether an
attempt is made to simplify the complex content to extract correct meanings for better
understanding of an average reader or not.137 Here the method of getting the correct meaning
through ‘Lakshana’ interpretative or implied meaning is applicable. The literary meaning may give
a false interpretation while implied meaning of the same words will give true interpretation because
it is associated with practical experiences.
Apart from these two main domains under content analysis there are other parameters
termed as Pramana [4 types] – tools, Vyakhya [15]– operational definitions, Kalpana[7] – concepts,
Nyaya [17] –general rules and Tacchilyadi [17]– specific conventions;138 which are examined in the
process of analysis of literature. Some of these are related to grammar as well.
The text is evaluated for presence of any of the fifteen ‘Tantradosha’. This highlights the
complexity involved in methodology of literary research during development of Ayurvedic
literature.
B] Method of presentation of work:

The method of presentation of the work, which can be of any type –literary, experimental or
clinical – is discussed in literary research. It can be done in two ways, either in written form or an
oral presentation.
The guidelines regarding written documentation follow the same structure used for
evaluation i.e. hypothesis, establishment of study hypothesis and null hypothesis, tools used,
discussion including elaboration of the topic under study with appropriate yet easily understandable
examples, specific conclusion, principle on which the hypothesis is based139.
The guidelines regarding oral presentation are also very precise. Oral presentation happens
in a conference. For all practical purposes based on the objectives, conference can be either
scientific and purely academics oriented or showy. Participants at both places may have three types
of attitude: friendly, indifferent and obstinate. Based on these parameters validity and authenticity
of the research done is acknowledged in the scientific fraternity. The presentation tactics to make
own impression, to neutralise other speakers are also elaborated in the chapter. The presentation has
to be within the parameters mentioned for writing a report. Apart from these, the researcher has to
be well acquainted with some techniques which are explained as ‘Vadamarga’140. He has to satisfy
all the queries raised regarding the subject or topic he presents; with properly supported
justifications. In the end of this discussion importance of literary research is emphasized by saying
that clarity of thought and acquisition of knowledge by presentation of research work and open
discussion is must for administration of treatments to patients because ultimately that leads
researcher to success.

Literary research Examples: The best example of literary research is of Charaksamhita itself. Its
original title was ‘Agnivesh Tantra ‘after the name of its author. This text was edited by ‘Charaka’
who incorporated new findings, elaborated some concepts changed some part from the original text
to suit the need of his time and the text was renamed as ‘Charaksamhita’. Further the same process
was carried out by ‘Dridhabala’ to add new knowledge and to complete lost one third part of
original Charaksamhita. We refer to this text today. Apart from this, thirty five scholars have
written commentaries on the text to relate the meaning with experience of their time.
Another example is of Ashtangsamgraha and Ashtanghridaya by Vagbhattachrya. The text is
prepared to place medicine and surgery together for the benefits of learners which is written with
reference to Charaksamhita – bible of medicine and Sushrutsamhita – bible of surgery.
More recent texts regarding methods of clinical diagnosis ‘Madhavnidanam’ written by Madhavkar
and the handbook of medicine ‘Chakradatta’ by ‘Chakrapani are examples of contemporary literary
research because unlike the original, these are topic oriented texts that represent the thought line
prevalent in that century.
Literary research Comment: The most important feature or gain from literary research is
realisation of the thought process of construction of theory or principle which is, at times, more
valuable than the content itself. The guidelines reflect stringent criteria which a literary work or
presentation has to comply with. Only then it is accepted by the scientific fraternity of the first type.
This is a remarkable feature existing even today.
The techniques described or factors considered for literary research seem complex in modern days
because of the main constraint of limited availability of writing materials, which is responsible for
preparation of a few copies of manuscripts of any book. It must have been quite a worth
brainstorming exercise to express the content in a well structured -mainly poetic- form without
hampering the exact shade of meanings. Today writing, printing and publishing has become easily
accessible and affordable to common man. The extra efforts of using poetic form are reduced but
the basic principle of correct usage of terminology, sentence construction, grammatical correctness
and expression in minimum possible words to convey a scientific invention and discovery remains
the same. This places Ayurveda on higher pedestal as best example of medical literature.
Epidemiological research
Epidemic is disease outbreak occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal

