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A.C.Fundamentals: Unit 2 AC Circuits Formulas Used For Numericals
A.C.Fundamentals: Unit 2 AC Circuits Formulas Used For Numericals
A.C.Fundamentals: Unit 2 AC Circuits Formulas Used For Numericals
AC Circuits
Formulas used for numericals
A.C.FUNDAMENTALS
2𝐼𝑚
5. For sine wave : 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝜋
2𝑉𝑚
6. For sine wave : 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝜋
2 2
i d
7. RMS value: I = 0 base
Im
8. For sinewave: Irms =
2
𝑉𝑚
9. For sinewave : 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2
10. Power utilized: P = Irms2R
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
11. 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔
0.707 𝐼𝑚
12. For the sine wave : 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 1.11
0.637 𝐼𝑚
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐼𝑚
13. 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
Im
14. For the sine wave : Peak factor = = 2 = 1.41414
Im
2
𝑉𝑚
𝑖(𝑡) = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑅
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
15. Instantaneous Power: 𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡). 𝑖(𝑡)
16. Average power consumed by pure resistive circuit
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
2
Average power consumed by pure capacitive circuit over one cycle is given as:
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0
Power consumed is given as : 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 0 = 0
Power consumed by a capacitive circuit =0.
Series RL AC Circuits
1. Phasor diagram:
𝑉̅ = 𝑉
̅̅̅ ̅
𝑅 + 𝑉𝐿 = |𝑉|∠𝜑
𝑉̅ = 𝐼 ̅ 𝑅 + 𝐼 ̅ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐼 (̅ 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 ) = 𝐼 ̅ 𝑍̅
𝑉̅ 𝑉∠0𝑜 𝑉
𝐼̅ = = = ∠ − 𝜑𝑜
𝑍 ̅ |𝑍| ∠𝜑 |𝑍|
𝑉
𝐼 ̅ = |𝐼| ∠ − 𝜑, where |𝐼| = |𝑍|
and
𝑉𝐿 𝑋𝐿
𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑉𝐿 𝑅
Impedance Triangle:
3
Circuit Impedance:
𝑍̅ = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = (|𝑍|∠𝜑 ) Ω
𝑋𝐿
|𝑍| = √𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿2 Ω , 𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
Average power consumed : =𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔= = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
2
1. Apparent power:
S = Vrms.Irms = = Irms 2.Z volt-amperes (VA).
2. Active power:
P = Irms 2R = Vrms Irms cosФ watts.
3. Reactive power:
Q = Vrms. Irms sinФ volt-ampere reactive (VAR)
4
Voltage Triangle:
𝑉̅ = 𝑉
̅̅̅ ̅
𝑅 + 𝑉𝑐 = |𝑉|∠𝜑
𝑉̅ = 𝐼 ̅ 𝑅 + 𝐼 ̅ 𝑋𝑐 = 𝐼 (̅ 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐿 ) = 𝐼 ̅ 𝑍̅
|𝑉| = √𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝑐2
𝑉𝑣
𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑉𝑅
Resultant current:
𝑉̅ 𝑉∠0𝑜 𝑉
𝐼̅ = = = ∠+𝜑
𝑍̅ |𝑍| ∠ − 𝜑 |𝑍|
𝑉
𝐼 ̅ = |𝐼| ∠ + 𝜑, where |𝐼| = |𝑍|
and
𝑉𝑐 𝑋𝑐
𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑉𝑅 𝑅
Impedance Triangle:
5
Circuit Impedance:
𝑍̅ = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝑐 = (|𝑍|∠ − 𝜑 ) Ω
𝑋𝑐
|𝑍| = √𝑅2 + 𝑋𝑐2 Ω , 𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅
Power: -
Instantaneous power consumed by series RL circuit is given as
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡). 𝑖(𝑡)
Average power consumed : =𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔= 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
Power Factor :
Power factor = PF = cos φ
PF = cosФ= VR / V = R/Z.
3). Reactive Power (Q): - Q= Vrms. Irms sinФ volt-ampere reactive (VAR)
S2 = P2 + Q2 or S = (P2 + R2)1/2
6
Series RLC circuit
Applied voltage: 𝑉̅ = 𝑉
̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
𝑅 + 𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝑐
𝑉̅ = 𝐼 ̅ ( 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑗𝑋𝑐 ) = 𝐼 ̅ 𝑍̅
Where, 𝑍̅ = 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑗𝑋𝑐
𝑍̅ = |𝑍| ∠𝜑
As frequency varies the value of XL and Xc varies resulting in the following cases:
Case (i) XL > Xc
𝑉̅ = 𝐼. 𝑍̅ , where 𝑍̅ = |𝑍|∠𝜑
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐
|𝑍| = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐 )2 and 𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅
Voltage triangle:
𝑉̅ = 𝑉̅̅̅ ̅
𝑅 + 𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝑐
̅
𝑉̅ = 𝐼 ̅ 𝑅 + 𝑗𝐼 (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐 )
𝑉̅ = 𝑉̅𝑅 + 𝑗 (𝑉̅𝐿 − 𝑉̅𝑐 )
𝑉̅ = |𝑉| ∠𝜑
𝑉𝐿 −𝑉𝐶
|𝑉| = √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝑐 )2 and ∠𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑉𝑅
Impedance triangle:
𝑍̅ = |𝑍| ∠𝜑
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐
|𝑍| = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐 )2 and 𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅
7
Phase angle Ф is given by
tanФ = (XL – XC) / R = X / R
Power factor cosФ = R / Z
R R
cos
R X L X C R X2
2 2 2
Case(ii): XL = Xc
Case(iii): XL < Xc
Impedance:
8
In general, for RLC series circuit impedance is given by,
Z=R+jX
X = XL – Xc = Total reactance of the circuit
9
Impedance of the circuit : Z = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
Net reactance of the circuit : X= (XL – XC) ohm
1
Where, 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 Ω and 𝑋𝑐 = Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
Resonant frequency:
1
𝑓𝑜 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
a. At resonant frequency : Supply frequency f = fo ,
the circuit is at resonance and resistive,
Z = R.
b. At low frequencies : Supply frequency f > fo , XL > XC,
the circuit is inductive
Z = R + j X.
c. At high frequencies: Supply frequency f < fo , XL < XC,
the circuit is capacitive
Z=R-jX
𝑅 𝑅
Bandwidth: 𝐵𝑊 = (𝐻𝑧) = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2𝜋𝐿 𝐿
𝐵𝑊
𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑟 + Hz
2
𝐵𝑊
𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑟 − Hz
2
1
ω1,2 = R rad/sec
2L LC
ω1,2 = R ωo rad/sec
2L
ωo is the resonant frequency.
10
Q-Factor of series circuit:
0 L 2f 0 L
tan
Q -factor R R
1 L
Q=
R C
Voltage across inductor and capacitor at resonance:
VL = Vc = V. Q , where Q is the voltage magnification factor / quality factor.
11
1
If R is negligible then f 0
2 LC
Current at resonance:
𝑉
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑍𝐿
𝐿
Dynamic impedance of parallel resonant circuit: 𝑍𝐿 = Ω
𝐶𝑅
cos ΦL = R / ZL
I = VR V
L L
C CR
12