expectancy. Epidemiology in its’ true sense is the science concerned with the study of factors
determining and influencing the frequency and distribution of disease, injury and other health
related events and their causes in a defined human population for the purpose of establishing
programmes to prevent and control their development and speed.141 Epidemiological research is no
different than the meaning explained above. Currently the scope of epidemiological research is
widened to the concept ‘health statistics of population’ due to inclusion of studies regarding effects
of various types of foods, habits like coffee, tea, smoking, alcohol etc., exercise and occupation on

large population groups. These types of population studies are described as ‘descriptive research’ in
sociology from where various models like ‘case control’ or ‘time series’ have come.
The concept similar to the original meaning of epidemiology is explained under the title
‘Janapadodhwansa’ in Charaksamhita, infectious factor in Sushrutsamhita142 while other aspects are
taken care of in different parts like sharirstahna, sutrasthan etc.
Objectives :
To find out the causative factors those influence a basically diverse population from a
particular geographical area at one and the same time.143
To study the possible measures of treatment and further prevention of health of people at
such time.144 To study the effect of certain types of common conditions on people of a
particular constitution.145
To find out prognosis of diseases under specific conditions.146
To verify the association between certain foods and or habits and diseases.147
Materials and Methodology:

Materials:
1. Here the study materials are suffering patients fallen pray to the calamity or outbreak and
the survivors. Those who have not affected but witnessed also become subjects for the
study.
2. For the purpose of health statistics, healthy individuals not acutely suffering from any
conditions but are following a particular type of life style.
Methodology: In the opening statement of the third chapter in Vimansthan, rishi Atreya suggests
that the methodology employed to conduct this type of study is direct observation [pratyaksha] and
inference [anumana]. Experts who are able to sense the undesired changes that take place in the
normal atmospheric conditions can predict its effects on human health based on their experience.
Similarly behavioural changes are noticed by psychologists and social scientists and they can
predict the social behaviour of the future generations. Once the catastrophe strikes then, only relief
work can take place and ‘it should be provided to the needy and seeking’ is another piece of advice
by rishi Atreya.
The studies those are conducted to fulfil above mentioned objectives are designed using all four
tools viz. known recorded facts [documented data], practical experience, rational thought and
logical interpretation.148 Moreover the main tools are observation and inquiry.149 In case of direct
observations the researcher must have a keen attitude to grasp the situation under study and he must
use all the five sense organs coupled with intellect efficiently to understand the situation. Similarly
the questions must be logical, relevant, simple and to the point to get right kind of information.150
Epidemiological Research Examples:

Best food article from a group of similar articles or best drug having the desired effect amongst
drugs having the similar effect can not be decided unless a large number of population has shared
same experience or shown same type of result. Also most harmful fish is ‘Chilchim’151 or eating
fish and milk together leads to skin disease are the outcomes which can be generated only after
many observations put together.
Effect of pollution of environmental factors like air, water, soil and the measures to be adopted in
such conditions to maintain health of people is an example of epidemiological study.

Epidemiological Research Comment:
It seems that the present methods of epidemiological research, observation and inquiry were used
with both approaches prospective and retrospective. When the suggestions like ‘what dietary and
behavioural pattern an expecting couple should practise if a typical progeny is expected’ are written
then it is indicative of prospective one. Similarly all pitta predominant prakriti people suffer from
blood disorders if they indulge themselves with hot tasted foods, alcohol consumption, work under
burning Sun for a considerably long period is a prospective kind of study.
In case of guidelines of predicting death of a suffering person, or effects of viruddha ahara
in developing certain skin conditions; the approach is retrospective. This statement one can make
because the science that propounds ethics in use of plants would not try harmful things on humans.
The section of Charaksamhita where these observations are recorded categorically is titled as
‘Indriyasthana.’
Fundamental research
Dictionary meanings of the words are as follows:

Fundamental- serving as a base or foundation, essential.
Principle- truth as basis of reasoning.
Theory- systematic exposition of principles of science.152 A theory is a set of interrelated constructs,
definitions and propositions that present a systematic view of a phenomena by specifying relations
among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena.153
However, conventionally principle and theory are used as synonyms of each other with reference to
context. In nutshell, the true basis of reasoning which serves as essential or foundation to
understand a phenomenon is known as fundamental principle. Fundamental principles are few
which give rise to many systematic expositions called ‘theory’. Theory involves a consideration of
the principles governing practice, and different theories will point to different kinds of practice.154
The natural principles behind every phenomena happening in the universe are termed as
fundamental principles of natural science. The phenomenon may be normal or abnormal; principle
remains unchanged in the particular case. Theories are developed considering the specific variables
taking part in the particular practice. Therefore they are applicable to that setting.
The research that is focused on fundamental principles or theories with an aim to find out the true
reasoning behind any phenomenon is known as fundamental research. The fundamental principles
are categorised into two parts – universal and pertaining to specific area. During ancient days
Hindu scientific ideas and methodology have deeply influenced natural philosophy in Asia.155 The
construction of scientific concepts and methodology to investigate the physical phenomena as well
as building up a body of positive scientific knowledge was stored under the title ‘Darshana’. There
are nine darshanas which are grossly co- related with the modern scientific understanding. A few
examples are given below which are quoted from Prof. Brajendranath Seal’s book ‘Positive
Sciences of Ancient Hindus’.

1. Sankhya –Patanjal system: Concept of original constituents and energy. Mechanical,
physical and chemical theories. Measures of time and space, directions, molecular motions
Biology and biochemistry etc.
2. Vedanta- evolution of forms of matter, panchikaran.
3. Buddha – atomic theory
4. Nyaya- vaisheshika – chemistry, geometry, method of science - cause effect relationship
etc.
Based on these basic sciences applied branches originated; like Astronomy, plant biology, etc.
While assessing potential of Oriental sciences experts have also suggested that the Vedas are basic
sciences while Upvedas are applied ones. Shilpashastra is applied part of Rigveda, Dhanurveda is
of Yajurveda, Gandharvveda is of Samveda and Ayurveda is applied branch of Atharvaveda.
Therefore Athrvaveda talks of basic biological principles which are elaborated and modified
according to the area of application. Those related to plants are developed in ‘Vrikshayurveda,’
related to elephants are ‘Hastyaurveda’ and those to horses are ‘Ashwayurveda’.
Ayurveda which deals with health of human beings is an applied science originated from basic
concepts related to ancient biology. The basic principles are accepted and modified in Ayurveda
within its frame of reference to understand the functions taking place in the human body.
The modification of fundamental principles within a framework of Ayurveda has explained in
Charaka samhita.156
The word siddhanta means theory or fundamental principles. Siddhanta157 is defined as the ultimate
true decision taken by many scientists [unanimously] after employing various tools or methods of
scientific examination. Siddhanta is classified into four groups.
A. Sarvatantra siddhant: fundamental principles encompassing or common to all streams of

science. For example,
1. Saptapadarth – Basic seven hypotheses or concepts viz dravya, guna, karma, samanya,
vishesha, samavaya and abhava those provide the rational to all types of phenomena.
Search of root cause of any function taking place in the universe has be explained or
stretched up to the level of saptapadartha to gain true knowledge.158
2. Navadravya159 - Proliferation of the first concept ‘Dravya’ into nine factors Prithvi, Apa,
Teja, Vayu, Akasha, Kala Dik, Manas and Atma; which are more directly responsible for
everything that is happening in the universe. In this way each of the remaining six
concepts is elaborated.
3. Panchbhautika siddhant : Theory of genesis of basic materials by anyonya-anupravesha of
phachamahabhoota.
4. Lokapurusha samya: Elaboration of functional approach based on ‘samanya –vishesha
theory’160
5. Parinamvada- pakajotaptti : Law of conversion or transformation of energy.
There are many such principles. These are common to any branch of science.

B. Pratitantra siddahant: These are the theories which are propounded and applied to
explain the reasoning about the subject matter dealt within the particular Tantra or science
stream. It is encompassing the entire subject. Some of these are listed below.
1. Sankhya purush161- Group of factors must be considered to analyse a human being. There
are other theories which consider less or more factors but those are not applied here.
2. Tridosha, -Vata Pitta Kapha – factors govern the live human body by all means.
3. Triguna satva raja tama – factors govern mind.
4. Agni 162 – the factor which represents ‘Teja’ within the frame of human body.
5. Guna Karma of phanchbhautika substances.163 – these are studied with respect to normal
and abnormal body conditions.
6. Samyoga-vibhaga 164 - the concept is studied within the frame of drugs and diseases.
These examples suggest that the main theories are modified understand and analyse the
phenomenon related to human structure and function in healthy and disease conditions.
C. Adhikaran siddhant – These theories are specific to the topic under consideration. The
topic comes under the purview of subject, therefore pratitantra siddhant are applicable to
the topic but at a broader level. At the core of the topic is the specific theory, e. g.
1. Garbhotpattikar bhava 165: These are application specific but not without tridosha and
triguna theories.
2. Dhatoo mala.
3. Prakriti variations.
4. Trayopstambha: ahar nidra brahmacharya.
5. Vyadhihetusamgraha kalarthakarmayoga –heena, mithya, ati matra.
6. Samprapti - doshadooshya samoorchhna - to know how the disease has progressed.
7. Dravya, Rasa veerya vipaka prabhav guna, karma – to know how a drug acts.
8. Samyog
9. Samskar
10. Chikitsa siddhant sharira-daiva and yukti; manas- satvavajaya
11. Sadya vicar sootra- viparitaguna, desha, matra, kala
D. Abhyupagam siddhant: This category clearly reflects that research and development were
considered at the fundamental level in Ayurveda. The theories and principles underlying
those theories; which are newly proposed and which are not yet established; are put in this
category. Thus methodology to verify new theories or even new principles is the method of
fundamental research. As the frame of reference here is Ayurveda it covers research in
fundamental principles adopted in Ayurveda.
Objectives:
 To find out the exact theory behind unknown disease syndromes from generated or gathered
evidence.
 To provide rational and to design method of treatment of new and unknown health
conditions based on fundamental principles.
 To find out the exact cause–effect relationship between efficacy due to particular treatment
– preventive promotive or curative - and the new unknown condition under study.

Methodology: The tools that help to unfold the true knowledge regarding any effect are termed as
‘Hetu’166 These parameters are of four types and known as ‘Pramanas’167
Definition of praman is ‘Prama karanm pramanam’, where prama means true positive knowledge.
The tools or parameters which enable one to reach unto the truth are pramanas.
Charaksamhita elaborates the types of pramanas at three places with reference to context.
Sequentially they are listed as
1. Apta 168 or Shabda169or Aeitihya170– authentic scientific evidence documented in literature
like Veda- Upanishada and moreover from the selfless, devoted scientists.
2. Pratyksha – Direct, validated, logically analyzed experiences of each individual. Any
experience perceived by an individual using his sense organs can be analysed as gross level
experience and subtle level experience which explains the details. Also it can be classified
as present experience and past experience.
3. Anuman – This tool operates based on the above two tools Apta and Pratyaksha. Method of
prediction or judgement is of two types; futuristic and inferential. Futuristic prediction is
based on logical analysis of knowledge acquired through documents and past experience
while inferential judgement is based on drawing conclusions from the immediate
experience.
4. Yukti – Designing and putting apta and pratyaksh together in a logical way to propose
answers to unknown phenomenon. This is also known as creative thinking or management
of thoughts as well as events.
One more parameter is explained which is termed as ‘Upaman’171 It is accepted from Nyaya-
Darshana to exemplify certain disease conditions. It points out similarity between two objects
which may not necessarily have some common factor but only visual similarity. e. g. ‘Dand’
means stick. Cardinal sign of the disease ‘dandaptanak’ is stiffness of the body similar to stick.
Or ‘Dhanush’ means ‘arch’; hence the disease where body bends like an arch of the archer is
named Dhanustambha.
By employing all the tools a researcher can analyse and find out the ‘true relationship between
cause and effect’172 The relationship can be of two types ‘nitya’ i.e. permanent and ‘anitya’ i.e
short-term. The cause can be of three173 types –directly responsible for the effect, associated but not
solely responsible for the effect and responsible for only a particular section or at moment of effect
[samvayi, asamavayi, nimitta.]
All the three factors lead to real or true knowledge which is of two types; comprehensive or with
minute details depending on the approach of the researcher. The whole exercise of research is
done in the quest of true knowledge. It is done with the help of theories mainly within the limit of
pratitantra and adhikarana. Change in theory coming within the ambit of ‘Sarvatantra’ leads to the
change in theories of the other two that depend on it. Changes in the principles of basic sciences
reflect change in applied sciences.
Fundamental Research Examples:

1. The twelfth chapter in Charaksamhita titled ‘Vatakalakaleeya’ explains the functional types
of Vata dosha but does not elaborate on types of remaining two doshas. About a millennium
later Ashtanghridaya elaborates Pitta dosha and Kapha dosha in similar fashion. The
hypothesis is ‘Pitta and Kapha can also be classified on the basis of functionality’.
2. The 63 permutations and combinations arising from six ‘Rasas’ explained in Charaksamhita
are cross-matched with 63 permutations and combinations originating from three doshas in
Ashtangasamgraha.

3. The debate about number of rasas documented in Atreya-Bhadrakapyeeya chapter of
Charaksamhita underlines that fundamental principle regarding the number of ‘Rasa is six’
was challenged and various hypotheses like rasa are two, three or eight were tested on the
above mentioned parameters with a conclusive justification by rishi Atreya that rasas are
six.
4. Similarly Dalhan at one place proposes that ‘rakta’ should be considered fourth dosha
which is debated upon by others and ‘doshas are three’ is confirmed.
Fundamental Research Comment:

A careful scrutiny of all the types of research explained in the above article or known today
or has been practised since ages are merely a part of the fundamental research. Literary study is
predominantly within the limit of the tool ‘apta/ shabda or aeitihya’; experimental or experiential
methods come within the tool pratyaksha, epidemiological studies are conducted using parameter
of ‘anumana’ and ‘yukti’ encompasses all types of studies. When a study is conducted at a single
level of literary etc. then generally it is guided by established principles unless it challenges the
accepted theory. Each research problem focussing each of the area aims at finding out true
relationship between cause and effect. All the tools must be put together to verify fundamental
principle.
Principles of Fundamental research explain the method of science. How to analyse and
understand any unknown fact is elaborated in this method. Most important fact is that the principles
have not changed over last thousand of years and the change in application is also not very drastic.
What has changed is development of technologies which aid ‘pratyaksha’ and enable oneself to
acquire knowledge directly which was not possible before.
Apart from the main body of ‘method of science’, concept of bias is covered where criteria of
‘Apta’, ‘guru’, shishya’ are decided. They suggest impartial attitude and point out that only quality
should be considered. Concept of ethics is touched upon while elaborating on the rules of collection
of raw drugs or gathering information from shepherds or behavioural conduct of vaidya with
respect to patient.
Beauty of the scientists of Ayurveda period is; they have kept open all possibilities of gaining new
knowledge and have not posed themselves as rigid followers.
Statistics in Ayurveda.
Statistics is the science of collecting and analysing significant numerical data.174 Numerical means
to deal with numbers. But the numbers are understood in two ways mathematics as well as
statistics. Mathematics gives complete stepwise sets and solution exact and unchanging, leaving no
room for accepting errors while statistics keep the possibility of change open and gives solutions in
probabilistic manner. In mathematics if the results differ than expected; then it proves that the
method is wrong; but in statistics it is not so. Statistics is based on the principle of error [or
obsolon] which deals with the allowable errors involved in experiment. These are natural errors
which are irremovable. Statistics is an applied science and is used in medical science, psychology,
engineering, social sciences, economics, and education.
However mathematicians and statisticians bifurcate from one common stream of numerical data.

At some points it may be said that the method is inadequate and at other the thought has not missed
out on anything rather has more subtle understanding of analysing processes.
In all the three treatises, particularly in Charaksamhita numerical values are used for particular data.
Right from the beginning of the principles there are numerical values used to denote five
mahabhootas, three doshas, three upkramas, three rogamargas, eight mahagada, eight nindita etc. In
the chapter Snehadhyaya there is a direct evidence of presence of ‘Saankhya’ people who are
trained in the ‘philosophy of sankhya [numbers]’.175 Wherever there is description regarding the
thought process about the unknown disease, drug or treatment modality statements indicative of
probability are made. The quotes saying bhetta hi bhedyam anyatha binnatti, or tasya vikalpat
aparisamkhyeyani bhavanti vikalpbhedat aparisamkhyeyatva are indicative of the statistical thought
process.
‘Anything is measurable’ is the principle of mathematics. It also relates to statistics. The concept of
measurement is well evident in the Ayurvedic treatises. The section ‘Vimanasthana’ is developed
around the focal theme of measurable variables and methods of measurement.176 A ‘vaidya’ must be
well versed with method of measurement of all the variables like dosha, drug, strength, diet etc. to
be able to treat the diseases successfully. The measure is of three types quantitative [dravyataha],
qualitative [gunataha], and combination of both [ubhayataha]. For example, quantity of urine
passed by a person in 24 hours is measured using the unit liters while it’s colour, clarity, smell are
compared to standards and noted; is an example of application of both types of measurement
Abhava177 may be reflected as principle of obsolon. Sankhya and Nyaya darshanas introductory part
authored by ‘Annambhatt’ is the root of logic and statistics. Many theories are proposed and
established in this work. Deductive and inductive analysis methods are explained in detail well
before the period of Aristotal. The concept of false positive and false negative results is defined in
the same first chapter of Saankhyadarshana titled ‘Tarkasamgraha’. Seeds of the types practised
today, descriptive or inferential statistical methods; are evident in Tarkasamgraha.
But it can not be compared to the statistics of todays era which has proliferated into a huge science
with many techniques of calculation which lead to true knowledge. No formulae or such other
parameters are evident in the treatises. These may be available in those days in texts of
mathematics like ‘Leelavati by Bhaskaracharya’. Therefore it can be said that the concept or theory
of statistical phenomena was originated to a certain extent.
Summary:
The intelligent minds trained in current system of categorisation of knowledge; when try to
analyse or judge the ancient texts for proofs of extent and depth of knowledge in those era; the
classification or contextual references seems different and therefore at times difficult to
understand. But once the answers to the three scientific questions what, why and how are
carefully gathered with a different arrangement of available literary data, the intellectual
thought process of research in Ayurvedic texts liven up.
There can not be one to one matching of the methods in Ayurveda with those which are
practised today. As mentioned in the introduction there are no separate manuals on ‘how to do

research in Ayurveda’ as the manuals or books available today. This is a literary review to
analyse whether research thought was prevailing or not in the intelligent class of people
practising Ayurveda by using modern day understanding as yardstick. Therefore this work is an
inferential work put together by compiling and analyzing available data from main treatises to
the best of my knowledge.
If someone wants to counter-question about actual records of researches conducted or any such
supporting documents then I am afraid, it is not possible to provide any. It is the limitation of
this literature. This literature is developed in the ‘guidelines format’ and not of actual records.
Moreover considering the time span through which this science moves it does not seem possible
to maintain such records in manuscript forms, as compared to today’s advanced technology of
writing and printing etc.
There is no need for a learned to say that after churning loads of data, one principle establishes
and when a whole process is scrutinised it gives the crystal clear idea about the fact that how
much churning or efforts have been put to generate the treatises.
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Acknowledgements:
To write on research methodology in Ayurveda was quite a daunting task for me for two reasons;
the topic is very vast and the exercise is highly intellectual. It was difficult at times to extract the
correct meaning on comprehensive and subtle levels. There are possibilities of errors in the
interpretation which is solely my responsibility and I appeal for queries.
During preparation of this article many eminent people have helped me by way of discussions or by
providing literature and encouraged me to write. I am indebted to my post graduate students who
have given me an opportunity to think and learn this relatively less explored aspect in Ayurveda. A
few names are listed below but everyone is humbly acknowledged here.
Vaidya Vilas M. Nanal
Vaidya Savita Arankalle
Vaidya Hrishikesha Mhetre
Vaidya Madhuri Dalvi
Vaidya Yashashri Joshi
Vaidya Trupti Patil
Vaidya Vim Jain
Vaidya Vivek Gokhale
Date of submission
14 June 2005
Personal information [brief introduction, details of contact]
Name : Dr. Asmita Ashish Wele. Age: 38 yrs.

Designation: Associate professor.
Address for communication:

Res: 404, Govindgaurav Apartments, Swanand Society lane one, Sahakarnagar 2,
Pune 411009. Phone 91 20 24222145. cell phone: 9823059970 e-mail: wele@vsnl.com
Off: Department of Rasashastra bhaishjyakalpana Vigyan.
BVDU College of Ayurveda, Dhankawadi, Pune. 411043. Phone 91 20 24373954.

TEACHING EXPERIENCE
 Post graduate, Under graduate and Diploma teaching.
 Thirteen years teaching experience in Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Ayurved in the Dept. of
Rasashastra-Bhaishajyakalpana Vigyan [Ayurved Pharmacology]
 Post graduate teaching and research in the same subject.(1999)
 Teaching the subject Research methodology & medical statistics to post graduate students.
 Examiner for UG, PG, Diploma for subject Rasashastra-Bhaishajyakalpana Vigyan and
Research Methodology at BVDU, University of Pune etc.
 Development of the department & also Pharmacy in BVDU C.O.A. from the beginning of
the Department (1992)
ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE [CONFERENCES / WORKSHOPS]

 Participated in 20 National & International seminars & symposiums.
 Presented research papers in two International seminars.
 Conducted demonstration workshops for Indian and foreign students regarding
manufacturing of Ayurvedic medicine.
 Resource person in several interdisciplinary workshops and conferences.
 Member of Board of studies (BOS), Academic Council (AC), Committee of Ethics (EC) and
also professional organization like NIMA.
 Shouldered major responsibility of designing course structure and curriculum of
D.Pharm Ayu; as the said course is new to Ayurved.
 Organisation of 2 National level seminars and symposiums in the capacity of organizing
secretory.
CONTRIBUTION IN RESEARCH FIELD

 Developed specialization to Design interdisciplinary research projects, experimental and
clinical.
 Published More than 20 articles in various journals, souvenirs and magazines in the field of
Ayurvedic pharmacology and research.
 Original research work on ‘Standardization of Kapardika Bhasma’ by manufacturing twelve
samples and conducting experimental studies to detect safety.(1995)
 Collaborator for the ISM&H sponsored research project entitled ‘Experimental and Clinical
Evaluation of Jasada Bhasma in Diabetic Neuropathy.’ (2003)
 Principal Investigator of the ISM&H sponsored research project entitled ‘Experimental and
Clinical Evaluation of Rasayana Karma of Standardized Krishnavajrabhraka Bhasma in
Shwasa Vyadhi’. (2004)
EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

 Prize holder in many elocution competitions essay writing competitions and inter-school
drama competitions since primary school till the end of professional education.
 Prize holder in the game of Badminton.
 NESPA’s best student award for the year 1981 - 82.
 Specially likes to meet people, make friends, visit places & read about science, world history
& heritage.

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Research Methodology and Statistics Evident in Ayurveda Treatises

AAW/ cdac/ may2005/ 1

For convenience of understanding, approach of the present article is comparison and

Definitions and elaboration:

AAW/ cdac/ may2005/ 2

AAW/ cdac/ may2005/ 3

g) Criteria of assessment: Karya-anuman13 The general characteristics indicative of

AAW/ cdac/ may2005/ 4

Clinical Fundamental Epidemiological

Clinical research is defined as ‘a prospective study to evaluate any intervention, be it

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 Toxicity and Incompatibility/Intolerance:

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Materials and methodology:

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B] Method of presentation of work:

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Epidemic is disease outbreak occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal

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Materials and Methodology:

Epidemiological Research Examples:

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Dictionary meanings of the words are as follows:

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A. Sarvatantra siddhant: fundamental principles encompassing or common to all streams of

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Fundamental Research Examples:

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Fundamental Research Comment:

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Personal information [brief introduction, details of contact]

Name : Dr. Asmita Ashish Wele. Age: 38 yrs.

Address for communication:

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ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE [CONFERENCES / WORKSHOPS]

CONTRIBUTION IN RESEARCH FIELD

EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

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